云南山地梯田水稻滚直播栽培技术应用分析
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摘要
人工移栽是中国实现水稻丰产成功的栽培技术。随着中国城镇化的快速发展和农村劳动力锐减,农业生产已出现用工缺乏的现象,致使人工移栽较难适应当前我国农村的发展。因此,探索和发展轻简栽培技术已成为水稻生产的重要研究方向。本研究结合云南优质八宝米生产,连续2年开展了人工移栽和滚直播水稻栽培比较试验。结果表明,与人工移栽相比,滚直播栽培生育期缩短约7 d,株高、有效穗数、倒伏性、稻瘟病发病率和产量等农艺性状都无显著差异,在栽秧和育苗2个环节用工量减少,在大田整理和苗期除草2个环节用工量增加。总体上,整个生产季节滚直播减少人工费约300元/667 m~2,能有效缓解农村栽秧季节集中用工的矛盾。研究结果可为云南山地梯田水稻机械化生产提供技术参考。
Manual transplanting is a successful cultivation method for increasing rice yield in China. However, it is difficult to adapt to the needs of agricultural production development, due to the rapid development of urbanization and sharply decrease of rural labor force. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable production of rice in future, it has becoming an important research direction to explore and develop methods of laborsaving and simplified cultivation in future. In this study, the comparison test was carried out with high quality Babao rice, which used two methods of manual transplanting and direct-seeding by rolling machine in 2015—2016. The results showed that the whole growth period of direct-seeding cultivation was shortened by 7 days compared with manual transplanting, and there was no significant difference between the two methods for some agronomic traits, such as plant height, effective panicles, lodging property, incidence of blast disease and yield. Compared with manual transplanting, the amount of labor used in transplanting and seedling raising was decreased in direct seeding cultivation with rolling machine, and increased in field finishing and seedling weeding. In general, the total cost of direct seeding in the whole production season was reduced by 300 yuan/667 m~2, which could effectively alleviate the contradiction of intensive labor use of seedling planting in rural areas. The results could provide a technical reference for rice production mechanization in mountainous terraces in Yunnan province.
Manual transplanting is a successful cultivation method for increasing rice yield in China. However, it is difficult to adapt to the needs of agricultural production development, due to the rapid development of urbanization and sharply decrease of rural labor force. Therefore, in order to ensure the sustainable production of rice in future, it has becoming an important research direction to explore and develop methods of laborsaving and simplified cultivation in future. In this study, the comparison test was carried out with high quality Babao rice, which used two methods of manual transplanting and direct-seeding by rolling machine in 2015—2016. The results showed that the whole growth period of direct-seeding cultivation was shortened by 7 days compared with manual transplanting, and there was no significant difference between the two methods for some agronomic traits, such as plant height, effective panicles, lodging property, incidence of blast disease and yield. Compared with manual transplanting, the amount of labor used in transplanting and seedling raising was decreased in direct seeding cultivation with rolling machine, and increased in field finishing and seedling weeding. In general, the total cost of direct seeding in the whole production season was reduced by 300 yuan/667 m~2, which could effectively alleviate the contradiction of intensive labor use of seedling planting in rural areas. The results could provide a technical reference for rice production mechanization in mountainous terraces in Yunnan province.
引文
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[2]曾雄生.直播稻的历史研究[J].中国农史,2005(2):3-16.
[3]朱德峰,严学强.国外水稻直播栽培发展概况[J].耕作与栽培,1997(1):2-4.
[4]邹应斌.亚洲直播稻栽培的研究与应用[J].作物研究,2004(3):133-135.
[5]吴文革,陈烨,钱银飞,等.水稻直播栽培的发展概况与研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2006,8(4):32-36.
[6]罗锡文,蒋恩臣,王在满,等.开沟起垄式水稻精量穴播机的研制[J].农业工程学报,2008,24(12):52-56.
[7]罗锡文,鞋方平,区颖刚,等.水稻生产不同栽植方式的比较试验[J].农业工程学报,2004,20(1):136-139.
[8]韩娟英.甬优538不同栽培方式的产量和效益比较[J].中国稻米,2018,24(2):100-101.
[9]陈雪飞,唐艳萍,谢英杰,等.我国机械化直播水稻生产技术研究进展[J].中国稻米,2018,24(4):9-15.
[10]孙统庆,杨洪建,李杰,等.江苏直播稻发展历程回顾、弊端分析及其对策探讨[J].中国稻米,2014,20(6):5-9.
[11]向邦豪,秦小晖,谭艳云.湘西州杂交水稻直播栽培试验示范及发展前景[J].杂交水稻,2009,24(1):45-48.
[12]金千瑜,欧阳由男,陆永良,等.我国南方直播稻若干问题及其技术对策研究[J].中国农学通报,2001,17(5):44-48.