华北平原灌溉农田地下水补给——基于关键带视角的研究（英文）
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摘要
From a critical zone perspective, the present paper aims to present the magnitude of groundwater recharge under different agricultural land-use types, reveal the process of water and solute transport in thick vadose zone, evaluate the "time lag" effect of recharge, and underscore the role of thickening vadose zone in recharge. The results indicated that different agricultural land-use types need to be further considered in recharge rate estimate. Under the typical irrigation condition in the piedmont plain, the recharge rate under flood irrigated winter wheat and summer maize(W/M_F), maize(M), non-cultivation(NC), native vegetation(NV), vegetables(V), and orchards(O) is 206.4, 149.7, 194.1, 46.4, 320.0, and 48.6 mm/yr, respectively. In the central plain, the value under W/M_F, M, NC, V, and cotton(C) is 92.8, 50.8, 85.0, 255.5, and 26.5 mm/yr, respectively. Soil water residence time(several years) and groundwater level response time(several months) should be distinguished to further understand the processes of groundwater recharge, because the soil water displacement velocities range from 0.2 to 2.2 m/yr while the rate of wetting front propagation is approximately 47 m/yr in the piedmont plain. The thickening vadose zone would prolong residence time of soil water and contaminant, which could postpone the time of or alleviate groundwater pollution, but have no significant influence on the magnitude of recharge in a long time scale. Recharge coefficient based on shorter time span(e.g. 2 or 3 years) should be used with caution as a parameter for groundwater resources evaluation, because it varies with total water input and target soil depth. Uncertainties in evapotranspiration and other water balance components should be evaluated in recharge estimation and the impact of land-use types on recharge should be emphasized. The critical zone science would greatly improve the understanding of groundwater recharge processes. The results of the present study will be helpful in sustainable groundwater resources management.
From a critical zone perspective, the present paper aims to present the magnitude of groundwater recharge under different agricultural land-use types, reveal the process of water and solute transport in thick vadose zone, evaluate the "time lag" effect of recharge, and underscore the role of thickening vadose zone in recharge. The results indicated that different agricultural land-use types need to be further considered in recharge rate estimate. Under the typical irrigation condition in the piedmont plain, the recharge rate under flood irrigated winter wheat and summer maize(W/M_F), maize(M), non-cultivation(NC), native vegetation(NV), vegetables(V), and orchards(O) is 206.4, 149.7, 194.1, 46.4, 320.0, and 48.6 mm/yr, respectively. In the central plain, the value under W/M_F, M, NC, V, and cotton(C) is 92.8, 50.8, 85.0, 255.5, and 26.5 mm/yr, respectively. Soil water residence time(several years) and groundwater level response time(several months) should be distinguished to further understand the processes of groundwater recharge, because the soil water displacement velocities range from 0.2 to 2.2 m/yr while the rate of wetting front propagation is approximately 47 m/yr in the piedmont plain. The thickening vadose zone would prolong residence time of soil water and contaminant, which could postpone the time of or alleviate groundwater pollution, but have no significant influence on the magnitude of recharge in a long time scale. Recharge coefficient based on shorter time span(e.g. 2 or 3 years) should be used with caution as a parameter for groundwater resources evaluation, because it varies with total water input and target soil depth. Uncertainties in evapotranspiration and other water balance components should be evaluated in recharge estimation and the impact of land-use types on recharge should be emphasized. The critical zone science would greatly improve the understanding of groundwater recharge processes. The results of the present study will be helpful in sustainable groundwater resources management.
From a critical zone perspective, the present paper aims to present the magnitude of groundwater recharge under different agricultural land-use types, reveal the process of water and solute transport in thick vadose zone, evaluate the "time lag" effect of recharge, and underscore the role of thickening vadose zone in recharge. The results indicated that different agricultural land-use types need to be further considered in recharge rate estimate. Under the typical irrigation condition in the piedmont plain, the recharge rate under flood irrigated winter wheat and summer maize(W/M_F), maize(M), non-cultivation(NC), native vegetation(NV), vegetables(V), and orchards(O) is 206.4, 149.7, 194.1, 46.4, 320.0, and 48.6 mm/yr, respectively. In the central plain, the value under W/M_F, M, NC, V, and cotton(C) is 92.8, 50.8, 85.0, 255.5, and 26.5 mm/yr, respectively. Soil water residence time(several years) and groundwater level response time(several months) should be distinguished to further understand the processes of groundwater recharge, because the soil water displacement velocities range from 0.2 to 2.2 m/yr while the rate of wetting front propagation is approximately 47 m/yr in the piedmont plain. The thickening vadose zone would prolong residence time of soil water and contaminant, which could postpone the time of or alleviate groundwater pollution, but have no significant influence on the magnitude of recharge in a long time scale. Recharge coefficient based on shorter time span(e.g. 2 or 3 years) should be used with caution as a parameter for groundwater resources evaluation, because it varies with total water input and target soil depth. Uncertainties in evapotranspiration and other water balance components should be evaluated in recharge estimation and the impact of land-use types on recharge should be emphasized. The critical zone science would greatly improve the understanding of groundwater recharge processes. The results of the present study will be helpful in sustainable groundwater resources management.
引文
Allison G B,Hughes M W,1983.The use of natural tracers as indicators of soil-water movement in a temperate semi-arid region.Journal of Hydrology,60(1-4):157-173.
Balasubramanian V,1974.Adsorption,denitrification,and movement of applied ammonium and nitrate in Hawaiian soils[D].Manoa:University of Hawaii.
Cao G L,Scanlon B R,Han D M et al.,2016.Impacts of thickening unsaturated zone on groundwater recharge in the North China Plain.Journal of Hydrology,537:260-270.
Cao G L,Zheng C M,Scanlon B R et al.,2013.Use of flow modeling to assess sustainability of groundwater resources in the North China Plain.Water Resources Research,49(1):159-175.
Cassel D K,1971.Water and solute movement in Svea loam for two water management regimes.Soil Science Society of America Journal,35(6):859-866.
Cook P G,Walker G R,Jolly I D,1989.Spatial variability of groundwater recharge in a semiarid region.Journal of Hydrology,111(1-4):195-212.
Dahan O,Talby R,Yechieli Y et al.,2009.In situ monitoring of water percolation and solute transport using a vadose zone monitoring system.Vadose Zone Journal,8(4):916-925.
Edmunds W M,Fellman E,Goni I B et al.,2002.Spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in northern Nigeria.Hydrogeology Journal,10(1):205-215.
Fang Q X,Green T R,Ma L W et al.,2010.Optimizing soil hydraulic parameters in RZWQM2 under fallow conditions.Soil Science Society of America Journal,74(6):1897-1913.
Fei J,1988.Groundwater resources in the North China Plain.Environmental Geology and Water Sciences,12(1):63-67.
Fenton O,Schulte R P O,Jordan P et al.,2011.Time lag:A methodology for the estimation of vertical and horizontal travel and flushing timescales to nitrate threshold concentrations in Irish aquifers.Environmental Science&Policy,14(4):419-431.
Foken T,2008.The energy balance closure problem:An overview.Ecological Applications,18(6):1351-1367.
Ghuman B S,Verma S M,Prihar S S,1975.Effect of application rate,initial soil wetness,and redistribution time on salt displacement by water.Soil Science Society of America Journal,39(1):7-10.
Guo L,Lin H,2016.Critical zone research and observatories:Current status and future perspectives.Vadose Zone Journal,15(9).doi:10.2136/vzj2016.06.0050.
Guo Y,Shen Y J,2015.Quantifying water and energy budgets and the impacts of climatic and human factors in the Haihe River Basin,China:1.Model and validation.Journal of Hydrology,528:206-216.
Healy R W,Scanlon B R,2010.Estimating Groundwater Recharge.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Huang T M,Pang Z H,Edmunds W M,2013.Soil profile evolution following land-use change:Implications for groundwater quantity and quality.Hydrological Processes,27(8):1238-1252.
Huo S Y,Jin M G,Liang X et al.,2014.Changes of vertical groundwater recharge with increase in thickness of vadose zone simulated by one-dimensional variably saturated flow model.Journal of Earth Science,25(6):1043-1050.
Jolly I D,Cook P G,Allison G B et al.,1989.Simultaneous water and solute movement through an unsaturated soil following an increase in recharge.Journal of Hydrology,111(1-4):391-396.
Jury W A,Horton R,2004.Soil Physics.6th ed.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons.
Kirda C,Nielsen D R,Biggar J W,1973.Simultaneous transport of chloride and water during infiltration.Soil Science Society of America Journal,37(3):339-345.
Lei Z D,Yang S C,Ni G H et al.,1992.Water continuum feature in response to the type of groundwater level.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,23(2):1-6.(in Chinese)
Li X D,Zhao Y,Xiao W H et al.,2017.Soil moisture dynamics and implications for irrigation of farmland with a deep groundwater table.Agricultural Water Management,192:138-148.
Li Z,Chen X,Liu W Z et al.,2017.Determination of groundwater recharge mechanism in the deep loessial unsaturated zone by environmental tracers.Science of the Total Environment,586:827-835.
Lin D,Jin M G,Liang X et al.,2013.Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride,chloride and sulfate.Hydrogeology Journal,21(7):1469-1480.
Liu J,Chen Z Y,Zhang Z J et al.,2009.Estimation of natural groundwater recharge in the Hutuo River alluvial-proluvial fan using environmental tracers.Geological Science and Technology Information,28(6):114-118.(in Chinese)
Lu X H,Jin M G,Van Genuchten M T et al.,2011.Groundwater recharge at five representative sites in the Hebei Plain,China.Ground Water,49(2):286-294.
Mattern S,Vanclooster M,2010.Estimating travel time of recharge water through a deep vadose zone using a transfer function model.Environmental Fluid Mechanics,10(1/2):121-135.
Mcmahon P B,Dennehy K F,Bruce B W et al.,2006.Storage and transit time of chemicals in thick unsaturated zones under rangeland and irrigated cropland,High Plains,United States.Water Resources Research,42(3):10.1029/2005WR004417.
Min L L,Shen Y J,Pei H W,2015.Estimating groundwater recharge using deep vadose zone data under typical irrigated cropland in the piedmont region of the North China Plain.Journal of Hydrology,527:305-315.
Min L L,Shen Y J,Pei H W et al.,2018.Water movement and solute transport in deep vadose zone under four irrigated agricultural land-use types in the North China Plain.Journal of Hydrology,559:510-522.
National Research Council(NRC),2001.Basic research opportunities in earth science.Washington,DC:National Academy Press.
Philip J R,1957.The theory of infiltration:2.The profile of infinity.Soil Science,83(6):435-448.
Raats P A C,1984.Tracing parcels of water and solutes in unsaturated zones.In:Yaron B,Dagan G,Goldshmid J(eds.).The Unsaturated Zone between Soil Surface and Groundwater.Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
Rossman N R,Zlotnik V A,Rowe C M et al.,2014.Vadose zone lag time and potential 21st century climate change effects on spatially distributed groundwater recharge in the semi-arid Nebraska Sand Hills.Journal of Hydrology,519:656-669.
Scanlon B R,Healy R,Cook P,2002.Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge.Hydrogeology Journal,10(1):18-39.
Scanlon B R,Reedy R C,Gates J B,2010.Effects of irrigated agroecosystems:1.Quantity of soil water and groundwater in the southern High Plains,Texas.Water Resources Research,46(9).doi:10.1029/2009WR008427.
Scanlon B R,Reedy R C,Tachovsky J A,2007.Semiarid unsaturated zone chloride profiles:Archives of past land use change impacts on water resources in the southern High Plains,United States.Water Resources Research,43(6).doi:10.1029/2006WR005769.
Silburn D M,Foley J L,Biggs A J W et al.,2013.The Australian cotton industry and four decades of deep drainage research:A review.Crop&Pasture Science,64(11/12):1049-1075.
Sun H Y,Shen Y J,Yu Q et al.,2010.Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain.Agricultural Water Management,97:1139-1145.
Tan X C,Wu J W,Cai S Y et al.,2014.Characteristics of groundwater recharge on the North China Plain.Groundwater,52(5):798-807.
Tan X C,Yang J Z,Song X H,2013.Estimation of groundwater recharge in North China Plain.Advances in Water Science,24(1):73-81.(in Chinese)
Turkeltaub T,Kurtzman D,Russak E E et al.,2015.Impact of switching crop type on water and solute fluxes in deep vadose zone.Water Resources Research,51(12):9828-9842.
Wang B G,Jin M G,Nimmo J R et al.,2008.Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain,China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers.Journal of Hydrology,356(1/2):209-222.
Wang H Y,Pan X P,Luo J et al.,2015.Using remote sensing to analyze spatiotemporal variations in crop planting in the North China Plain.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,23(9):1199-1209.(in Chinese)
Warrick A W,2003.Soil Water Dynamics.New York:Oxford University Press.
Warrick A W,Biggar J W,Nielsen D R,1971.Simultaneous solute and water transfer for an unsaturated soil.Water Resources Research,7(5):1216-1225.
Wu C,Xu Q H,Zhang X Q et al.,1996.Palaeochannels on the North China Plain:Types and distributions.Geomorphology,18(1):5-14.
Yuan R Q,Song X F,Han D M et al.,2011.Rate and historical change of direct recharge from precipitation constrained by unsaturated zone profiles of chloride and oxygen-18 in dry river bed of North China Plain.Hydrological Processes,26(9):1291-1301.
Yuan Z J,Shen Y J,2013.Estimation of agricultural water consumption from meteorological and yield data:Acase study of Hebei,North China.Plos One,8(3).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058685.
Zhang G H,Fei Y H,Shen J M,2007.Influence of unsaturated zone thickness on precipitation infiltration for recharge of groundwater.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,38(5):611-617.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z,Fei Y,Chen Z et al.,2009a.The Investigation and Evaluation of Sustainable Utilization of Groundwater Resources in North China Plain.Beijing:Geological Press.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z,Luo G,Wang Z et al.,2009b.Study on sustainable utilization of groundwater in North China Plain.Resources Science,31(3):355-360.(in Chinese)
Zheng C M,Liu J,Cao G L et al.,2010.Can China cope with its water crisis?Perspectives from the North China Plain.Ground Water,48(3):350-354.
Zreda M,Desilets D,Ferre T P A et al.,2008.Measuring soil moisture content non-invasively at intermediate spatial scale using cosmic-ray neutrons.Geophysical Research Letters,35(21):L21402.
Balasubramanian V,1974.Adsorption,denitrification,and movement of applied ammonium and nitrate in Hawaiian soils[D].Manoa:University of Hawaii.
Cao G L,Scanlon B R,Han D M et al.,2016.Impacts of thickening unsaturated zone on groundwater recharge in the North China Plain.Journal of Hydrology,537:260-270.
Cao G L,Zheng C M,Scanlon B R et al.,2013.Use of flow modeling to assess sustainability of groundwater resources in the North China Plain.Water Resources Research,49(1):159-175.
Cassel D K,1971.Water and solute movement in Svea loam for two water management regimes.Soil Science Society of America Journal,35(6):859-866.
Cook P G,Walker G R,Jolly I D,1989.Spatial variability of groundwater recharge in a semiarid region.Journal of Hydrology,111(1-4):195-212.
Dahan O,Talby R,Yechieli Y et al.,2009.In situ monitoring of water percolation and solute transport using a vadose zone monitoring system.Vadose Zone Journal,8(4):916-925.
Edmunds W M,Fellman E,Goni I B et al.,2002.Spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater recharge in northern Nigeria.Hydrogeology Journal,10(1):205-215.
Fang Q X,Green T R,Ma L W et al.,2010.Optimizing soil hydraulic parameters in RZWQM2 under fallow conditions.Soil Science Society of America Journal,74(6):1897-1913.
Fei J,1988.Groundwater resources in the North China Plain.Environmental Geology and Water Sciences,12(1):63-67.
Fenton O,Schulte R P O,Jordan P et al.,2011.Time lag:A methodology for the estimation of vertical and horizontal travel and flushing timescales to nitrate threshold concentrations in Irish aquifers.Environmental Science&Policy,14(4):419-431.
Foken T,2008.The energy balance closure problem:An overview.Ecological Applications,18(6):1351-1367.
Ghuman B S,Verma S M,Prihar S S,1975.Effect of application rate,initial soil wetness,and redistribution time on salt displacement by water.Soil Science Society of America Journal,39(1):7-10.
Guo L,Lin H,2016.Critical zone research and observatories:Current status and future perspectives.Vadose Zone Journal,15(9).doi:10.2136/vzj2016.06.0050.
Guo Y,Shen Y J,2015.Quantifying water and energy budgets and the impacts of climatic and human factors in the Haihe River Basin,China:1.Model and validation.Journal of Hydrology,528:206-216.
Healy R W,Scanlon B R,2010.Estimating Groundwater Recharge.Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.
Huang T M,Pang Z H,Edmunds W M,2013.Soil profile evolution following land-use change:Implications for groundwater quantity and quality.Hydrological Processes,27(8):1238-1252.
Huo S Y,Jin M G,Liang X et al.,2014.Changes of vertical groundwater recharge with increase in thickness of vadose zone simulated by one-dimensional variably saturated flow model.Journal of Earth Science,25(6):1043-1050.
Jolly I D,Cook P G,Allison G B et al.,1989.Simultaneous water and solute movement through an unsaturated soil following an increase in recharge.Journal of Hydrology,111(1-4):391-396.
Jury W A,Horton R,2004.Soil Physics.6th ed.Hoboken:John Wiley&Sons.
Kirda C,Nielsen D R,Biggar J W,1973.Simultaneous transport of chloride and water during infiltration.Soil Science Society of America Journal,37(3):339-345.
Lei Z D,Yang S C,Ni G H et al.,1992.Water continuum feature in response to the type of groundwater level.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,23(2):1-6.(in Chinese)
Li X D,Zhao Y,Xiao W H et al.,2017.Soil moisture dynamics and implications for irrigation of farmland with a deep groundwater table.Agricultural Water Management,192:138-148.
Li Z,Chen X,Liu W Z et al.,2017.Determination of groundwater recharge mechanism in the deep loessial unsaturated zone by environmental tracers.Science of the Total Environment,586:827-835.
Lin D,Jin M G,Liang X et al.,2013.Estimating groundwater recharge beneath irrigated farmland using environmental tracers fluoride,chloride and sulfate.Hydrogeology Journal,21(7):1469-1480.
Liu J,Chen Z Y,Zhang Z J et al.,2009.Estimation of natural groundwater recharge in the Hutuo River alluvial-proluvial fan using environmental tracers.Geological Science and Technology Information,28(6):114-118.(in Chinese)
Lu X H,Jin M G,Van Genuchten M T et al.,2011.Groundwater recharge at five representative sites in the Hebei Plain,China.Ground Water,49(2):286-294.
Mattern S,Vanclooster M,2010.Estimating travel time of recharge water through a deep vadose zone using a transfer function model.Environmental Fluid Mechanics,10(1/2):121-135.
Mcmahon P B,Dennehy K F,Bruce B W et al.,2006.Storage and transit time of chemicals in thick unsaturated zones under rangeland and irrigated cropland,High Plains,United States.Water Resources Research,42(3):10.1029/2005WR004417.
Min L L,Shen Y J,Pei H W,2015.Estimating groundwater recharge using deep vadose zone data under typical irrigated cropland in the piedmont region of the North China Plain.Journal of Hydrology,527:305-315.
Min L L,Shen Y J,Pei H W et al.,2018.Water movement and solute transport in deep vadose zone under four irrigated agricultural land-use types in the North China Plain.Journal of Hydrology,559:510-522.
National Research Council(NRC),2001.Basic research opportunities in earth science.Washington,DC:National Academy Press.
Philip J R,1957.The theory of infiltration:2.The profile of infinity.Soil Science,83(6):435-448.
Raats P A C,1984.Tracing parcels of water and solutes in unsaturated zones.In:Yaron B,Dagan G,Goldshmid J(eds.).The Unsaturated Zone between Soil Surface and Groundwater.Heidelberg:Springer-Verlag.
Rossman N R,Zlotnik V A,Rowe C M et al.,2014.Vadose zone lag time and potential 21st century climate change effects on spatially distributed groundwater recharge in the semi-arid Nebraska Sand Hills.Journal of Hydrology,519:656-669.
Scanlon B R,Healy R,Cook P,2002.Choosing appropriate techniques for quantifying groundwater recharge.Hydrogeology Journal,10(1):18-39.
Scanlon B R,Reedy R C,Gates J B,2010.Effects of irrigated agroecosystems:1.Quantity of soil water and groundwater in the southern High Plains,Texas.Water Resources Research,46(9).doi:10.1029/2009WR008427.
Scanlon B R,Reedy R C,Tachovsky J A,2007.Semiarid unsaturated zone chloride profiles:Archives of past land use change impacts on water resources in the southern High Plains,United States.Water Resources Research,43(6).doi:10.1029/2006WR005769.
Silburn D M,Foley J L,Biggs A J W et al.,2013.The Australian cotton industry and four decades of deep drainage research:A review.Crop&Pasture Science,64(11/12):1049-1075.
Sun H Y,Shen Y J,Yu Q et al.,2010.Effect of precipitation change on water balance and WUE of the winter wheat-summer maize rotation in the North China Plain.Agricultural Water Management,97:1139-1145.
Tan X C,Wu J W,Cai S Y et al.,2014.Characteristics of groundwater recharge on the North China Plain.Groundwater,52(5):798-807.
Tan X C,Yang J Z,Song X H,2013.Estimation of groundwater recharge in North China Plain.Advances in Water Science,24(1):73-81.(in Chinese)
Turkeltaub T,Kurtzman D,Russak E E et al.,2015.Impact of switching crop type on water and solute fluxes in deep vadose zone.Water Resources Research,51(12):9828-9842.
Wang B G,Jin M G,Nimmo J R et al.,2008.Estimating groundwater recharge in Hebei Plain,China under varying land use practices using tritium and bromide tracers.Journal of Hydrology,356(1/2):209-222.
Wang H Y,Pan X P,Luo J et al.,2015.Using remote sensing to analyze spatiotemporal variations in crop planting in the North China Plain.Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,23(9):1199-1209.(in Chinese)
Warrick A W,2003.Soil Water Dynamics.New York:Oxford University Press.
Warrick A W,Biggar J W,Nielsen D R,1971.Simultaneous solute and water transfer for an unsaturated soil.Water Resources Research,7(5):1216-1225.
Wu C,Xu Q H,Zhang X Q et al.,1996.Palaeochannels on the North China Plain:Types and distributions.Geomorphology,18(1):5-14.
Yuan R Q,Song X F,Han D M et al.,2011.Rate and historical change of direct recharge from precipitation constrained by unsaturated zone profiles of chloride and oxygen-18 in dry river bed of North China Plain.Hydrological Processes,26(9):1291-1301.
Yuan Z J,Shen Y J,2013.Estimation of agricultural water consumption from meteorological and yield data:Acase study of Hebei,North China.Plos One,8(3).doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0058685.
Zhang G H,Fei Y H,Shen J M,2007.Influence of unsaturated zone thickness on precipitation infiltration for recharge of groundwater.Journal of Hydraulic Engineering,38(5):611-617.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z,Fei Y,Chen Z et al.,2009a.The Investigation and Evaluation of Sustainable Utilization of Groundwater Resources in North China Plain.Beijing:Geological Press.(in Chinese)
Zhang Z,Luo G,Wang Z et al.,2009b.Study on sustainable utilization of groundwater in North China Plain.Resources Science,31(3):355-360.(in Chinese)
Zheng C M,Liu J,Cao G L et al.,2010.Can China cope with its water crisis?Perspectives from the North China Plain.Ground Water,48(3):350-354.
Zreda M,Desilets D,Ferre T P A et al.,2008.Measuring soil moisture content non-invasively at intermediate spatial scale using cosmic-ray neutrons.Geophysical Research Letters,35(21):L21402.