重庆市紫色土系统分类高级单元划分研究
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摘要
依据中国土壤系统分类的原则和方法,对重庆市境内的41个紫色土典型剖面进行鉴别、检索和分类定名,并与其发生分类进行参比。结果表明,41个紫色土典型剖面分别被划归为4个土纲(人为土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土)、6个亚纲、12个土类和19个亚类等系统分类高级单元,被划归为雏形土土纲的剖面最多,其次为新成土土纲,仅有9个剖面被划归为紫色湿润雏形土或紫色正常新成土;雏形土土纲和新成土土纲均分别对应紫色土发生分类的3个亚类(酸性紫色土、中性紫色土和石灰性紫色土),而淋溶土土纲则仅与酸性紫色土1个亚类相对应;地形、海拔、母岩和人为活动与紫色土的土壤水分状况、剖面发育、颜色以及其他理化性质等关系密切,是影响重庆市紫色土系统分类高级单元划分的重要因素;针对多数紫色土个体达不到紫色砂、页岩岩性特征的色调标准以及铁质湿润雏形土的下设亚类不能充分反映紫色土属性(如石灰性、酸性等)差异等问题,建议适当放宽紫色砂、页岩岩性特征的颜色要求或增设石灰铁质湿润雏形土和酸性铁质湿润雏形土2个亚类。
【Objective】It seems that so far little has been done on classification of purple soils in Chongqing in line with the Chinese soil taxonomy. Therefore, a systematic study in this paper was conducted to attribute the purple soils in Chongqing in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy(CST) at the higher category level, and establish references between the Genetic Soil Classification of China(GSCC) and CST for the soils, in an attempt to promote development of quantitative classification for the soils, and provide certain scientific references for survey and mapping, resource evaluation, rational utilization and improvement of regional soils. 【Method】Field soil surveys were conducted to specify forty-one soil profiles of the purple soils in Chongqing, and obtain soil-forming conditions and soil morphological characteristics of the profiles. Soil samples were collected from the profiles by horizon for analysis of physical and chemical properties. According to the "Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy(3 rd ed.)", diagnostic horizons and diagnostic characteristics for the tested soils were determined, and the soils were attributed and named in CST level by level. The references between GSCC and CST were established for the purple soils at the subgroup level. 【Result】The forty-one purple soil profiles were sorted into 4 orders(Anthrosols, Argosols, Cambosols and Primosols), 6 suborders(Orthic Anthrosols, Perudic Argosols, Udic Argosols, Perudic Cambosols, Udic Cambosols and Orthic Primosols), 12 groups and 19 subgroups in CST. At the order level, most of the soil profiles were sorted into Cambosols, which was followed by Primosols. Cambosols or Promosols in CST corresponded to three subgroups(acid purple soil, neutral purple soil and calcareous purple soil) in GSCC, while Argosols in CST did to only one subgroup, namely, acid purple soil in GSCC. Among the 25 purple soil profiles sorted into the Udic Cambosols suborder in CST, only 5 could further be sorted into the Purpli-Udic Cambosols group, and most(or 15) into the subgroup of Red Ferri-Udic Cambosols under the Ferri-Udic Cambosols group, and into three purple soil subgroups in GSCC, separately. Topography, elevation and parent rock could obviously affect the diagnostic basis for classification of purple soils in CST at higher category levels. The first two affected mostly soil moisture regimes, while the latter did color, profile development, physical and chemical properties of purple soils. In addition, appropriate farming activities could turn purple soil into Fimi-Orthic Anthrosols. 【Conclusion】Compared with GSCC in classifying purple soils, CST is higher in capability of distinguishing the soils, identifying accurately typical individuals and providing reference information for utilization and amelioration of purple soil resource in Chongqing. Topography, elevation, parent rock, and human activities are the main factors influencing classification of purple soils in Chongqing in line with CST at higher category levels. In order to further perfect the CST, some suggestions are given for revising identification criterion of lithologic character(L. C.) of purplish sandstones and shales, and solving the problem that the subgroups set under the Ferri-Udic Cambosols group in CST fail to fully reflect the differences in soil properties between the purple soils in Chongqing.
【Objective】It seems that so far little has been done on classification of purple soils in Chongqing in line with the Chinese soil taxonomy. Therefore, a systematic study in this paper was conducted to attribute the purple soils in Chongqing in the Chinese Soil Taxonomy(CST) at the higher category level, and establish references between the Genetic Soil Classification of China(GSCC) and CST for the soils, in an attempt to promote development of quantitative classification for the soils, and provide certain scientific references for survey and mapping, resource evaluation, rational utilization and improvement of regional soils. 【Method】Field soil surveys were conducted to specify forty-one soil profiles of the purple soils in Chongqing, and obtain soil-forming conditions and soil morphological characteristics of the profiles. Soil samples were collected from the profiles by horizon for analysis of physical and chemical properties. According to the "Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy(3 rd ed.)", diagnostic horizons and diagnostic characteristics for the tested soils were determined, and the soils were attributed and named in CST level by level. The references between GSCC and CST were established for the purple soils at the subgroup level. 【Result】The forty-one purple soil profiles were sorted into 4 orders(Anthrosols, Argosols, Cambosols and Primosols), 6 suborders(Orthic Anthrosols, Perudic Argosols, Udic Argosols, Perudic Cambosols, Udic Cambosols and Orthic Primosols), 12 groups and 19 subgroups in CST. At the order level, most of the soil profiles were sorted into Cambosols, which was followed by Primosols. Cambosols or Promosols in CST corresponded to three subgroups(acid purple soil, neutral purple soil and calcareous purple soil) in GSCC, while Argosols in CST did to only one subgroup, namely, acid purple soil in GSCC. Among the 25 purple soil profiles sorted into the Udic Cambosols suborder in CST, only 5 could further be sorted into the Purpli-Udic Cambosols group, and most(or 15) into the subgroup of Red Ferri-Udic Cambosols under the Ferri-Udic Cambosols group, and into three purple soil subgroups in GSCC, separately. Topography, elevation and parent rock could obviously affect the diagnostic basis for classification of purple soils in CST at higher category levels. The first two affected mostly soil moisture regimes, while the latter did color, profile development, physical and chemical properties of purple soils. In addition, appropriate farming activities could turn purple soil into Fimi-Orthic Anthrosols. 【Conclusion】Compared with GSCC in classifying purple soils, CST is higher in capability of distinguishing the soils, identifying accurately typical individuals and providing reference information for utilization and amelioration of purple soil resource in Chongqing. Topography, elevation, parent rock, and human activities are the main factors influencing classification of purple soils in Chongqing in line with CST at higher category levels. In order to further perfect the CST, some suggestions are given for revising identification criterion of lithologic character(L. C.) of purplish sandstones and shales, and solving the problem that the subgroups set under the Ferri-Udic Cambosols group in CST fail to fully reflect the differences in soil properties between the purple soils in Chongqing.
引文
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[2]Stolt M H,Needelman B A.Fundamental changes in soil taxonomy.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2015,79(4):1001-1007
[3]中国科学院南京土壤研究所土壤系统分类课题组,中国土壤系统分类课题研究协作组.中国土壤系统分类检索.第3版.合肥:中国科技大学出版社,2001Chinese Soil Taxonomy Research Group,Institute of Soil Science,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Cooperative Research Group on Chinese Soil Taxonomy.Keys to Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).3rd ed.Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,2001
[4]龚子同,等.中国土壤系统分类:理论·方法·实践.北京:科学出版社,1999Gong Z T,et al.Chinese soil taxonomy:Theory,methodology,practices(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1999
[5]龚子同,张甘霖,陈志诚,等.土壤发生与系统分类.北京:科学出版社,2007Gong Z T,Zhang G L,Chen Z C,et al.Pedogenesis and soil taxonomy(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2007
[6]张甘霖.土系研究与制图表达.合肥:中国科技大学出版社,2001Zhang G L.Research on soil series and mapping(In Chinese).Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,2001
[7]张甘霖,王秋兵,张凤荣,等.中国土壤系统分类土族和土系划分标准.土壤学报,2013,50(4):826-834Zhang G L,Wang Q B,Zhang F R,et al.Criteria for establishment of soil family and soil series in Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(4):826-834
[8]吴克宁,张凤荣.中国土壤系统分类中土族划分的典型研究.中国农业大学学报,1998,3(5):73-78Wu K N,Zhang F R.Soil family in Chinese soil taxonomic classification(In Chinese).Journal of China Agricultural University,1998,3(5):73-78
[9]Shi X Z,Yu D S,Warner E D,et al.Cross-reference system for translating between genetic soil classification of China and soil taxonomy.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2006,70(1):78-83
[10]张凤荣,王秀丽,王数,等.中国土壤系统分类中盐成土及其相关土壤诊断标准的修订建议.土壤学报,2013,50(2):419-422Zhang F R,Wang X L,Wang S,et al.Suggested revisions of diagnostic criteria for Halosols and relevant soils in Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(2):419-422
[11]李德成,张甘霖.中国土壤系统分类土系描述的难点与对策.土壤学报,2016,53(6):1563-1567Li D C,Zhang G L.On difficulties and countermeasures in describing soil series in Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2016,53(6):1563-1567
[12]钟骏平.新疆土壤系统分类.乌鲁木齐:新疆大学出版社,1992Zhong J P.Soil taxonomy in Xinjiang(In Chinese).Urumqi:Xinjiang University Press,1992
[13]王秋兵,须湘成.徐晓寰,等.辽吉东部山区土壤诊断特性及其系统分类研究.土壤通报,1996,27(5):205-208Wang Q B,Xu X C,Xu X H,et al.Diagnostic characteristics and taxonomy of soils in mountainous area in the eastern Liaoning and Jilin Provinces(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,1996,27(5):205-208
[14]何毓蓉,吴毅,熊东红.西藏左贡农区土壤的系统分类与肥力特征.西南农业学报,1999,12(2):12-17He Y R,Wu Y,Xiong D H.Soil taxonomy and characteristics of soil fertility in Zuogong County,Tibet(In Chinese).Southwest China Journal of Agriculture Sciences,1999,12(2):12-17
[15]章明奎,厉仁安.中国土壤系统分类在浙江省平原旱地土壤分类中的应用.土壤,1999,31(4):190-196Zhang M K,Li R A.Application of Chinese Soil Taxonomy in classification of dry land soil in the plain of Zhejiang Province(In Chinese).Soils,1999,31(4):190-196
[16]夏建国,邓良基,张丽萍,等.四川土壤系统分类初步研究.四川农业大学学报,2002,20(2):117-122Xia J G,Deng L J,Zhang L P,et al.Study on soil taxonomy in Sichuan(In Chinese).Journal of Sichuan Agricultural University,2002,20(2):117-122
[17]刘付程,顾也萍,胡德春,等.皖南白垩纪紫红色砂页岩发育土壤的特性和系统分类.土壤,2002,34(1):22-27Liu F C,Gu Y P,Hu D C,et al.Genetic properties and taxonomic classification of purple soils from cretaceous purplish or red sandstones and shales in southern Anhui Province(In Chinese).Soils,2002,34(1):22-27
[18]龚子同,张甘霖,漆智平.海南岛土系概论.北京:科学出版社,2004Gong Z T,Zhang G L,Qi Z P.Introduction of Hainan Island soil series(In Chinese).Beijing:Sciences Press,2004
[19]闫湘,常庆瑞,潘靖平.陕西关中地区塿土在系统分类中的归属.土壤,2004,36(3):318-322Yan X,Chang Q R,Pan J P.Classification of Lou soil in Chinese Soil Taxonomy in Guanzhong Region(In Chinese).Soils,2004,36(3):318-322
[20]张之一,翟瑞常,蔡德利.黑龙江土系概论.哈尔滨:哈尔滨地图出版社,2006Zhang Z Y,Zhai R C,Cai D L.Soil series generality in Heilongjiang(In Chinese).Harbin:Harbin Cartographic Publishing House,2006
[21]李军,龙怀玉,张杨珠,等.冀北地区盐碱化土壤系统分类的归属研究.土壤学报,2013,50(6):1071-1081Li J,Long H Y,Zhang Y Z,et al.Attribution of salt-affected soils in North Hebei in Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2013,50(6):1071-1081
[22]庄云,武小净,李德成,等.重庆典型烟区代表性烟田土壤系统分类研究.土壤,2013,45(6):11421146Zhuang Y,Wu X J,Li D C,et al.Soil taxonomy of typical tobacco fields in Chongqing(In Chinese).Soils,2013,45(6):1142-1146
[23]中国科学院成都分院土壤研究室.中国紫色土(上篇).北京:科学出版社,1991Pedology Section of Chengdu Branch,Chinese Academy of Sciences.Purple soils in China(1)(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,1991
[24]何毓蓉,等.中国紫色土(下篇).北京:科学出版社,2003He Y R,et al.Purple soils in China(2)(In Chinese).Beijing:Science Press,2003
[25]唐时嘉,徐建忠,张建辉,等.紫色土系统分类研究.山地研究,1996,14(增刊):14-19Tang S J,Xu J Z,Zhang J H,et al.Study on purple soil taxonomy(In Chinese).Mountain Research,1996,14(Suppl.):14-19
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