微地形作用下紫色母岩发育土壤的酸化特征
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摘要
为揭示丘陵地区微地形作用下紫色母岩及其不同地形部位发育土壤的酸化特征,在西南丘陵地区采集土壤样品并分析其基本理化性质。结果表明:西南丘陵地区的紫色土已经出现了一定程度的酸化,土壤酸化后使交换性酸含量增加,交换性盐基离子总量和盐基饱和度降低。从丘陵地区的坡顶至坡底,紫色土的发育程度逐渐增加,土壤中维持土壤pH在碱性范围内的碳酸盐遭受到的淋溶作用依次增强。因此,从坡顶至坡底,紫色土的酸化范围逐渐增大。由于酸化后的紫色土pH开始受阳离子交换反应所控制,而在微地形的作用下,受盐基离子遭受淋溶过程和复盐基过程的相对强弱不同的影响,从坡顶至坡底,紫色土的总体酸化程度并未增加。可见,对西南丘陵地区的紫色土的开发利用需考虑到其较为独特的酸化特征。
【Objective】 Purple soil is extensively distributed in Southwest China. To study acidification characteristics of the purple soil and its parent purple rock in the hilly areas of that region as affected by micro-topography, this study was launched. 【Method】In this study samples of two kinds of purple rocks and four types of purple soils were collected from the hilly area of Southwestern China for analysis of physicochemical properties in the lab. Samples of the two kinds of purple rocks, mudstone and sandstone, were collected at the top of hills and of the four types of purple soils, stony sub-soil, half sand half mud, bigeye mud and purple yellow mud, distributed in sequence along hill slopes from the top to the bottom, were done, respectively, too, 14 samples each.【Result】 Acidification, to a varying extent, was found in the purple soils of that region. Consequently, in these soils the content of exchangeable acidity increased, and the content of total exchangeable base cation and the base saturation decreased. Purple soil development gradually increased in degree along hill slopes from the top to the bottom. The carbonate in the soils that helped keep soil pH in the range of 8 to 12 was subjected to leaching and the impact increased too along the slope from the top to the bottom. As a result, soil acidification was gradually extending in range along the slope. In terms of acidification degree, the four soils followed an order of purple yellow mud > bigeye mud > half sand half mud > tony sub-soil. In acidified purple soils, pH was controlled by cation exchange reaction, and affected by the degree of base cation(K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) subjection to leaching and recovery, which varied with micro-topography. The stony sub-soils on the top of hills were exposed to leaching of base cations only, while the bigeye muds and half sand half muds on the mid slope were subjected to supplementation of base cations leached from the stony sub-soils on the top of the slope, besides leaching loss of base cations. The purple yellow muds, at the bottom of the hill or slope, highly weathered, were low in effective cation exchange capacity and hence the colloids in the soil adsorbed less H+ and Al3+ on the surface. Generally speaking, in terms of overall acidification degree, the four types of purple soils followed an order of stony sub-soil > half sand-half mud > bigeye mud > purple yellow mud. 【Conclusion】It can be concluded that as affected by micro-topography, acidification of the four types of soils increases gradually in range from the top to the bottom of the hill, but does not in degree. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the acidification characteristics of the purple soils of Southwest China in exploiting the soils.
【Objective】 Purple soil is extensively distributed in Southwest China. To study acidification characteristics of the purple soil and its parent purple rock in the hilly areas of that region as affected by micro-topography, this study was launched. 【Method】In this study samples of two kinds of purple rocks and four types of purple soils were collected from the hilly area of Southwestern China for analysis of physicochemical properties in the lab. Samples of the two kinds of purple rocks, mudstone and sandstone, were collected at the top of hills and of the four types of purple soils, stony sub-soil, half sand half mud, bigeye mud and purple yellow mud, distributed in sequence along hill slopes from the top to the bottom, were done, respectively, too, 14 samples each.【Result】 Acidification, to a varying extent, was found in the purple soils of that region. Consequently, in these soils the content of exchangeable acidity increased, and the content of total exchangeable base cation and the base saturation decreased. Purple soil development gradually increased in degree along hill slopes from the top to the bottom. The carbonate in the soils that helped keep soil pH in the range of 8 to 12 was subjected to leaching and the impact increased too along the slope from the top to the bottom. As a result, soil acidification was gradually extending in range along the slope. In terms of acidification degree, the four soils followed an order of purple yellow mud > bigeye mud > half sand half mud > tony sub-soil. In acidified purple soils, pH was controlled by cation exchange reaction, and affected by the degree of base cation(K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) subjection to leaching and recovery, which varied with micro-topography. The stony sub-soils on the top of hills were exposed to leaching of base cations only, while the bigeye muds and half sand half muds on the mid slope were subjected to supplementation of base cations leached from the stony sub-soils on the top of the slope, besides leaching loss of base cations. The purple yellow muds, at the bottom of the hill or slope, highly weathered, were low in effective cation exchange capacity and hence the colloids in the soil adsorbed less H+ and Al3+ on the surface. Generally speaking, in terms of overall acidification degree, the four types of purple soils followed an order of stony sub-soil > half sand-half mud > bigeye mud > purple yellow mud. 【Conclusion】It can be concluded that as affected by micro-topography, acidification of the four types of soils increases gradually in range from the top to the bottom of the hill, but does not in degree. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to the acidification characteristics of the purple soils of Southwest China in exploiting the soils.
引文
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[7]Li J Y,Xu R K.Inhibition of acidification of kaolinite and an Alfisol by aluminum oxides through electrical double-layer interaction and coating.European Journal of Soil Science,2013,64:110-120
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[10]徐仁扣.秸秆生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良作用:回顾与展望.农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(4):303-309Xu R K.Progresses on amelioration of red soil acidity with crop straw biochar:A review(In Chinese).Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2016,33(4):303-309
[11]李忠意,程永毅,杨剑虹.重庆地区中性紫色土酸化特征.水土保持学报,2012,26(6):234-237Li Z Y,Cheng Y Y,Yang J H.The acidification characteristics of neutral purple soil in Chongqing district(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):234-237
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[13]汪文强,王子芳,高明,等.施氮对紫色土交换性酸及盐基饱和度的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(3):138-142Wang W Q,Wang Z F,Gao M,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on exchangeable acidity and base saturation in purple soil(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):138-142
[14]吴云,杨剑虹,魏朝富.重庆茶园土壤酸化及肥力特征的研究.土壤通报,2004,35(6):715-719Wu Y,Yang J H,Wei C F.Chongqing tea garden soil acidification and fertility characters(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2004,35(6):715-719
[15]黄亮.酸雨胁迫下紫色土镉、锌复合污染对莴苣的影响.重庆:西南大学,2004Huang L.Effects of purple soil cadmium and zinc composite pollution on lettuce in acid rain stress(In Chinese).Chongqing:Southwest University,2004
[16]谢德体.土壤地理学.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1995Xie D T.Soli geography(In Chinese).Chengdu:Chengdu Technology University Press,1995
[17]Zhang Y T,Vries W,Thomas B W,et al.Impacts of longterm nitrogen fertilization on acid buffering rates and mechanisms of a slightly calcareous clay soil.Geoderma,2017,305:92-99
[18]慈恩,唐江,连茂山,等.重庆市紫色土系统分类高级单元划分研究.土壤学报,2018,55(3):569-584Ci E,Tang J,Lian M S,et al.Higher category partition for purple soils in Chongqing in Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(3):569-584
[19]杨剑虹,王成林,代亨林.土壤农化分析与环境监测.北京:中国大地出版社,2008Yang J H,Wang C L,Dai H L,et al.Soil agro-chemical analyzing and envirionmental monitoring(In Chinese).Beijing:China Land Press,2008
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[21]苏正安,熊东红,张建辉,等.紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀及其防治措施研究进展.中国水土保持,2018(2):42-47Su Z A,Xiong D H,Zhang J H,et al.Research progress of soil erosion of purple soil slope farmland and its prevention and control measures(In Chinese).Conservation in China,2018(2):42-47
[22]李艳,张薇薇,程永毅,等.重庆紫色母岩及土壤As、Hg环境地球化学基线研究.土壤学报,2017,54(4):917-926Li Y,Zhang W W,Chegn Y Y,et al.Environmental geochemical baseline of As and Hg in purple soil and its parent rock in Chongqing(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):917-926
[23]Dai Z,Zhang X,Tang C,et al.Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification-A critical review.Science of the Total Envionment,2017,581/582:601-611
[24]Yuan J H,Xu R K,Wang N,et al.Amendment of acid soils with crop residues and biochars.Pedosphere.2011,21:302-308
[25]Yuan J H,Xu R K.Effects of biochars generated from crop residues on chemical properties of acid soils from tropical and subtropical China.Soil Research,2012,50:570-578
[26]Butchee K,Arnall D B,Sutradhar A,et al.Determining critical soil pH for grain sorghum production.International Journal of Agronomy,2012,DOI:10.1155/2012/130254
[27]Abdulaha-Al B M,Li J Y,Xu C Y,et al.Determination of critical pH and Al concentration of acidic ultisols for wheat and canola crops.Solid Earth,2017,8:149-159
[28]Sutradhar A,Lollato R P,Butchee K,et al.Determining critical soil pH for sunflower production.International Journal of Agronomy,2014,DOI:10.1155/2014/894196
[29]Lofton J,Godsey C,Zhang H.Determining Aluminum tolerance and critical soil pH for winter Canola production for acidic soils in temperate regions.Agronomy Journal,2010,102:327-332
[30]徐仁扣,李九玉,周世伟,等.我国农田土壤酸化调控的科学问题与技术措施.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):160-167Xu R K,Li J Y,Zhou S W,et al.Scientific issues and controlling strategies of soil acidification of croplands in China(In Chinese).Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):160-167
[2]徐仁扣.土壤酸化及其调控研究进展.土壤,2015,47(2):238-244Xu R K.Research progresses in soil acidification and its control(In Chinese).Soils,2015,47(2):238-244
[3]Lollato R P,Edwards J T,Zhang H.Effect of alternative soil acidity amelioration strategies on soil pH distribution and wheat agronomic response.Soil Science Society of America Journal,2013,77:1831-1841
[4]Zhang Y T,He X H,Liang H,et al.Long-term tobacco plantation induces soil acidification and soil base cation loss.Environmental Science and Pollution Research,2016,23:5442-5450
[5]Zhu H H,Chen C,Xu C,et al.Effects of soil acidification and liming on the phytoavailability of cadmium in paddy soils of central subtropical China.Environmental Pollution,2016,219:99-106
[6]Ernani P R,Bayer C B,Maestri L.Corn yield as affected by liming and tillage system on an acid Brazilian oxisol.Agronomy Journal,2002,94:305-309
[7]Li J Y,Xu R K.Inhibition of acidification of kaolinite and an Alfisol by aluminum oxides through electrical double-layer interaction and coating.European Journal of Soil Science,2013,64:110-120
[8]Yuan J H,Xu R K,Qian W,et al.Comparison of the ameliorating effects on an acidic ultisol between four crop straws and their biochars.Journal of Soils and Sediments,2011,11:741-750
[9]王嫒华,段增强,赵宇,等.积盐条件下土壤酸化过程的特异性研究.土壤学报,2015,52(1):228-233Wang A H,Duan Z Q,Zhao Y,et al.Speciticity of soil acidification affected by salt accumulation(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2015,52(1):228-233
[10]徐仁扣.秸秆生物质炭对红壤酸度的改良作用:回顾与展望.农业资源与环境学报,2016,33(4):303-309Xu R K.Progresses on amelioration of red soil acidity with crop straw biochar:A review(In Chinese).Journal of Agricultural Resources and Environment,2016,33(4):303-309
[11]李忠意,程永毅,杨剑虹.重庆地区中性紫色土酸化特征.水土保持学报,2012,26(6):234-237Li Z Y,Cheng Y Y,Yang J H.The acidification characteristics of neutral purple soil in Chongqing district(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2012,26(6):234-237
[12]李士杏,王定勇.重庆地区20年间紫色土酸化研究.重庆师范大学学报(自然科学版),2005,22(1):70-73Li S X,Wang D Y.A study of the acidification of purple soil in Chongqing in recent two decades(In Chinese).Journal of Chongqing Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2005,22(1):70-73
[13]汪文强,王子芳,高明,等.施氮对紫色土交换性酸及盐基饱和度的影响.水土保持学报,2014,28(3):138-142Wang W Q,Wang Z F,Gao M,et al.Effects of nitrogen application on exchangeable acidity and base saturation in purple soil(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2014,28(3):138-142
[14]吴云,杨剑虹,魏朝富.重庆茶园土壤酸化及肥力特征的研究.土壤通报,2004,35(6):715-719Wu Y,Yang J H,Wei C F.Chongqing tea garden soil acidification and fertility characters(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2004,35(6):715-719
[15]黄亮.酸雨胁迫下紫色土镉、锌复合污染对莴苣的影响.重庆:西南大学,2004Huang L.Effects of purple soil cadmium and zinc composite pollution on lettuce in acid rain stress(In Chinese).Chongqing:Southwest University,2004
[16]谢德体.土壤地理学.成都:成都科技大学出版社,1995Xie D T.Soli geography(In Chinese).Chengdu:Chengdu Technology University Press,1995
[17]Zhang Y T,Vries W,Thomas B W,et al.Impacts of longterm nitrogen fertilization on acid buffering rates and mechanisms of a slightly calcareous clay soil.Geoderma,2017,305:92-99
[18]慈恩,唐江,连茂山,等.重庆市紫色土系统分类高级单元划分研究.土壤学报,2018,55(3):569-584Ci E,Tang J,Lian M S,et al.Higher category partition for purple soils in Chongqing in Chinese Soil Taxonomy(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2018,55(3):569-584
[19]杨剑虹,王成林,代亨林.土壤农化分析与环境监测.北京:中国大地出版社,2008Yang J H,Wang C L,Dai H L,et al.Soil agro-chemical analyzing and envirionmental monitoring(In Chinese).Beijing:China Land Press,2008
[20]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法.北京:中国农业科学技术出版社,2000Lu R K.Analytical methods for soil and agro-chemistry(In Chinese).Beijing:China Agricultural Science and Technology Press,2000
[21]苏正安,熊东红,张建辉,等.紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀及其防治措施研究进展.中国水土保持,2018(2):42-47Su Z A,Xiong D H,Zhang J H,et al.Research progress of soil erosion of purple soil slope farmland and its prevention and control measures(In Chinese).Conservation in China,2018(2):42-47
[22]李艳,张薇薇,程永毅,等.重庆紫色母岩及土壤As、Hg环境地球化学基线研究.土壤学报,2017,54(4):917-926Li Y,Zhang W W,Chegn Y Y,et al.Environmental geochemical baseline of As and Hg in purple soil and its parent rock in Chongqing(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2017,54(4):917-926
[23]Dai Z,Zhang X,Tang C,et al.Potential role of biochars in decreasing soil acidification-A critical review.Science of the Total Envionment,2017,581/582:601-611
[24]Yuan J H,Xu R K,Wang N,et al.Amendment of acid soils with crop residues and biochars.Pedosphere.2011,21:302-308
[25]Yuan J H,Xu R K.Effects of biochars generated from crop residues on chemical properties of acid soils from tropical and subtropical China.Soil Research,2012,50:570-578
[26]Butchee K,Arnall D B,Sutradhar A,et al.Determining critical soil pH for grain sorghum production.International Journal of Agronomy,2012,DOI:10.1155/2012/130254
[27]Abdulaha-Al B M,Li J Y,Xu C Y,et al.Determination of critical pH and Al concentration of acidic ultisols for wheat and canola crops.Solid Earth,2017,8:149-159
[28]Sutradhar A,Lollato R P,Butchee K,et al.Determining critical soil pH for sunflower production.International Journal of Agronomy,2014,DOI:10.1155/2014/894196
[29]Lofton J,Godsey C,Zhang H.Determining Aluminum tolerance and critical soil pH for winter Canola production for acidic soils in temperate regions.Agronomy Journal,2010,102:327-332
[30]徐仁扣,李九玉,周世伟,等.我国农田土壤酸化调控的科学问题与技术措施.中国科学院院刊,2018,33(2):160-167Xu R K,Li J Y,Zhou S W,et al.Scientific issues and controlling strategies of soil acidification of croplands in China(In Chinese).Bulletin of Chinese Academy of Sciences,2018,33(2):160-167