清代川茶、滇茶运销对比研究
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摘要
四川和云南都是中国重要的产茶区。清代川茶实行引岸制,分为腹引、边引、土引,皆纳课征税,川茶中边引占绝大多数,主要运至西藏、青海、甘肃等民族地区。清政府每年向云南征收课税,滇茶除了本省消费之外,还运销至西藏、四川和南亚、东南亚等地。川茶、滇茶入藏具有重要的政治、经济意义。由于清朝政府对川茶和滇茶实行不同的茶法,加之云南商人的开拓精神,滇茶的运销范围更广,影响更大。分析清代川茶、滇茶的运销历史和经验,可促进当代川茶、滇茶茶业经济的新发展。
Sichuan and Yunnan are both important tea producing areas in China. In the Qing Dynasty,Chuan tea was taxed and traded following quota and region system categorized as borderland,hinterland,and chieftain ruled regions. The majority of the Chuan tea was mainly transported to the ethnic areas such as Tibet,Qinghai and Gansu. The Qing government levied taxes on Yunnan every year. In addition to the consumption in the local province,Yunnan tea was sold to Tibet,Sichuan,South and Southeast Asia. The trade of Sichuan tea and Yunnan tea in Tibet was of political and economic significance. Wider area and more influence of Yunan tea trading came from the different trading rules between Sichuan tea and Yunnan tea,and pioneering spirit of Yunan merchants in the Qing Dynasty. The analysis of the history and experience of the Sichuan and Yunnan tea trade in the Qing Dynasty could promote the new development of the economy of contemporary Sichuan tea and Yunnan tea industry.
Sichuan and Yunnan are both important tea producing areas in China. In the Qing Dynasty,Chuan tea was taxed and traded following quota and region system categorized as borderland,hinterland,and chieftain ruled regions. The majority of the Chuan tea was mainly transported to the ethnic areas such as Tibet,Qinghai and Gansu. The Qing government levied taxes on Yunnan every year. In addition to the consumption in the local province,Yunnan tea was sold to Tibet,Sichuan,South and Southeast Asia. The trade of Sichuan tea and Yunnan tea in Tibet was of political and economic significance. Wider area and more influence of Yunan tea trading came from the different trading rules between Sichuan tea and Yunnan tea,and pioneering spirit of Yunan merchants in the Qing Dynasty. The analysis of the history and experience of the Sichuan and Yunnan tea trade in the Qing Dynasty could promote the new development of the economy of contemporary Sichuan tea and Yunnan tea industry.
引文
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[3]彭遵泗.蜀故:卷四[M].清道光十三年刻本:35.
[4]常明,杨芳灿.四川通志:卷六十九食货志茶法[M].嘉庆二十一年刻本.
[5]杜长煋.四川茶叶[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社,1991.
[6]石涛,李欢.晚清川藏南路边茶探析[J].清史研究,2012(4):63-72.
[7]陈明申.夔行纪程[M].黄守红,标点.朱树人,校订.长沙:岳麓书社,2013:1174-1175.
[8]周邦君.清代四川茶叶生产研究[J].古今农业,2006(4):108-117.
[9]倪蜕.滇云历年传:卷一二[M].昆明:云南大学出版社,1992:602.
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[13]光绪二十四年思茅口华洋贸易情形论略[M]//中国第二历史档案馆.中国旧海关史料(1859-1948):第28册,北京:京华出版社,2001.
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