不同出行方式大气PM_(2.5)个体暴露分析
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摘要
于2017年7月在南充市城区固定线路,分别用粉尘测定仪和激光粒子计数器连续6d对步行、出租车、公交车、摩托车、私家车、自行车6种出行方式大气PM_(2.5)个体暴露质量浓度、数浓度进行监测,分析不同出行方式大气PM_(2.5)个体暴露质量浓度和数浓度。结果表明,不同出行方式质量浓度最高和最低分别为自行车(68.0±32.2)μg/m~3和出租车(35.6±21.5)μg/m~3;数浓度最高和最低分别为步行(1.93×10~8) N/m~3和私家车(2.49×10~4) N/m~3。质量浓度和数浓度的暴露量最高分别为自行车(76.6±3.8)μg和自行车(2.25×10~8) N;两种浓度下出租车和私家车比较结果相差不大,而其他四种出行方式呈现完全不同的结果。
The individual exposure mass concentrations and number concentrations of PM_(2.5) in 6 different trip modes(walk, taxi, bus, motorcycle, car, bicycle) were monitored for 6 days by dust meter and laser particle counter on a fixed route in July,2017,in Nanchong. The individual exposure mass concentrations and number concentrations of PM_(2.5) of different trip modes were analyzed. The result showed that the highest and lowest PM_(2.5) exposure mass concentration levels were(68.0±32.2)μg/m~3 for bicycle and(35.6±21.5)μg/m~3 for taxi, and number concentration were(1.93×10~8) N/m~3 for walk and(2.49×10~4) N/m~3 for car, respectively. The highest exposure dosage of mass concentrations and number concentration were(76.6±3.8)μg for bicycle and(2.25×10~8) N for walk. The results of comparison between taxi and private car at the two concentrations are not much different, while the other four travel modes show completely different comparison results.
The individual exposure mass concentrations and number concentrations of PM_(2.5) in 6 different trip modes(walk, taxi, bus, motorcycle, car, bicycle) were monitored for 6 days by dust meter and laser particle counter on a fixed route in July,2017,in Nanchong. The individual exposure mass concentrations and number concentrations of PM_(2.5) of different trip modes were analyzed. The result showed that the highest and lowest PM_(2.5) exposure mass concentration levels were(68.0±32.2)μg/m~3 for bicycle and(35.6±21.5)μg/m~3 for taxi, and number concentration were(1.93×10~8) N/m~3 for walk and(2.49×10~4) N/m~3 for car, respectively. The highest exposure dosage of mass concentrations and number concentration were(76.6±3.8)μg for bicycle and(2.25×10~8) N for walk. The results of comparison between taxi and private car at the two concentrations are not much different, while the other four travel modes show completely different comparison results.
引文
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[2] 袁小燕,朱羽蒙,廖瑞雪,等.成都市重污染期间PM2.5中水溶性离子特征分析[J].四川环境,2017,36(s1):28-31.
[3] 张娟,刘志红,段伯隆,等.2014年成都市大气污染特征及气象因子分析[J].四川环境,2016,35(6):79-88.
[4] Knibbs L D,Cole-Hunter T,Morawska L.A review of commuter exposure to ultrafine particles and its health effects [J].Atmospheric Environment,2011,45(16):2611-2622.
[5] Adams H S,Nieuwenhuijsen M J,Colvile R N,et al.Fine particle (PM2.5) personal exposure levels in transport microenvironments,London,UK [J].Science of the Total Environment,2001,279:29-44.
[6] Hankey S,Marshall J D.On-bicycle exposure to particulate air pollution:Particle number,black carbon,PM2.5,and particle size [J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,122:65-73.
[7] Goel R,Gani S,Guttikunda S K,et al.On-road PM2.5,pollution exposure in multiple transport microenvironments in Delhi [J].Atmospheric Environment,2015,123:129-138.
[8] Nazelle A D,Bode O,Orjuela J P,et al.Comparison of air pollution exposures in active vs.passive travel modes in European cities:A quantitative review [J].Environment International,2016,99:151-160.
[9] Grana M,Toschi N,Vicentini L,et al.Exposure to ultrafine particles in different transport modes in the city of Rome [J].Environmental Pollution,2017,228:201-210.
[10] Shorshani M F,Shekarrizfard M,Hatzopoulou M,et al.Evaluation of regional and local atmospheric dispersion models for the analysis of traffic-related air pollution in urban areas[J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,167:270-282.
[11] 钟启琴,王坤鹏,陈建军,等.南充市城区2014年空气质量评价及变化特征分析[J].高原山地气象研究,2015,35(3):78-83.
[12] 李友平,范忠雨,李坤,等.不同出行方式PM2.5个体暴露及其影响因素[J].环境化学,2015,34(8):1408-1416.
[13] Qiu Z,Song J,Xu X,et al.Commuter exposure to particulate matter for different transportation modes in Xi'an China [J].Atmospheric Pollution Research,2017,8:940-948.
[14] Boogaard H,Borgman F,Kamminga J,et al.Exposure to ultrafine and fine particles and noise during cycling and driving in 11 Dutch cities [J].Atmospheric Environment,2009,43(27):4234-4242.
[15] Wu D L,Lin M,Chan C Y,et a1.Influences of commuting mode,air conditioning mode and meteorological parameters on fine particle(PM2.5) exposure levels in traffic microenvironments[J] Aerosol and Air Quality Research,2013,13:709-720.
[16] 环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册(成人卷) [M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013:30.
[17] Hitchins J,Morawska L,Wolff R,et al.Concentrations of submicrometre particles from vehicle emissions near a major road [J].Atmospheric Environment,2000,34:51-59.
[18] Huang J,Deng F,Wu S,et al.Comparisons of personal exposure to PM2.5,and CO by different commuting modes in Beijing,China[J].Science of the Total Environment,2012,425(3):52-60.
[19] Audrey de Nazelle,Scott Fruin,Dane Westerdahl,et al.A travel mode comparison of commuters' exposures to air pollutants in Barcelona [J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,59:151-159.
[20] 沈俊秀,肖珊,余琦,等.上海市道路环境 PM1,PM2.5和 PM10污染水平[J].环境化学,2011,30(6):1206-1207.
[21] Zuurbier M,Hoek G,Oldenwening M,et al.Commuters' exposure to particulate matter air pollution is affected by mode of transport,fuel type,and route[J].Environmental Health Perspective,2010,118(6):783-789.
[22] Ragettli M S,Corradi E,Braun-Fahrl?nder C,et al.Commuter exposure to ultrafine particles in different urban locations,transportation modes and routes [J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,77(3):376-384.
[23] Ragettli MS,Phuleria HC,Tsai MY,et al.The relevance of commuter and work/school exposure in an epidemiological study on traffic-related air pollution [J].Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology,2015,25(5):474-481.
[24] Ham W,Vijayan A,Schulte N,et al.Commuter exposure to PM2.5,BC,and UFP in six common transport microenvironments in Sacramento,California [J].Atmospheric Environment,2017,167:335-345.
[25] Briggs D J,De H K,Morris C,et al.Effects of travel mode on exposures to particulate air pollution [J].Environment International,2008,34(1):12-22.
[26] Tsai D H,Wu Y H,Chan C C.Comparisons of commuter's exposure to particulate matters while using different transportation modes[J].Science of the Total Environment,2008,405(1-3):71.
[27] Richmond-Bryant J,Saganich C,Bukiewicz L,et al.Associations of PM2.5,and black carbon concentrations with traffic,idling,background pollution,and meteorology during school dismissals [J].Science of the Total Environment,2009,407(10):3357-3364.
[28] 许忠扬,吴伟伟,肖德涛,等.大型柴油客车尾气对大气颗粒物粒径分布的影响 [J].黑龙江科技信息,2008,(11):47-48.