地面覆盖对苹果树体生长和果实品质的影响
|
摘要
【目的】揭示苹果树叶片光合参数、树体生长量和果实品质对不同覆盖物的差异性反应,为苹果园地面管理覆盖物的合理选择提供参考依据。【方法】以辽宁省果树科学研究所自主选育的‘望山红’/‘辽砧109’组合苹果树为试材,果园地面分别覆盖农用地毯、碎木屑和园艺地布,以清耕为对照,调查地面覆盖后土壤地温、土壤含水量、叶片光合参数、树体生长量、果实品质的差异。【结果】2016年、2017年农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布、淸耕(CK)土壤温度随土层深度增加而降低,土壤含水量随土层深度增加而升高。与清耕(CK)相比,园艺地布覆盖提高土壤温度,农用地毯和碎木屑覆盖降低土壤温度;农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布覆盖能提高土壤含水量。3种覆盖处理均能提高叶片净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量。其中,农用地毯覆盖后叶片净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量变异系数最小、稳定性优于其他处理,而碎木屑覆盖季节性差异明显、变异系数高、稳定性差。3种覆盖处理均能提高单叶质量、叶片厚度、树高、覆盖率、总枝量,影响枝类组成比例。其中,农用地毯覆盖后单叶质量、叶片厚度、覆盖率、总枝量、中枝、短枝比例等指标高于同期其他处理,而长枝比例低于其他处理。春季园艺地布覆盖后的新梢长度显著高于其他处理,而夏季农用地毯和碎木屑覆盖后的新梢生长速度快。农用地毯覆盖后果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物、固酸比等指标最高,其次为碎木屑。农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布覆盖后显著提高果面红色着色程度,提高果实中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、莽草酸含量,降低苹果酸、柠檬酸含量。【结论】综合比较3种覆盖物对土壤温度、土壤含水量、植株叶片参数、树体生长量和果实品质的影响,作用效果从高到低分别为农用地毯、碎木屑和园艺地布。
【Objective】In order to reveal the different responses of leaf photosynthetic parameters,tree growth and fruit quality of‘Wang Shan Hong'Fuji apple to different mulching materials, the present experiment was conducted to provide references for the reasonable selection of mulching materials for the orchard soil management.【Methods】The sample trees were 4 years old‘Wang Shan Hong'Fuji on‘Liaozhen 109'dwarf rootstocks, which were bred by Liaoning Institute of Pomology. The ground mulching materials were horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets, wood chips with no-mulching as a contrast. The differences in soil temperature, soil moisture content, leaf photosynthetic parameters, tree growth and fruit quality were investigated.【Results】The orchard ground was covered by horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips with clean tillage as the control, and the different soil layer temperatures showed a trend of‘rising first and then decreasing'in 2016 and 2017. The peak values appeared in August 19, 2016 and August 16, 2017, respectively. With the increase of soil depths, soil temperatures decreased. Compared with the no-mulching treatment, soil temperatures increased with horticultural fabric, and reduced with agricultural carpets or wood chips. In 2016 and 2017, soil moisture contents also showed a trend of‘rising first and then decreasing', and soil moisture contents increased with the increase of soil depths. After the orchard ground was covered by horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the soil water contents at different soil layers were improved. Among them,the stable effect of soil moisture contents was obvious after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric but the effect was the worst with no-mulching. Compared with no-mulching, after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the leaf net photosynthetic rate,water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents increased. There were significant differences in photosynthetic parameters among different treatments. After the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, the coefficient of variation with leaf net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents were the smallest and the stability was better than other treatments. After the ground was covered with wood chips, the net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents were significantly improved in the midium and late period of 2017, but the coefficient of variation was the highest, and the stability was the worst. After the orchard ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the leaf fresh weight, leaf thickness, tree height,coverage rate and the amount of total branches increased. The composition proportion of different types of branches was affected. In 2016 and 2017, after the ground was covered with agricultural carpets, the leaf fresh weight, leaf thickness, tree height, coverage rate, total branche amounts and the ratio of medium-length shoots to spurs were the highest, and the ratio of long shoots was the lowest. In spring, the length of new shoots was the longest after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, and in summer, the growth rate of new shoots was the faster after it was covered with agricultural carpets or wood chips. The fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids, TSS/TA, fruit color(a and b)setting increased, titratable acidity and fruit color(value L)decreased after it was covered with agricultural carpets or wood chips.Among them, the fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids and TSS/TA were the highest after it was covered with horticultural fabric, followed by wood chips. After the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the red color on fruit surface was significantly improved, but the brightness was slightly worse. There were differences in the contents of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruits after the ground was covered with different types of materials. The contents of glucose, fructose,sucrose and shikimic acid increased, but the contents of malic acid and citric acid reduced.【Conclusion】The effects of three different mulching materials on soil moisture contents, soil temperatures, leaf photosynthetic parameters, tree growth and fruit quality were compared. The comparative effects showed in a descending order: agricultural carpet, wood chips and horticultural fabric.
【Objective】In order to reveal the different responses of leaf photosynthetic parameters,tree growth and fruit quality of‘Wang Shan Hong'Fuji apple to different mulching materials, the present experiment was conducted to provide references for the reasonable selection of mulching materials for the orchard soil management.【Methods】The sample trees were 4 years old‘Wang Shan Hong'Fuji on‘Liaozhen 109'dwarf rootstocks, which were bred by Liaoning Institute of Pomology. The ground mulching materials were horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets, wood chips with no-mulching as a contrast. The differences in soil temperature, soil moisture content, leaf photosynthetic parameters, tree growth and fruit quality were investigated.【Results】The orchard ground was covered by horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips with clean tillage as the control, and the different soil layer temperatures showed a trend of‘rising first and then decreasing'in 2016 and 2017. The peak values appeared in August 19, 2016 and August 16, 2017, respectively. With the increase of soil depths, soil temperatures decreased. Compared with the no-mulching treatment, soil temperatures increased with horticultural fabric, and reduced with agricultural carpets or wood chips. In 2016 and 2017, soil moisture contents also showed a trend of‘rising first and then decreasing', and soil moisture contents increased with the increase of soil depths. After the orchard ground was covered by horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the soil water contents at different soil layers were improved. Among them,the stable effect of soil moisture contents was obvious after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric but the effect was the worst with no-mulching. Compared with no-mulching, after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the leaf net photosynthetic rate,water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents increased. There were significant differences in photosynthetic parameters among different treatments. After the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, the coefficient of variation with leaf net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents were the smallest and the stability was better than other treatments. After the ground was covered with wood chips, the net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents were significantly improved in the midium and late period of 2017, but the coefficient of variation was the highest, and the stability was the worst. After the orchard ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the leaf fresh weight, leaf thickness, tree height,coverage rate and the amount of total branches increased. The composition proportion of different types of branches was affected. In 2016 and 2017, after the ground was covered with agricultural carpets, the leaf fresh weight, leaf thickness, tree height, coverage rate, total branche amounts and the ratio of medium-length shoots to spurs were the highest, and the ratio of long shoots was the lowest. In spring, the length of new shoots was the longest after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, and in summer, the growth rate of new shoots was the faster after it was covered with agricultural carpets or wood chips. The fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids, TSS/TA, fruit color(a and b)setting increased, titratable acidity and fruit color(value L)decreased after it was covered with agricultural carpets or wood chips.Among them, the fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids and TSS/TA were the highest after it was covered with horticultural fabric, followed by wood chips. After the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the red color on fruit surface was significantly improved, but the brightness was slightly worse. There were differences in the contents of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruits after the ground was covered with different types of materials. The contents of glucose, fructose,sucrose and shikimic acid increased, but the contents of malic acid and citric acid reduced.【Conclusion】The effects of three different mulching materials on soil moisture contents, soil temperatures, leaf photosynthetic parameters, tree growth and fruit quality were compared. The comparative effects showed in a descending order: agricultural carpet, wood chips and horticultural fabric.
引文
[1]IBRAHIM I T,SVEN E S,DAVID H.Floor management systems in an organic apple orchard affect fruit quality and storage life[J].Hort Science,2015,50(3):434-441.
[2]姚胜蕊,薛炳烨.果园地面管理研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报,1999,30(2):186-192.YAO Shengrui,XUE Bingye.A review of orchard floor management[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University,1999,30(2):186-192.
[3]高登涛,郭景南,魏志峰,杨朝选.果园地面覆盖对土壤质量和苹果生长发育的影响[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):770-777.GAO Dengtao,GUO Jingnan,WEI Zhifeng,YANG Chaoxuan.Effect of orchard mulch on soil quality,growth and development of apple trees[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2010,27(5):770-777.
[4]孙文泰,董铁,刘兴禄,赵明新,尹晓宁,牛军强,马明.覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):88-95.SUN Wentai,DONG Tie,LIU Xinglu,ZHAO Mingxin,YINXiaoning,NIU Junqiang,MA Ming.Relationship between root distribution of apple and soil physical properties by different ground covering approaches[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2016,34(2):88-95.
[5]尹晓宁,刘兴禄,董铁,牛军强,孙文泰,马明.苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(1):83-95.YIN Xiaoning,LIU Xinglu,DONG Tie,NIU Junqiang,SUNWentai,MA Ming.Effects of different mulching materials on soil and near-surface environment and of apple orchard tree growth[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(1):83-95.
[6]孙文泰,马明,董铁,刘兴禄,赵明新,尹晓宁,牛军强.地表覆盖对陇东旱塬苹果根系生长与越冬前后树体贮藏营养的影响[J].果树学报,2016,33(11):1367-1378.SUN Wentai,MA Ming,DONG Tie LIU Xinglu,ZHAO Mingxin,YIN Xiaoning,NIU Junqiang.Effects of mulching on root growth and nutrient reservation in over wintering apple trees grown in the dry area of eastern Gansu[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(11):1367-1378.
[7]刘小勇,李红旭,李建明,王玮,赵明新,孙定虎.不同覆盖方式对旱地果园水热特征的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):746-756.LIU Xiaoyong,LI Hongxu,LI Jianming,WANG Wei,ZHAOMingxin,SUN Dinghu.The effects of different mulching way on soil water thermal characteristics in pear orchard in the arid area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(3):746-756.
[8]廖小龙.不同土壤覆盖方式对库尔勒香梨园微气候及生长发育的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014.LIAO Xiaolong.The Influence of different soil coverage on the orchard microclimate and growth development of Kolar Fragrant Pear[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2014.
[9]AUGUSTYN M,WALDEMAR T,ZBIGNIEW B,KRZYSZ-TOF R,BARBARA M.Effects of orchard mulching with reflective mulch on apple tree canopy irradiation and fruit quality[J].Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research,2007,15(8):41-53.
[10]闫文涛,仇贵生,张怀江,孙丽娜,程存刚,李壮,赵德英.辽西苹果园三种地面管理模式对土壤理化性状和昆虫群落的影响[J].果树学报,2014,31(5):801-808.YAN Wentao,QIU Guisheng,ZHANG Huaijiang,SUN Lina,CHENG Cungang,LI Zhuang,ZHAO Deying.The effects of three ground management modes on soil physical-chemical properties and insect community in the apple orchard of western Liaoning[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(5):801-808.
[11]王浩,王磊,王杰,蒋飞,刘海明,叶军,邓楠林,许文平,张才喜,王世平.透湿性反光膜覆盖对柑橘树体微环境、新梢生长及果实发育的影响[J].果树学报,2017,34(8):996-1006.WANG Hao,WANG Lei,WANG Jie,JIANG Fei,LIU Haiming,YE Jun,DENG Nanlin,XU Wenping,ZHANG Caixi,WANGShiping.Effects of vapor-permeable reflective film mulching on citrus tree micro-environment,shoot growth and fruit development[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(8):996-1006.
[12]孙文泰,刘兴禄,董铁,尹晓宁,牛军强,马明.陇东旱塬苹果园不同覆盖措施对土壤性状、根系分布和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(5):841-851.SUN Wentai,LIU Xinglu,DONG Tie,YIN Xiaoning,NIU Junqiang,MA Ming.Root distribution,soil characteristics,root distribution and fruit quality affected by different mulching measures in apple orchard in the dry area of eastern gansu[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2015,32(5):841-851.
[13]孙文泰,马明,董铁,刘兴禄,赵明新,尹晓宁,牛军强.陇东旱塬苹果根系分布规律及生理特性对地表覆盖的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3153-3163.SUN Wentai,MA Ming,DONG Tie,LIU Xinglu,ZHAO Mingxin,YIN Xiaoning,NIU Junqiang.Response of distribution pattern and physiological characteristics of apple roots grown in the dry area of eastern gansu to ground mulching[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3153-3163.
[14]孙文泰,赵明新,尹晓宁,董铁,刘兴禄,牛军强,马明.陇东旱地果园地表覆盖方式对苹果光合特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(3):19-25.SUN Wentai,ZHAO Mingxin,YIN Xiaoning,DONG Tie,LIUXinglu,NIU Junqiang,MA Ming.Effects of different mulch modes on apple photosynthesis in dry-land orchards of East Gansu province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(3):19-25.
[15]张义,谢永生,郝明德,摄晓燕.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.ZHANG Yi,XIE Yongsheng,HAO Mingde,SHE Xiaoyan.Effects of different mulching cover patterns on soil character and growth and yield of apple orchards[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.
[16]陈汝,王金政,薛晓敏,聂佩显,王来平.不同覆盖材料对苹果冠层环境叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响[J].河北农业科学,2016,20(4):9-11.CHEN Ru,WANG Jinzheng,XUE Xiaomin,NIE Peixian,WANG Laiping.Effects of different cover materials on environment of canopy,photosynthesis ability and fruit quality of apple tree[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2016,20(4):9-11.
[17]陈汝,王金政,薛晓敏,王贵平,聂佩显,王来平.覆盖对王林苹果冠层环境及叶片净光合速率和果实品质的影响[J].天津农业科学,2016,22(4):13-16.CHEN Ru,WANG Jinzheng,XUE Xiaomin,WANG Guiping,NIE Peixian,WANG Laiping.Effects of mulching on the environment of leaf canopy,net photosynthetic rate and fruit quality of‘Wanglin’apple tree[J].Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,2016,22(4):13-16.
[18]郭学军,韩张雄,马锋旺.不同覆盖方式对苹果园土壤状况及果树生长与果实的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2013,41(9):112-118.GUO Xuejun,HAN Zhangxiong,MA Fengwang.Effect of different mulching treatments on changes of soil properties,growth of fruit tree,yield and quality of fruit[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University,2013,41(9):112-118.
[19]黄萍,曹辉,张瑞雪,纪拓,李燕歌,杨洪强.苹果根系生理和叶片光合对地面不同覆盖物的差异反应[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(1):160-169.HUANG Ping,CAO Hui,ZHANG Ruixue,JI Tuo,LI Yange,YANG Hongqiang.Different response of apple root physiology and leaf photosynthesis to mulching of different materials[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(1):160-169.
[20]吕三三,杜国栋,刘志琨,吕德国,李爽.覆草对苹果叶片显微结构及光系统功能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(1):130-139.LV Sansan,DU Guodong,LIU Zhikun,LüDeguo,LI Shuang.Effects of orchard mulching grass on the microstructure and function of photo system in apple leaves[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(1):130-139.
[21]闫丽娟,杨洪强,苏倩,门秀巾,张玮玮.施用炭化苹果枝粉末对平邑甜茶生长及根系构型的影响[J].园艺学报,2014,41(7):1436-1442.YAN Lijuan,YANG Hongqiang,SU Qian,MEN Xiujin,ZHANG Weiwei.Effects of carbonized powder of apple branch on the growth and root architecture of malus hupehensis[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2014,41(7):1436-1442.
[22]尚志华,魏钦平,孙丽珠,王小伟,张强,付立华.乔砧富士苹果改良高干开心形树冠郁闭的评判参数[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(1):132-139.SHANG Zhihua,WEI Qinping,SUN Lizhu,WANG Xiaowei,ZHANG Qiang,FU Lihua.Judgement parameters of canopy overcrowed for reformative high trunk open centre shape of Fuji apple with standard rootstock[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(1):132-139.
[23]张强,魏钦平,王小伟,尚志华,刘军,刘松忠,孙志鸿.乔砧富士苹果树冠枝梢数量和分布对产量与品质的影响[J].园艺学报,2010,37(8):1205-1212.ZHANG Qiang,WEI Qinping,WANG Xiaowei,SHANG Zhihua,LIU Jun,LIU Songzhong,SUN Zhihong.Effects of shoot numbers and distribution in canopy on yields and qualities of Fuji apple with standard rootstock[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2010,37(8):1205-1212.
[24]马瑞娟,张斌斌,张春华,蔡志翔,颜志梅.采前除袋铺设反光膜对桃果实着色及相关基因表达的影响[J].园艺学报,2015,42(11):2123-2132.MA Ruijuan,ZHANG Binbin,ZHANG Chunhua,CAI Zhixiang,YAN Zhimei.Effect of bag removing with reflective film mulching before harvest on fruit coloration and expression of anthocyanin related genes in peach[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(11):2123-2132.
[25]闫忠业,伊凯,刘志,王冬梅,吕天星,李春敏,陈东玫.‘红玉’ב金冠’苹果杂交后代果实糖酸组分遗传分析[J].果树学报,2017,34(2):129-136.YAN Zhongye,YI Kai,LIU Zhi,WANG Dongmei,LüTianxing,LI Chunmin,CHEN Dongmei.A study of genetic trend of sugar and acid components in the fruits of apple hybrid progeny of‘Jonathan’בGolden Delicious’[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(2):129-136.
[26]李世清,李东方,李凤民.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2003,31(5):21-29.LI Shiqing,LI Dongfang,LI Fengmin.Soil ecological effects of mulch in semi-arid farmland ecosystem[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University,2003,31(5):21-29.
[27]董海强,李丙智,王金锋,王俊峰,刘富庭,李雪薇.不同覆盖方式对苹果树体生长及土壤理化特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(8):101-109.DONG Haiqiang,LI Bingzhi,WANG Jinfeng,WANG Junfeng,LIU Futing,LI Xuewei.Effects of different mulching patterns on growth of apple trees and soil physicochemical properties[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2015,24(8):101-109.
[28]郗荣庭.果树栽培学总论[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:51.XI Rongting.The pomology cultivation general theory[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2004:51.
[29]张坤,王发林,刘小勇,尹晓宁.地面覆盖对果园土壤水热分布和果实品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(11):125-130.ZHANG Kun,WANG Falin,LIU Xiaoyong,YIN Xiaoning.Effects of ground cover mulch on soil water and heat distribution and fruit quality of orchard[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2010,19(11):125-130.
[30]曹欣冉,安贵阳,张紫嫣.几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(5):788-794.CAO Xinran,AN Guiyang,ZHANG Ziyan.Influence of different mulchings on soil nutrients,enzyme activity and tree growth in non-irrigation apple orchard[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2016,25(5):788-794.
[2]姚胜蕊,薛炳烨.果园地面管理研究进展[J].山东农业大学学报,1999,30(2):186-192.YAO Shengrui,XUE Bingye.A review of orchard floor management[J].Journal of Shandong Agricultural University,1999,30(2):186-192.
[3]高登涛,郭景南,魏志峰,杨朝选.果园地面覆盖对土壤质量和苹果生长发育的影响[J].果树学报,2010,27(5):770-777.GAO Dengtao,GUO Jingnan,WEI Zhifeng,YANG Chaoxuan.Effect of orchard mulch on soil quality,growth and development of apple trees[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2010,27(5):770-777.
[4]孙文泰,董铁,刘兴禄,赵明新,尹晓宁,牛军强,马明.覆盖处理苹果细根分布与土壤物理性状响应关系研究[J].干旱地区农业研究,2016,34(2):88-95.SUN Wentai,DONG Tie,LIU Xinglu,ZHAO Mingxin,YINXiaoning,NIU Junqiang,MA Ming.Relationship between root distribution of apple and soil physical properties by different ground covering approaches[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2016,34(2):88-95.
[5]尹晓宁,刘兴禄,董铁,牛军强,孙文泰,马明.苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2018,26(1):83-95.YIN Xiaoning,LIU Xinglu,DONG Tie,NIU Junqiang,SUNWentai,MA Ming.Effects of different mulching materials on soil and near-surface environment and of apple orchard tree growth[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2018,26(1):83-95.
[6]孙文泰,马明,董铁,刘兴禄,赵明新,尹晓宁,牛军强.地表覆盖对陇东旱塬苹果根系生长与越冬前后树体贮藏营养的影响[J].果树学报,2016,33(11):1367-1378.SUN Wentai,MA Ming,DONG Tie LIU Xinglu,ZHAO Mingxin,YIN Xiaoning,NIU Junqiang.Effects of mulching on root growth and nutrient reservation in over wintering apple trees grown in the dry area of eastern Gansu[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2016,33(11):1367-1378.
[7]刘小勇,李红旭,李建明,王玮,赵明新,孙定虎.不同覆盖方式对旱地果园水热特征的影响[J].生态学报,2014,34(3):746-756.LIU Xiaoyong,LI Hongxu,LI Jianming,WANG Wei,ZHAOMingxin,SUN Dinghu.The effects of different mulching way on soil water thermal characteristics in pear orchard in the arid area[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(3):746-756.
[8]廖小龙.不同土壤覆盖方式对库尔勒香梨园微气候及生长发育的影响[D].乌鲁木齐:新疆农业大学,2014.LIAO Xiaolong.The Influence of different soil coverage on the orchard microclimate and growth development of Kolar Fragrant Pear[D].Urumqi:Xinjiang Agricultural University,2014.
[9]AUGUSTYN M,WALDEMAR T,ZBIGNIEW B,KRZYSZ-TOF R,BARBARA M.Effects of orchard mulching with reflective mulch on apple tree canopy irradiation and fruit quality[J].Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research,2007,15(8):41-53.
[10]闫文涛,仇贵生,张怀江,孙丽娜,程存刚,李壮,赵德英.辽西苹果园三种地面管理模式对土壤理化性状和昆虫群落的影响[J].果树学报,2014,31(5):801-808.YAN Wentao,QIU Guisheng,ZHANG Huaijiang,SUN Lina,CHENG Cungang,LI Zhuang,ZHAO Deying.The effects of three ground management modes on soil physical-chemical properties and insect community in the apple orchard of western Liaoning[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2014,31(5):801-808.
[11]王浩,王磊,王杰,蒋飞,刘海明,叶军,邓楠林,许文平,张才喜,王世平.透湿性反光膜覆盖对柑橘树体微环境、新梢生长及果实发育的影响[J].果树学报,2017,34(8):996-1006.WANG Hao,WANG Lei,WANG Jie,JIANG Fei,LIU Haiming,YE Jun,DENG Nanlin,XU Wenping,ZHANG Caixi,WANGShiping.Effects of vapor-permeable reflective film mulching on citrus tree micro-environment,shoot growth and fruit development[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(8):996-1006.
[12]孙文泰,刘兴禄,董铁,尹晓宁,牛军强,马明.陇东旱塬苹果园不同覆盖措施对土壤性状、根系分布和果实品质的影响[J].果树学报,2015,32(5):841-851.SUN Wentai,LIU Xinglu,DONG Tie,YIN Xiaoning,NIU Junqiang,MA Ming.Root distribution,soil characteristics,root distribution and fruit quality affected by different mulching measures in apple orchard in the dry area of eastern gansu[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2015,32(5):841-851.
[13]孙文泰,马明,董铁,刘兴禄,赵明新,尹晓宁,牛军强.陇东旱塬苹果根系分布规律及生理特性对地表覆盖的响应[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(10):3153-3163.SUN Wentai,MA Ming,DONG Tie,LIU Xinglu,ZHAO Mingxin,YIN Xiaoning,NIU Junqiang.Response of distribution pattern and physiological characteristics of apple roots grown in the dry area of eastern gansu to ground mulching[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(10):3153-3163.
[14]孙文泰,赵明新,尹晓宁,董铁,刘兴禄,牛军强,马明.陇东旱地果园地表覆盖方式对苹果光合特性的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2013,31(3):19-25.SUN Wentai,ZHAO Mingxin,YIN Xiaoning,DONG Tie,LIUXinglu,NIU Junqiang,MA Ming.Effects of different mulch modes on apple photosynthesis in dry-land orchards of East Gansu province[J].Agricultural Research in the Arid Areas,2013,31(3):19-25.
[15]张义,谢永生,郝明德,摄晓燕.不同地表覆盖方式对苹果园土壤性状及果树生长和产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(2):279-286.ZHANG Yi,XIE Yongsheng,HAO Mingde,SHE Xiaoyan.Effects of different mulching cover patterns on soil character and growth and yield of apple orchards[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2010,21(2):279-286.
[16]陈汝,王金政,薛晓敏,聂佩显,王来平.不同覆盖材料对苹果冠层环境叶片光合作用和果实品质的影响[J].河北农业科学,2016,20(4):9-11.CHEN Ru,WANG Jinzheng,XUE Xiaomin,NIE Peixian,WANG Laiping.Effects of different cover materials on environment of canopy,photosynthesis ability and fruit quality of apple tree[J].Journal of Hebei Agricultural Sciences,2016,20(4):9-11.
[17]陈汝,王金政,薛晓敏,王贵平,聂佩显,王来平.覆盖对王林苹果冠层环境及叶片净光合速率和果实品质的影响[J].天津农业科学,2016,22(4):13-16.CHEN Ru,WANG Jinzheng,XUE Xiaomin,WANG Guiping,NIE Peixian,WANG Laiping.Effects of mulching on the environment of leaf canopy,net photosynthetic rate and fruit quality of‘Wanglin’apple tree[J].Tianjin Agricultural Sciences,2016,22(4):13-16.
[18]郭学军,韩张雄,马锋旺.不同覆盖方式对苹果园土壤状况及果树生长与果实的影响[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2013,41(9):112-118.GUO Xuejun,HAN Zhangxiong,MA Fengwang.Effect of different mulching treatments on changes of soil properties,growth of fruit tree,yield and quality of fruit[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University,2013,41(9):112-118.
[19]黄萍,曹辉,张瑞雪,纪拓,李燕歌,杨洪强.苹果根系生理和叶片光合对地面不同覆盖物的差异反应[J].中国农业科学,2018,51(1):160-169.HUANG Ping,CAO Hui,ZHANG Ruixue,JI Tuo,LI Yange,YANG Hongqiang.Different response of apple root physiology and leaf photosynthesis to mulching of different materials[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2018,51(1):160-169.
[20]吕三三,杜国栋,刘志琨,吕德国,李爽.覆草对苹果叶片显微结构及光系统功能的影响[J].中国农业科学,2015,48(1):130-139.LV Sansan,DU Guodong,LIU Zhikun,LüDeguo,LI Shuang.Effects of orchard mulching grass on the microstructure and function of photo system in apple leaves[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2015,48(1):130-139.
[21]闫丽娟,杨洪强,苏倩,门秀巾,张玮玮.施用炭化苹果枝粉末对平邑甜茶生长及根系构型的影响[J].园艺学报,2014,41(7):1436-1442.YAN Lijuan,YANG Hongqiang,SU Qian,MEN Xiujin,ZHANG Weiwei.Effects of carbonized powder of apple branch on the growth and root architecture of malus hupehensis[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2014,41(7):1436-1442.
[22]尚志华,魏钦平,孙丽珠,王小伟,张强,付立华.乔砧富士苹果改良高干开心形树冠郁闭的评判参数[J].中国农业科学,2010,43(1):132-139.SHANG Zhihua,WEI Qinping,SUN Lizhu,WANG Xiaowei,ZHANG Qiang,FU Lihua.Judgement parameters of canopy overcrowed for reformative high trunk open centre shape of Fuji apple with standard rootstock[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2010,43(1):132-139.
[23]张强,魏钦平,王小伟,尚志华,刘军,刘松忠,孙志鸿.乔砧富士苹果树冠枝梢数量和分布对产量与品质的影响[J].园艺学报,2010,37(8):1205-1212.ZHANG Qiang,WEI Qinping,WANG Xiaowei,SHANG Zhihua,LIU Jun,LIU Songzhong,SUN Zhihong.Effects of shoot numbers and distribution in canopy on yields and qualities of Fuji apple with standard rootstock[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2010,37(8):1205-1212.
[24]马瑞娟,张斌斌,张春华,蔡志翔,颜志梅.采前除袋铺设反光膜对桃果实着色及相关基因表达的影响[J].园艺学报,2015,42(11):2123-2132.MA Ruijuan,ZHANG Binbin,ZHANG Chunhua,CAI Zhixiang,YAN Zhimei.Effect of bag removing with reflective film mulching before harvest on fruit coloration and expression of anthocyanin related genes in peach[J].Acta Horticulturae Sinica,2015,42(11):2123-2132.
[25]闫忠业,伊凯,刘志,王冬梅,吕天星,李春敏,陈东玫.‘红玉’ב金冠’苹果杂交后代果实糖酸组分遗传分析[J].果树学报,2017,34(2):129-136.YAN Zhongye,YI Kai,LIU Zhi,WANG Dongmei,LüTianxing,LI Chunmin,CHEN Dongmei.A study of genetic trend of sugar and acid components in the fruits of apple hybrid progeny of‘Jonathan’בGolden Delicious’[J].Journal of Fruit Science,2017,34(2):129-136.
[26]李世清,李东方,李凤民.半干旱农田生态系统地膜覆盖的土壤生态效应[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2003,31(5):21-29.LI Shiqing,LI Dongfang,LI Fengmin.Soil ecological effects of mulch in semi-arid farmland ecosystem[J].Journal of Northwest A&F University,2003,31(5):21-29.
[27]董海强,李丙智,王金锋,王俊峰,刘富庭,李雪薇.不同覆盖方式对苹果树体生长及土壤理化特性的影响[J].西北农业学报,2015,24(8):101-109.DONG Haiqiang,LI Bingzhi,WANG Jinfeng,WANG Junfeng,LIU Futing,LI Xuewei.Effects of different mulching patterns on growth of apple trees and soil physicochemical properties[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2015,24(8):101-109.
[28]郗荣庭.果树栽培学总论[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2004:51.XI Rongting.The pomology cultivation general theory[M].Beijing:China Agricultural Press,2004:51.
[29]张坤,王发林,刘小勇,尹晓宁.地面覆盖对果园土壤水热分布和果实品质的影响[J].西北农业学报,2010,19(11):125-130.ZHANG Kun,WANG Falin,LIU Xiaoyong,YIN Xiaoning.Effects of ground cover mulch on soil water and heat distribution and fruit quality of orchard[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2010,19(11):125-130.
[30]曹欣冉,安贵阳,张紫嫣.几种覆盖方式对旱地苹果园土壤养分、酶活性及树体生长的影响[J].西北农业学报,2016,25(5):788-794.CAO Xinran,AN Guiyang,ZHANG Ziyan.Influence of different mulchings on soil nutrients,enzyme activity and tree growth in non-irrigation apple orchard[J].Acta Agriculturae Boreali-occidentalis Sinica,2016,25(5):788-794.