广州3个传统村落植物景观特征及村落外扩对其影响
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摘要
【目的】随着人口的不断增长和城市化进程的快速发展,大部分传统村落开始向外扩张,如何在这一过程中延续传统乡村植物景观特色已成为当前需要解决的重要问题。【方法】为了解村落外扩对传统村落植物景观的影响,本文以广州3个传统村落为例,调查村落居住区范围内植物景观特征,对比分析村落传统区与扩展区的植物景观特征差异。【结果】(1)无论是传统区还是扩展区,庭院林的绿色贡献率均为最大。(2)从传统区到扩展区,植物种类更加丰富,数量增多,植物生活型结构趋于灌木化。(3)从传统区到扩展区,人们对植物功能的关注由生态和食用开始向观赏转变。(4)传统区优势植物是榕树、木棉等风水树种,龙眼、黄皮、菠萝蜜等食用果树,麻楝、构树、绿竹等生态树种。扩展区优势植物是风水树榕树,龙眼、黄皮、番石榴等食用果树,紫薇、鸡蛋花等观赏树种,小叶榄仁、香樟、绿竹等生态树种。整体植物景观风貌由自然化、果树化向观赏化、城市化转变。(5)从传统区到扩展区,风水林和水岸林的绿量贡献率大幅减小。(6)乔木占比对传统区和扩展区的植物绿量都具有积极影响。传统区中,生态型和食用型植物越多,植物景观类型绿量贡献率越大;扩展区中,生态型植物越多,植物景观类型绿量贡献率越大。【结论】本研究分析了村落外扩过程中植物景观发生的变化及其影响因素,并基于研究结果为外扩过程中的传统村落的植物景观建设提出了建议。
[Objective] With the continuous population growth and the rapid development of urbanization,many traditional villages have begun to expand outward. How to continue the plant landscape features of traditional rural in this process has become a problem need to be solved. [Method]In order to explore the impact of village expansion on the plant landscape of traditional village,this paper takes three traditional villages in Guangzhou of southern China as examples to investigate the plant characteristics within the residential area of the villages and compare the differences of plant characteristics between the traditional and expanded area. [Result]( 1) the green contribution rate of courtyard plant landscape was the biggest both in traditional and expanded area;( 2) from the traditional area to the expanded area,plant species became richer,quantity increased and the structure of plant life form tended to be more shrubby;( 3) from the traditional area to the expanded area,residents' attention on plant has changed from ecological and edible function to ornamental function;( 4) the dominant tree species in the traditional area were geomantic omen species, e. g., Ficus microcarpa, Bombax malabaricum,etc; and edible fruit trees,e. g.,Dimocarpus longan,Clausena lansium,Artocarpus heterophyllus,etc; and ecological species, e. g., Chukrasia tabularis and Broussonetia papyifera,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami,etc. The dominant tree species in the expanded area were geomantic omen species,e. g.,Ficus microcarpa; and edible ecological species fruit trees,e. g.,Dimocarpus longan,Clausena lansium,and Psidium guajava,etc; and ornamental plants,e. g.,Lagerstroemia indica,Plumeria rubra, and ecological species, e. g., Terminalia neotaliala, Cinnamomum camphora,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami,etc. The overall plant landscape had changed from natural and fruitful style to ornamental and urbanizational style;( 5) from the traditional area to the expanded area,the green contribution rate of geomantic omen species and riverside plants reduced greatly;( 6) the proportion of arbor has positive effects on the green biomass of the traditional and expanded area. In traditional area,the more the ecological and edible plants was,the greater the contribution rate of the plant landscape type was. In the expanded area,the more the ecological plants was,the greater the contribution rate of the plant landscape type was. [Conclusion] The change of plant landscape and its impacting factors in the expanded village were analyzed,and the suggestion of plant landscape construction of traditional villages in this process was proposed.
[Objective] With the continuous population growth and the rapid development of urbanization,many traditional villages have begun to expand outward. How to continue the plant landscape features of traditional rural in this process has become a problem need to be solved. [Method]In order to explore the impact of village expansion on the plant landscape of traditional village,this paper takes three traditional villages in Guangzhou of southern China as examples to investigate the plant characteristics within the residential area of the villages and compare the differences of plant characteristics between the traditional and expanded area. [Result]( 1) the green contribution rate of courtyard plant landscape was the biggest both in traditional and expanded area;( 2) from the traditional area to the expanded area,plant species became richer,quantity increased and the structure of plant life form tended to be more shrubby;( 3) from the traditional area to the expanded area,residents' attention on plant has changed from ecological and edible function to ornamental function;( 4) the dominant tree species in the traditional area were geomantic omen species, e. g., Ficus microcarpa, Bombax malabaricum,etc; and edible fruit trees,e. g.,Dimocarpus longan,Clausena lansium,Artocarpus heterophyllus,etc; and ecological species, e. g., Chukrasia tabularis and Broussonetia papyifera,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami,etc. The dominant tree species in the expanded area were geomantic omen species,e. g.,Ficus microcarpa; and edible ecological species fruit trees,e. g.,Dimocarpus longan,Clausena lansium,and Psidium guajava,etc; and ornamental plants,e. g.,Lagerstroemia indica,Plumeria rubra, and ecological species, e. g., Terminalia neotaliala, Cinnamomum camphora,Dendrocalamopsis oldhami,etc. The overall plant landscape had changed from natural and fruitful style to ornamental and urbanizational style;( 5) from the traditional area to the expanded area,the green contribution rate of geomantic omen species and riverside plants reduced greatly;( 6) the proportion of arbor has positive effects on the green biomass of the traditional and expanded area. In traditional area,the more the ecological and edible plants was,the greater the contribution rate of the plant landscape type was. In the expanded area,the more the ecological plants was,the greater the contribution rate of the plant landscape type was. [Conclusion] The change of plant landscape and its impacting factors in the expanded village were analyzed,and the suggestion of plant landscape construction of traditional villages in this process was proposed.
引文
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[11]胡冗冗,石峰,何文芳,等.陕南山地民居的演变与发展[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,41(6):841-845.Hu R R,Shi F,He W F,et al.The changing course and development of the rural houses in mountain area in southern Shaanxi[J].Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture&Technology,2009,41(6):841--845.
[12]席建超,王新歌,孔钦钦,等.旅游地乡村聚落演变与土地利用模式:野三坡旅游区三个旅游村落案例研究[J].地理学报,2014,69(4):531-540.Xi J C,Wang X G,Kong Q Q,et al.Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism:a comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo Tourism Area,China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,2014,69(4):531-540.
[13]汪芳,吕舟,张兵,等.迁移中的记忆与乡愁:城乡记忆的演变机制和空间逻辑[J].地理研究,2017,36(1):3--25.Wang F,LüZ,Zhang B,et al.Memory and homesickness in transition:evolution mechanism and spatial logic of urban and rural memory[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(1):3-25.
[14]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索[J].地理研究,2015,34(7):1205--1212.Liu P L.The theory and practice exploration of“remembering nostalgia”in the construction of new urbanization[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1205--1212.
[15]Fernandes E C,Nair P R.An evaluation of the structure and function of tropical homegardens[J].Agricultural Systems,1986,21(4):279-310.
[16]Soemarwoto O.Homegardens:a traditional agroforestry system with a promising future[M].Nairobi:World Agroforestry Centre,1987:157-170.
[17]任斌斌,李树华,李法红.常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(1):52--57.Ren B B,Li S H,Li F H.Plant diversity and models of configuration for household courtyards in rural areas of Changshu[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(1):52--57.
[18]邱尔发,许飞,王成,等.福建省乡村道路林种群分布及结构特征研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2012,34(6):68--74.Qiu E F,Xu F,Wang C,et al.Population distribution and structure characteristics of village roadside forest in Fujian Province,eastern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2012,34(6):68-74.
[19]傅娟,冯志丰,蔡奕旸,等.广州地区传统村落历史演变研究[J].南方建筑,2014(4):64--69.Fu J,Feng Z F,Cai Y Y,et al.Historical evolution research of traditional villages in Guangzhou area[J].South Architecture,2014(4):64--49.
[20]王晓薇,周俭.传统村落形态演变浅析:以山西梁村为例[J].现代城市研究,2011,26(4):30-36.Wang X W,Zhou J.The evolution of traditional village pattern:case study of Liang Village in Shanxi[J].Modern Urban Research,2011,26(4):30--36.
[21]安勇,卓丽环.哈尔滨市紫丁香绿量[J].东北林业大学学报,2004,32(6):81--84.An Y,Zhuo L H.Vegetation quantity of Syringa oblata in Harbin[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2004,32(6):81--84.
[22]刘常富,何兴元,陈玮,等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):32-37.Liu C F,He X Y,Chen W,et al.Tridimensional biomass measures of Shenyang urban forests[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(3):32-37.
[23]王育松,上官铁梁.关于重要值计算方法的若干问题[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2010,33(2):312--316.Wang Y S,Shangguan T L.Discussion on calculating method of important values[J].Journal of Shanxi University(Natural Science Edition),2010,33(2):312-316.
[24]邱尔发,董建文,许飞.乡村人居林[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013.Qiu E F,Dong J W,Xu F.Village human habitat forest[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2013.
[25]王成,唐赛男,孙睿霖,等.论乡愁生态景观概念、内涵及其特征[J].中国城市林业,2015,13(3):63--67.Wang C,Tang S N,Sun R L,et al.Concept,connotation and characteristics of homesickness ecological landscape[J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2015,13(3):63--67.
[26]吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.Wu Z Y.Chinese vegetation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995.
[27]姚亦锋.以生态景观构建乡村审美空间[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7127-7136.Yao Y F.From ecology landscape to construction of rural aesthetic spaces[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(23):7127-7136.
[2]Tortora A,Statuto D,Picuno P.Rural landscape planning through spatial modelling and image processing of historical maps[J].Land Use Policy,2015,42(42):71--82.
[3]Laterra P,Orúe M E,Booman G C.Spatial complexity and ecosystem services in rural landscapes[J].Agriculture,Ecosystems&Environment,2012,154(3):56--67.
[4]唐赛男,王成,孙睿霖,等.珠海市传统乡村生态景观及其乡愁文化演变[J].中国城市林业,2016,14(1):51--59.Tang S N,Wang C,Sun R L,et al.Characteristics of ecological landscape and changes of homesickness culture in traditional countryside in Zhuhai[J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2016,14(1):51--59.
[5]Antrop M.Why landscapes of the past are important for the future[J].Landscape&Urban Planning,2005,70(1--2):21-34.
[6]刘沛林,董双双.中国古村落景观的空间意象研究[J].地理研究,1998,17(1):31-38.Liu P L,Dong S S.Study of landscape-image of Chinese ancient village[J].Geographical Research,1998,17(1):31--38.
[7]金磊.如何传承中国新型城镇化建设的“乡愁”观[J].小城镇建设,2014(3):30-33,68.Jin L.How to inherit‘nostalgia’in China’s new-type urbanization[J].Development of Small Cities&Towns,2014(3):30-33,68.
[8]房艳刚,刘继生.集聚型农业村落文化景观的演化过程与机理:以山东曲阜峪口村为例[J].地理研究,2009,28(4):968-978.Fang Y G,Liu J S.Cultural landscape evolution of cluster agricultural village:the case of Yukou village in Shandong Province[J].Geographical Research,2009,28(4):968-978.
[9]李骞国,石培基,刘春芳,等.黄土丘陵区乡村聚落时空演变特征及格局优化:以七里河区为例[J].经济地理,2015,35(1):126-133.Li Q G,Shi P J,Liu C F,et al.Spatial-temporal evolution characteristic and pattern optimization of rural settlement in the loess hilly region:take Qilihe District for example[J].Economic Geography,2015,35(1):126--133.
[10]李红波,张小林,吴江国,等.苏南地区乡村聚落空间格局及其驱动机制[J].地理科学,2014,34(4):438-446.Li H B,Zhang X L,Wu J G,et al.Spatial pattern and its driving mechanism of rural settlements in southern Jiangsu[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2014,34(4):438--446.
[11]胡冗冗,石峰,何文芳,等.陕南山地民居的演变与发展[J].西安建筑科技大学学报(自然科学版),2009,41(6):841-845.Hu R R,Shi F,He W F,et al.The changing course and development of the rural houses in mountain area in southern Shaanxi[J].Journal of Xi'an University of Architecture&Technology,2009,41(6):841--845.
[12]席建超,王新歌,孔钦钦,等.旅游地乡村聚落演变与土地利用模式:野三坡旅游区三个旅游村落案例研究[J].地理学报,2014,69(4):531-540.Xi J C,Wang X G,Kong Q Q,et al.Spatial morphology evolution of rural settlements induced by tourism:a comparative study of three villages in Yesanpo Tourism Area,China[J].Journal of Geographical Sciences,2014,2014,69(4):531-540.
[13]汪芳,吕舟,张兵,等.迁移中的记忆与乡愁:城乡记忆的演变机制和空间逻辑[J].地理研究,2017,36(1):3--25.Wang F,LüZ,Zhang B,et al.Memory and homesickness in transition:evolution mechanism and spatial logic of urban and rural memory[J].Geographical Research,2017,36(1):3-25.
[14]刘沛林.新型城镇化建设中“留住乡愁”的理论与实践探索[J].地理研究,2015,34(7):1205--1212.Liu P L.The theory and practice exploration of“remembering nostalgia”in the construction of new urbanization[J].Geographical Research,2015,34(7):1205--1212.
[15]Fernandes E C,Nair P R.An evaluation of the structure and function of tropical homegardens[J].Agricultural Systems,1986,21(4):279-310.
[16]Soemarwoto O.Homegardens:a traditional agroforestry system with a promising future[M].Nairobi:World Agroforestry Centre,1987:157-170.
[17]任斌斌,李树华,李法红.常熟地区农户庭院植物多样性与配置模式[J].生态与农村环境学报,2010,26(1):52--57.Ren B B,Li S H,Li F H.Plant diversity and models of configuration for household courtyards in rural areas of Changshu[J].Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2010,26(1):52--57.
[18]邱尔发,许飞,王成,等.福建省乡村道路林种群分布及结构特征研究[J].北京林业大学学报,2012,34(6):68--74.Qiu E F,Xu F,Wang C,et al.Population distribution and structure characteristics of village roadside forest in Fujian Province,eastern China[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2012,34(6):68-74.
[19]傅娟,冯志丰,蔡奕旸,等.广州地区传统村落历史演变研究[J].南方建筑,2014(4):64--69.Fu J,Feng Z F,Cai Y Y,et al.Historical evolution research of traditional villages in Guangzhou area[J].South Architecture,2014(4):64--49.
[20]王晓薇,周俭.传统村落形态演变浅析:以山西梁村为例[J].现代城市研究,2011,26(4):30-36.Wang X W,Zhou J.The evolution of traditional village pattern:case study of Liang Village in Shanxi[J].Modern Urban Research,2011,26(4):30--36.
[21]安勇,卓丽环.哈尔滨市紫丁香绿量[J].东北林业大学学报,2004,32(6):81--84.An Y,Zhuo L H.Vegetation quantity of Syringa oblata in Harbin[J].Journal of Northeast Forestry University,2004,32(6):81--84.
[22]刘常富,何兴元,陈玮,等.沈阳城市森林三维绿量测算[J].北京林业大学学报,2006,28(3):32-37.Liu C F,He X Y,Chen W,et al.Tridimensional biomass measures of Shenyang urban forests[J].Journal of Beijing Forestry University,2006,28(3):32-37.
[23]王育松,上官铁梁.关于重要值计算方法的若干问题[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2010,33(2):312--316.Wang Y S,Shangguan T L.Discussion on calculating method of important values[J].Journal of Shanxi University(Natural Science Edition),2010,33(2):312-316.
[24]邱尔发,董建文,许飞.乡村人居林[M].北京:中国林业出版社,2013.Qiu E F,Dong J W,Xu F.Village human habitat forest[M].Beijing:China Forestry Publishing House,2013.
[25]王成,唐赛男,孙睿霖,等.论乡愁生态景观概念、内涵及其特征[J].中国城市林业,2015,13(3):63--67.Wang C,Tang S N,Sun R L,et al.Concept,connotation and characteristics of homesickness ecological landscape[J].Journal of Chinese Urban Forestry,2015,13(3):63--67.
[26]吴征镒.中国植被[M].北京:科学出版社,1995.Wu Z Y.Chinese vegetation[M].Beijing:Science Press,1995.
[27]姚亦锋.以生态景观构建乡村审美空间[J].生态学报,2014,34(23):7127-7136.Yao Y F.From ecology landscape to construction of rural aesthetic spaces[J].Acta Ecologica Sinica,2014,34(23):7127-7136.