摘要
【目的】揭示苹果树叶片光合参数、树体生长量和果实品质对不同覆盖物的差异性反应,为苹果园地面管理覆盖物的合理选择提供参考依据。【方法】以辽宁省果树科学研究所自主选育的‘望山红’/‘辽砧109’组合苹果树为试材,果园地面分别覆盖农用地毯、碎木屑和园艺地布,以清耕为对照,调查地面覆盖后土壤地温、土壤含水量、叶片光合参数、树体生长量、果实品质的差异。【结果】2016年、2017年农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布、淸耕(CK)土壤温度随土层深度增加而降低,土壤含水量随土层深度增加而升高。与清耕(CK)相比,园艺地布覆盖提高土壤温度,农用地毯和碎木屑覆盖降低土壤温度;农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布覆盖能提高土壤含水量。3种覆盖处理均能提高叶片净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量。其中,农用地毯覆盖后叶片净光合速率、水分利用效率、叶绿素相对含量变异系数最小、稳定性优于其他处理,而碎木屑覆盖季节性差异明显、变异系数高、稳定性差。3种覆盖处理均能提高单叶质量、叶片厚度、树高、覆盖率、总枝量,影响枝类组成比例。其中,农用地毯覆盖后单叶质量、叶片厚度、覆盖率、总枝量、中枝、短枝比例等指标高于同期其他处理,而长枝比例低于其他处理。春季园艺地布覆盖后的新梢长度显著高于其他处理,而夏季农用地毯和碎木屑覆盖后的新梢生长速度快。农用地毯覆盖后果实单果质量、硬度、可溶性固形物、固酸比等指标最高,其次为碎木屑。农用地毯、碎木屑、园艺地布覆盖后显著提高果面红色着色程度,提高果实中葡萄糖、果糖、蔗糖、莽草酸含量,降低苹果酸、柠檬酸含量。【结论】综合比较3种覆盖物对土壤温度、土壤含水量、植株叶片参数、树体生长量和果实品质的影响,作用效果从高到低分别为农用地毯、碎木屑和园艺地布。
【Objective】In order to reveal the different responses of leaf photosynthetic parameters,tree growth and fruit quality of‘Wang Shan Hong'Fuji apple to different mulching materials, the present experiment was conducted to provide references for the reasonable selection of mulching materials for the orchard soil management.【Methods】The sample trees were 4 years old‘Wang Shan Hong'Fuji on‘Liaozhen 109'dwarf rootstocks, which were bred by Liaoning Institute of Pomology. The ground mulching materials were horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets, wood chips with no-mulching as a contrast. The differences in soil temperature, soil moisture content, leaf photosynthetic parameters, tree growth and fruit quality were investigated.【Results】The orchard ground was covered by horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips with clean tillage as the control, and the different soil layer temperatures showed a trend of‘rising first and then decreasing'in 2016 and 2017. The peak values appeared in August 19, 2016 and August 16, 2017, respectively. With the increase of soil depths, soil temperatures decreased. Compared with the no-mulching treatment, soil temperatures increased with horticultural fabric, and reduced with agricultural carpets or wood chips. In 2016 and 2017, soil moisture contents also showed a trend of‘rising first and then decreasing', and soil moisture contents increased with the increase of soil depths. After the orchard ground was covered by horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the soil water contents at different soil layers were improved. Among them,the stable effect of soil moisture contents was obvious after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric but the effect was the worst with no-mulching. Compared with no-mulching, after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the leaf net photosynthetic rate,water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents increased. There were significant differences in photosynthetic parameters among different treatments. After the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, the coefficient of variation with leaf net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents were the smallest and the stability was better than other treatments. After the ground was covered with wood chips, the net photosynthetic rate, water use efficiency and relative chlorophyll contents were significantly improved in the midium and late period of 2017, but the coefficient of variation was the highest, and the stability was the worst. After the orchard ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the leaf fresh weight, leaf thickness, tree height,coverage rate and the amount of total branches increased. The composition proportion of different types of branches was affected. In 2016 and 2017, after the ground was covered with agricultural carpets, the leaf fresh weight, leaf thickness, tree height, coverage rate, total branche amounts and the ratio of medium-length shoots to spurs were the highest, and the ratio of long shoots was the lowest. In spring, the length of new shoots was the longest after the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, and in summer, the growth rate of new shoots was the faster after it was covered with agricultural carpets or wood chips. The fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids, TSS/TA, fruit color(a and b)setting increased, titratable acidity and fruit color(value L)decreased after it was covered with agricultural carpets or wood chips.Among them, the fruit mass, firmness, soluble solids and TSS/TA were the highest after it was covered with horticultural fabric, followed by wood chips. After the ground was covered with horticultural fabric, agricultural carpets and wood chips, the red color on fruit surface was significantly improved, but the brightness was slightly worse. There were differences in the contents of soluble sugar and organic acid in fruits after the ground was covered with different types of materials. The contents of glucose, fructose,sucrose and shikimic acid increased, but the contents of malic acid and citric acid reduced.【Conclusion】The effects of three different mulching materials on soil moisture contents, soil temperatures, leaf photosynthetic parameters, tree growth and fruit quality were compared. The comparative effects showed in a descending order: agricultural carpet, wood chips and horticultural fabric.
引文
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