中国农村贫困地区养育行为现状及其影响的实证研究
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摘要
人力资本是经济发展的重要动力,0-3岁儿童早期发展对提升人力资本至关重要,而照养人的养育行为对其有重要影响。本研究采用贝利婴幼儿发展量表第I版(BSID-I)和第III版(BSID-III)及自制家庭量表,2013-2018年抽样调查中国A、B和C三省农村地区3991名0-3岁婴幼儿及其照养人养育行为,分析照养人养育行为现状及其影响。结果表明:(1)农村婴幼儿照养人普遍缺乏积极养育行为。家庭养育环境5个维度得分普遍较低,亲子互动讲故事、唱儿歌、读书的比例均不超过40%,消极管教方式的发生率超过40%(管教时提高声调或吼、管教时拿走玩具);(2)母亲年龄、受教育程度、主要照养人是否是母亲和家庭资产显著影响照养人养育行为;(3)农村婴幼儿早期发展滞后问题严重,总样本中41%的婴幼儿存在认知滞后风险,58%存在语言滞后风险,29%存在运动迟缓风险,58%存在社会情感滞后风险。这种滞后风险与照养人的积极养育行为显著负相关;与消极养育行为显著正相关。因此,婴幼儿主要照养人应该转变养育观念,采取积极的养育行为,提供高质量的养育环境,和婴幼儿开展更多的亲子互动活动。政策制定者也需关注中国农村婴幼儿早期发展,加大对农村贫困地区在婴幼儿早期发展促进方面投入,提高中国未来人力资本质量。
Human capital is an important driving force for economic development. Early infant development is crucial to the improvement of human capital. Using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development I(BSID I) and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III(BSID III), as well as measures of family environment, we examined rates of developmental delays among 3,991 children aged 0-3 years old and the parenting practice of their caregivers in rural areas of three provinces in China. We used OLS analysis to examine the relationship between parental behavior and developmental delays. Our analysis shows the following results. First, there is a general lack of positive parenting behavior in rural infant and young children. The proportion of parent-child interactions(e.g. storytelling, singing, reading) was less than 40%, and the incidence of negative parenting behaviors(e.g. shouting or roaring or taking away toys while disciplining the child) was more than 40%. Second, whether the mother is the primary caregiver, mother's age, mother's education level and family asset value significantly are significantly correlated with parenting behaviors. Third, rural infants show high rates of developmental delay. 41% of infants in the total sample have cognitive delays, 58% have language delays, 29% have motor delays, and 58% have social emotional delays. These delays are negatively correlated with positive parenting behaviors and positively correlated with negative parenting behaviors. Based on these findings, primary caregivers for infants should adopt positive parenting behaviors and engage in parent-child interaction activities with infants to provide a high-quality parenting environment. Also, policy makers should increase investment in early development for infants in poor rural areas of China.
Human capital is an important driving force for economic development. Early infant development is crucial to the improvement of human capital. Using the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development I(BSID I) and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development III(BSID III), as well as measures of family environment, we examined rates of developmental delays among 3,991 children aged 0-3 years old and the parenting practice of their caregivers in rural areas of three provinces in China. We used OLS analysis to examine the relationship between parental behavior and developmental delays. Our analysis shows the following results. First, there is a general lack of positive parenting behavior in rural infant and young children. The proportion of parent-child interactions(e.g. storytelling, singing, reading) was less than 40%, and the incidence of negative parenting behaviors(e.g. shouting or roaring or taking away toys while disciplining the child) was more than 40%. Second, whether the mother is the primary caregiver, mother's age, mother's education level and family asset value significantly are significantly correlated with parenting behaviors. Third, rural infants show high rates of developmental delay. 41% of infants in the total sample have cognitive delays, 58% have language delays, 29% have motor delays, and 58% have social emotional delays. These delays are negatively correlated with positive parenting behaviors and positively correlated with negative parenting behaviors. Based on these findings, primary caregivers for infants should adopt positive parenting behaviors and engage in parent-child interaction activities with infants to provide a high-quality parenting environment. Also, policy makers should increase investment in early development for infants in poor rural areas of China.
引文
安蕾,张荣娟.(2015).幼儿家庭养育环境的城乡比较.中国儿童保健杂志,23(9),1002-1004.
何守森,倪晨曦,邢光红,唐敬海,周亚平,李桂英,李燕.(2006).家庭养育环境与早产儿及足月儿早期智力发展.中国妇幼保健,21(8),1079-1081.
罗仁福,张林秀,刘承芳,易红梅,史耀疆.(2015).提高人力资本质量重点在贫困地区.中国国情国力,(4),62-64.
任保平.(2015).新常态要素禀赋结构变化背景下中国经济增长潜力开发的动力转换.经济学家,5(5),13-19.
石淑华,时俊新,官旭华,张静,胡美荣,齐小田.(2001).儿童发展状态及能力影响因素的研究.中国妇幼保健,16(10),635-637.
宋佳,张丹,李婧,赵艳,秦锐,胡幼芳.(2016).江苏省幼儿家庭养育环境与幼儿社会性和情绪问题的相关性研究.中国儿童保健杂志,24(3),256-259.
孙晓勉,任永惠.(1996).Bayley 儿童发育量表的研究.中国妇幼保健,11(1),51-53.
万国斌,李雪荣,龚颖萍.(1998).家庭刺激质量对6～8个月婴幼儿智力发展的影响.中国心理卫生杂志,12(1),22-24.
魏乾伟,张翠红,郝波,王晓莉.(2017).农村地区 0～ 3 岁儿童看护人养育观念和行为的研究.中国妇幼保健,32(8),1759-1761.
王美绮.(2006).家长育儿知识水平对婴幼儿健康影响的研究. 昆明医学院学报,27(4),68-71.
Bayley,N.(1993).Bayley scales of infant development:Manual.Psychological Corporation.
Bayley,N.(2006).Bayley scales of infant and toddler development.PsychCorp,Pearson.
Bierman,K.L.,Domitrovich,C.E.,Nix,R.L.,Gest,S.D.,Welsh,J.A.,Greenberg,M.T.,...& Gill,S.(2008).Promoting academic and social‐emotional school readiness:The Head Start REDI program.Child Development,79(6),1802-1817.
Black,M.M.,Walker,S.P.,Fernald,L.C.,Andersen,C.T.,DiGirolamo,A.M.,Lu,C.,...& Devercelli,A.E.(2017).Early childhood development coming of age:science through the life course.The Lancet,389(10064),77-90.
Bono,E.D.,Francesconi,M.,Kelly,Y.,& Sacker,A.(2016).Early maternal time investment and early child outcomes.The Economic Journal,126(596),F96-F135.
Bos,A.F.(2013).Bayley‐II or Bayley‐III:What do the scores tell us?Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,55(11),978-979.
Bradley,R.H.,& Caldwell,B.M.(1977).Home observation for measurement of the environment:A validation study of screening efficiency.American Journal of Mental Deficiency.
Chang,M.,Park,B.,Singh,K.,& Sung,Y.Y.(2009).Parental involvement,parenting behaviors,and children’s cognitive development in low-income and minority families.Journal of Research in Childhood Education,23(3),309-324.
Clarke-Stewart,K.A.,Vandell,D.L.,Burchinal,M.,O’Brien,M.,& McCartney,K.(2002).Do regulable features of child-care homes affect children’s development?.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,17(1),52-86.
Currie,J.,& Almond,D.(2011).Human capital development before age five.In Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol.4,pp.1315-1486).Elsevier.
Evans,M.A.,Shaw,D.,& Bell,M.(2000).Home literacy activities and their influence on early literacy skills.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale,54(2),65.
Francesconi,M.,& Heckman,J.J.(2016,May).Symposium on Child Development and Parental Investment:Introduction.In Symposium on Child Development and Parental Investment:Introduction.IZA Discussion Paper (No.9977).
Fiorini,M.,& Keane,M.P.(2014).How the allocation of children’s time affects cognitive and noncognitive development.Journal of Labor Economics,32(4),787-836.
García,J.L.,Heckman,J.J.,Leaf,D.E.,& Prados,M.J.(2017).Quantifying the life-cycle benefits of a prototypical early childhood program (No.w23479).National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gertler,P.,Heckman,J.,Pinto,R.,Zanolini,A.,Vermeersch,C.,Walker,S.,...& Grantham-McGregor,S.(2014).Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica.Science,344(6187),998-1001.
Goodnow,J.J.(2002).Adding culture to studies of development:Toward changes in procedure and theory.Human Development,45(4),237-245.
Goodnow,J.J.(1988).Parents’ ideas,actions,and feelings:Models and methods from developmental and social psychology.Child Development,286-320.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,Strupp,B.,& International Child Development Steering Group.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The Lancet,369(9555),60-70.
Hamadani,J.D.,Tofail,F.,Hilaly,A.,Huda,S.N.,Engle,P.,& Grantham-McGregor,S.M.(2010).Use of family care indicators and their relationship with child development in Bangladesh.Journal of Health,Population,and Nutrition,28(1),23.
Heckman,J.J.,& Kautz,T.(2013).Fostering and measuring skills:Interventions that improve character and cognition (No.w19656).National Bureau of Economic Research.
Horton,R.(2008).Maternal and child undernutrition:An urgent opportunity.The Lancet,371(9608),179-179.
Kitzman,H.J.,Olds,D.L.,Cole,R.E.,Hanks,C.A.,Anson,E.A.,Arcoleo,K.J.,...& Holmberg,J.R.(2010).Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on children:Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years.Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine,164(5),412-418.
Landry,S.H.,Smith,K.E.,& Swank,P.R.(2006).Responsive parenting:Establishing early foundations for social,communication,and independent problem-solving skills.Developmental Psychology,42(4),627.
Lowe,J.R.,Erickson,S.J.,Schrader,R.,& Duncan,A.F.(2012).Comparison of the Bayley II Mental Developmental Index and the Bayley III Cognitive Scale:Rre we measuring the same thing?.Acta Paediatrica,101(2),e55-e58.
Luo,R.,Jia,F.,Yue,A.,Zhang,L.,Lyu,Q.,Shi,Y.,...& Rozelle,S.(2017a).Passive parenting and its association with early child development.Early Child Development and Care,1-15.
Luo,R.,Yue,A.,Zhou,H.,Shi,Y.,Zhang,L.,Martorell,R.,...& Sylvia,S.(2017b).The effect of a micronutrient powder home fortification program on anemia and cognitive outcomes among young children in rural China:A cluster randomized trial.BMC public health,17(1),738.
Lyons-Ruth,K.,& Melnick,S.(2004).Dose–response effect of mother–infant clinical home visiting on aggressive behavior problems in kindergarten.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,43(6),699-707.
Madaschi,V.,Mecca,T.P.,Macedo,E.C.,& Paula,C.S.(2016).Bayley-III scales of infant and toddler development:Transcultural adaptation and psychometric properties.Paidéia (Ribeirao Preto),26(64),189-197.
Parker,F.L.,Boak,A.Y.,Griffin,K.W.,Ripple,C.,& Peay,L.(I 999).Parent-child relationship,home learning environment,and school readiness.School Psychology Review,28,413-425.
Park,Y.H.(2012).Parenting behaviors and cognitive development in early childhood.Doctoral dissertation,The Florida State University.
Serenius,F.,K?llén,K.,Blennow,M.,Ewald,U.,Fellman,V.,Holmstr?m,G.,...& Olhager,E.(2013).Neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants at 2.5 years after active perinatal care in Sweden.Jama,309(17),1810-1820.
Sigel,I.E.(1992).The belief-behavior connection:A resolvable dilemma.Parental Belief Systems:The Psychological Consequences for Children,2,433-456.
Smith,K.E.,Landry,S.H.,& Swank,P.R.(2005).The influence of decreased parental resources on the efficacy of a responsive parenting intervention.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,73(4),711.
Tamis‐LeMonda,C.S.,Shannon,J.D.,Cabrera,N.J.,& Lamb,M.E.(2004).Fathers and mothers at play with their 2‐and 3‐year‐olds:Contributions to language and cognitive development.Child Development,75(6),1806-1820.
Wang,L.,W.Liang,C.Yu,M.Li,S.Zhang,Y.Sun,et al.,2018.Are Infant/Toddler Developmental Delays a Problem across Rural China?Working paper.https://reap.fsi.stanford.edu/publications.
Weiss,L.G.,Oakland,T.,& Aylward,G.P.(Eds.).(2010).Bayley-III clinical use and interpretation.Academic Press.
Yi,S.,Luo,X.,Yang,Z.,& Wan,G.(1993).The revising of Bayley scales of infant development (BSID) in China.Chin J Clin Psychol,1,71-5.
Yi,S.(1995).Manual of Bayley scales of infant development,Chinese revision.Xiangya School of Medicine.
Yu,Y.T.,Hsieh,W.S.,Hsu,C.H.,Chen,L.C.,Lee,W.T.,Chiu,N.C.,...& Jeng,S.F.(2013).A psychometric study of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–3rd Edition for term and preterm Taiwanese infants.Research in Developmental Disabilities,34(11),3875-3883.
Yue,A.,Shi,Y.,Luo,R.,Chen,J.,Garth,J.,Zhang,J.,...& Rozelle,S.(2017).China’s invisible crisis:Cognitive delays among rural toddlers and the absence of modern parenting.The China Journal,78(1),50-80.
Yue,A.,Zhang,N.,Liu,X.,Tang,L.,Luo,R.,Yang,M.,...& Medina,A.(2018).Do Infant Feeding Practices Differ Between Grandmothers and Mothers in Rural China?Evidence From Rural Shaanxi Province.Family & Community Health,41(4),233-243.
Zakaria,S.,Seok,C.B.,Sombuling,A.,Ahmad,M.S.,& Iqbal,S.(2012).Reliability and validity for Malay version of Bayley scales of infant and toddler development–third edition (Bayley-III):Preliminary study (pp.116-119).Working paper).International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research.Retrieved from http://www.ipedr.com/vol40/024-ICPSB2012-P10017.pdf.
何守森,倪晨曦,邢光红,唐敬海,周亚平,李桂英,李燕.(2006).家庭养育环境与早产儿及足月儿早期智力发展.中国妇幼保健,21(8),1079-1081.
罗仁福,张林秀,刘承芳,易红梅,史耀疆.(2015).提高人力资本质量重点在贫困地区.中国国情国力,(4),62-64.
任保平.(2015).新常态要素禀赋结构变化背景下中国经济增长潜力开发的动力转换.经济学家,5(5),13-19.
石淑华,时俊新,官旭华,张静,胡美荣,齐小田.(2001).儿童发展状态及能力影响因素的研究.中国妇幼保健,16(10),635-637.
宋佳,张丹,李婧,赵艳,秦锐,胡幼芳.(2016).江苏省幼儿家庭养育环境与幼儿社会性和情绪问题的相关性研究.中国儿童保健杂志,24(3),256-259.
孙晓勉,任永惠.(1996).Bayley 儿童发育量表的研究.中国妇幼保健,11(1),51-53.
万国斌,李雪荣,龚颖萍.(1998).家庭刺激质量对6～8个月婴幼儿智力发展的影响.中国心理卫生杂志,12(1),22-24.
魏乾伟,张翠红,郝波,王晓莉.(2017).农村地区 0～ 3 岁儿童看护人养育观念和行为的研究.中国妇幼保健,32(8),1759-1761.
王美绮.(2006).家长育儿知识水平对婴幼儿健康影响的研究. 昆明医学院学报,27(4),68-71.
Bayley,N.(1993).Bayley scales of infant development:Manual.Psychological Corporation.
Bayley,N.(2006).Bayley scales of infant and toddler development.PsychCorp,Pearson.
Bierman,K.L.,Domitrovich,C.E.,Nix,R.L.,Gest,S.D.,Welsh,J.A.,Greenberg,M.T.,...& Gill,S.(2008).Promoting academic and social‐emotional school readiness:The Head Start REDI program.Child Development,79(6),1802-1817.
Black,M.M.,Walker,S.P.,Fernald,L.C.,Andersen,C.T.,DiGirolamo,A.M.,Lu,C.,...& Devercelli,A.E.(2017).Early childhood development coming of age:science through the life course.The Lancet,389(10064),77-90.
Bono,E.D.,Francesconi,M.,Kelly,Y.,& Sacker,A.(2016).Early maternal time investment and early child outcomes.The Economic Journal,126(596),F96-F135.
Bos,A.F.(2013).Bayley‐II or Bayley‐III:What do the scores tell us?Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology,55(11),978-979.
Bradley,R.H.,& Caldwell,B.M.(1977).Home observation for measurement of the environment:A validation study of screening efficiency.American Journal of Mental Deficiency.
Chang,M.,Park,B.,Singh,K.,& Sung,Y.Y.(2009).Parental involvement,parenting behaviors,and children’s cognitive development in low-income and minority families.Journal of Research in Childhood Education,23(3),309-324.
Clarke-Stewart,K.A.,Vandell,D.L.,Burchinal,M.,O’Brien,M.,& McCartney,K.(2002).Do regulable features of child-care homes affect children’s development?.Early Childhood Research Quarterly,17(1),52-86.
Currie,J.,& Almond,D.(2011).Human capital development before age five.In Handbook of Labor Economics (Vol.4,pp.1315-1486).Elsevier.
Evans,M.A.,Shaw,D.,& Bell,M.(2000).Home literacy activities and their influence on early literacy skills.Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology/Revue canadienne de psychologie expérimentale,54(2),65.
Francesconi,M.,& Heckman,J.J.(2016,May).Symposium on Child Development and Parental Investment:Introduction.In Symposium on Child Development and Parental Investment:Introduction.IZA Discussion Paper (No.9977).
Fiorini,M.,& Keane,M.P.(2014).How the allocation of children’s time affects cognitive and noncognitive development.Journal of Labor Economics,32(4),787-836.
García,J.L.,Heckman,J.J.,Leaf,D.E.,& Prados,M.J.(2017).Quantifying the life-cycle benefits of a prototypical early childhood program (No.w23479).National Bureau of Economic Research.
Gertler,P.,Heckman,J.,Pinto,R.,Zanolini,A.,Vermeersch,C.,Walker,S.,...& Grantham-McGregor,S.(2014).Labor market returns to an early childhood stimulation intervention in Jamaica.Science,344(6187),998-1001.
Goodnow,J.J.(2002).Adding culture to studies of development:Toward changes in procedure and theory.Human Development,45(4),237-245.
Goodnow,J.J.(1988).Parents’ ideas,actions,and feelings:Models and methods from developmental and social psychology.Child Development,286-320.
Grantham-McGregor,S.,Cheung,Y.B.,Cueto,S.,Glewwe,P.,Richter,L.,Strupp,B.,& International Child Development Steering Group.(2007).Developmental potential in the first 5 years for children in developing countries.The Lancet,369(9555),60-70.
Hamadani,J.D.,Tofail,F.,Hilaly,A.,Huda,S.N.,Engle,P.,& Grantham-McGregor,S.M.(2010).Use of family care indicators and their relationship with child development in Bangladesh.Journal of Health,Population,and Nutrition,28(1),23.
Heckman,J.J.,& Kautz,T.(2013).Fostering and measuring skills:Interventions that improve character and cognition (No.w19656).National Bureau of Economic Research.
Horton,R.(2008).Maternal and child undernutrition:An urgent opportunity.The Lancet,371(9608),179-179.
Kitzman,H.J.,Olds,D.L.,Cole,R.E.,Hanks,C.A.,Anson,E.A.,Arcoleo,K.J.,...& Holmberg,J.R.(2010).Enduring effects of prenatal and infancy home visiting by nurses on children:Follow-up of a randomized trial among children at age 12 years.Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine,164(5),412-418.
Landry,S.H.,Smith,K.E.,& Swank,P.R.(2006).Responsive parenting:Establishing early foundations for social,communication,and independent problem-solving skills.Developmental Psychology,42(4),627.
Lowe,J.R.,Erickson,S.J.,Schrader,R.,& Duncan,A.F.(2012).Comparison of the Bayley II Mental Developmental Index and the Bayley III Cognitive Scale:Rre we measuring the same thing?.Acta Paediatrica,101(2),e55-e58.
Luo,R.,Jia,F.,Yue,A.,Zhang,L.,Lyu,Q.,Shi,Y.,...& Rozelle,S.(2017a).Passive parenting and its association with early child development.Early Child Development and Care,1-15.
Luo,R.,Yue,A.,Zhou,H.,Shi,Y.,Zhang,L.,Martorell,R.,...& Sylvia,S.(2017b).The effect of a micronutrient powder home fortification program on anemia and cognitive outcomes among young children in rural China:A cluster randomized trial.BMC public health,17(1),738.
Lyons-Ruth,K.,& Melnick,S.(2004).Dose–response effect of mother–infant clinical home visiting on aggressive behavior problems in kindergarten.Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,43(6),699-707.
Madaschi,V.,Mecca,T.P.,Macedo,E.C.,& Paula,C.S.(2016).Bayley-III scales of infant and toddler development:Transcultural adaptation and psychometric properties.Paidéia (Ribeirao Preto),26(64),189-197.
Parker,F.L.,Boak,A.Y.,Griffin,K.W.,Ripple,C.,& Peay,L.(I 999).Parent-child relationship,home learning environment,and school readiness.School Psychology Review,28,413-425.
Park,Y.H.(2012).Parenting behaviors and cognitive development in early childhood.Doctoral dissertation,The Florida State University.
Serenius,F.,K?llén,K.,Blennow,M.,Ewald,U.,Fellman,V.,Holmstr?m,G.,...& Olhager,E.(2013).Neurodevelopmental outcome in extremely preterm infants at 2.5 years after active perinatal care in Sweden.Jama,309(17),1810-1820.
Sigel,I.E.(1992).The belief-behavior connection:A resolvable dilemma.Parental Belief Systems:The Psychological Consequences for Children,2,433-456.
Smith,K.E.,Landry,S.H.,& Swank,P.R.(2005).The influence of decreased parental resources on the efficacy of a responsive parenting intervention.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology,73(4),711.
Tamis‐LeMonda,C.S.,Shannon,J.D.,Cabrera,N.J.,& Lamb,M.E.(2004).Fathers and mothers at play with their 2‐and 3‐year‐olds:Contributions to language and cognitive development.Child Development,75(6),1806-1820.
Wang,L.,W.Liang,C.Yu,M.Li,S.Zhang,Y.Sun,et al.,2018.Are Infant/Toddler Developmental Delays a Problem across Rural China?Working paper.https://reap.fsi.stanford.edu/publications.
Weiss,L.G.,Oakland,T.,& Aylward,G.P.(Eds.).(2010).Bayley-III clinical use and interpretation.Academic Press.
Yi,S.,Luo,X.,Yang,Z.,& Wan,G.(1993).The revising of Bayley scales of infant development (BSID) in China.Chin J Clin Psychol,1,71-5.
Yi,S.(1995).Manual of Bayley scales of infant development,Chinese revision.Xiangya School of Medicine.
Yu,Y.T.,Hsieh,W.S.,Hsu,C.H.,Chen,L.C.,Lee,W.T.,Chiu,N.C.,...& Jeng,S.F.(2013).A psychometric study of the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–3rd Edition for term and preterm Taiwanese infants.Research in Developmental Disabilities,34(11),3875-3883.
Yue,A.,Shi,Y.,Luo,R.,Chen,J.,Garth,J.,Zhang,J.,...& Rozelle,S.(2017).China’s invisible crisis:Cognitive delays among rural toddlers and the absence of modern parenting.The China Journal,78(1),50-80.
Yue,A.,Zhang,N.,Liu,X.,Tang,L.,Luo,R.,Yang,M.,...& Medina,A.(2018).Do Infant Feeding Practices Differ Between Grandmothers and Mothers in Rural China?Evidence From Rural Shaanxi Province.Family & Community Health,41(4),233-243.
Zakaria,S.,Seok,C.B.,Sombuling,A.,Ahmad,M.S.,& Iqbal,S.(2012).Reliability and validity for Malay version of Bayley scales of infant and toddler development–third edition (Bayley-III):Preliminary study (pp.116-119).Working paper).International Proceedings of Economics Development and Research.Retrieved from http://www.ipedr.com/vol40/024-ICPSB2012-P10017.pdf.