基于USLE原理和3S技术的水土流失定量监测方法及其应用研究
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摘要
基于通用土壤流失方程(USLE)的基本原理,利用我国南北方各水蚀区的土壤流失量及其相关生态因子的大量实测数据,建立了适用于我国南北方的以3S(GIS、GPS和RS)技术为支持的水土流失定量监测方法。该系统方法在我国山东、福建、江苏、云南、北京、河北等地累计应用面积超过30万km~2,其在江苏南京的应用时间最长,最具代表性。应用该方法在1997—2015年期间对南京全市区域水土流失和治理状况进行长期定量监测研究,结果表明:19年间,南京全市平均年水土流失总量为2.765×10~6t,平均轻度以上年水土流失面积为863.7km~2,占全市总面积的13.0%。轻度以上水土流失面积所占比例较小,但水土流失量占总流失量80%以上,因此,仍是水土流失治理和区域生态环境保护的重点方向;与2000年之前的监测结果相比,轻度以上水土流失面积和年土壤流失总量均有显著降低。该方法建立了更符合实际的模型因子算法和原则,监测精度和可靠性较高,监测结果验证了近年来南京市水土流失治理措施和生态环保监督管理实施力度加大,取得了明显成效。
【Objective】This study was oriented to develop and establish a method for quantitative monitoring of soil and water loss that is applicable to both the northern and southern parts of the country and to provide a basis for scientific decision-making for regional ecological environment protection in the future. 【Method】Based on the principle of the universal soil loss equation(USLE) and the large volumes of measured data of soil erosion and its relevant ecological factors in various soil and water erosion areas in South and North of China, the new method for quantitative monitoring of soil erosion was established using the "3 S"(GIS, GPS, RS) technology. This method has been applied to a total area of over 300 000 km~2 covering Shandong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Beijing, Hebei and some other regions in China. Its application in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province is the longest in time and the most representative. During 1997-2015, this method was used in a long-term research to quantitatively monitor soil and water loss and soil erosion control in the entire Nanjing area.【Result】Results show that during the 19 years(1997-2015), the annual soil and water loss in Nanjing area reached 276.5×10~4 t, and the average area light and over in soil erosion level did 863.7 km~2, accounting for 13.0 %. of the total area of Nanjing, only a small proportion, which,however, contributed, over 80% to the total loss, so it is still the key front of the battle for management of soil erosion and conservation of regional ecosystem; compared with the results of the monitoring before 2000 year, the area slight and over in soil erosion level were significantly lower in Nanjing area.【Conclusion】This method has its own algorithm and principle of model factors that are more consistent with the reality, so it is higher in accuracy and reliability. The monitoring with this method has validated that the city intensified its efforts in recent years to manage and control soil and water loss control and to supervise and manage the eco-environment in the area with remarkable achievements.
【Objective】This study was oriented to develop and establish a method for quantitative monitoring of soil and water loss that is applicable to both the northern and southern parts of the country and to provide a basis for scientific decision-making for regional ecological environment protection in the future. 【Method】Based on the principle of the universal soil loss equation(USLE) and the large volumes of measured data of soil erosion and its relevant ecological factors in various soil and water erosion areas in South and North of China, the new method for quantitative monitoring of soil erosion was established using the "3 S"(GIS, GPS, RS) technology. This method has been applied to a total area of over 300 000 km~2 covering Shandong, Fujian, Jiangsu, Yunnan, Beijing, Hebei and some other regions in China. Its application in Nanjing, Jiangsu Province is the longest in time and the most representative. During 1997-2015, this method was used in a long-term research to quantitatively monitor soil and water loss and soil erosion control in the entire Nanjing area.【Result】Results show that during the 19 years(1997-2015), the annual soil and water loss in Nanjing area reached 276.5×10~4 t, and the average area light and over in soil erosion level did 863.7 km~2, accounting for 13.0 %. of the total area of Nanjing, only a small proportion, which,however, contributed, over 80% to the total loss, so it is still the key front of the battle for management of soil erosion and conservation of regional ecosystem; compared with the results of the monitoring before 2000 year, the area slight and over in soil erosion level were significantly lower in Nanjing area.【Conclusion】This method has its own algorithm and principle of model factors that are more consistent with the reality, so it is higher in accuracy and reliability. The monitoring with this method has validated that the city intensified its efforts in recent years to manage and control soil and water loss control and to supervise and manage the eco-environment in the area with remarkable achievements.
引文
[1]郭索彦.水土保持监测理论与方法.北京:中国水利水电出版社,2010Guo S Y.Theory and method of soil and water conservation monitoring (In Chinese).Beijing:China Water Conservancy and Hydropower Press,2010
[2]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses-A guide to conservation planning//Agriculture Handbook Number 537.Washington DC:US Department of Agriculture,1978:58
[3]Ongley E D,Zhang X L,Yu T.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China.Environment Pollution,2010,158:1159-1168
[4]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A.Predicting soil erosion by water-A guide to conservation planning with the Revised Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)//Agriculture Handbook Number 703.Washington DC:US Department of Agriculture,1997:404
[5]Zhang P,Liu Y H,Pan Y,et al.Land use pattern optimization based on CLUE-S and SWAT models for agricultural non-point source pollution control.Mathmatical&Computer Modelling,2011,58:588-595
[6]姜小三,卜兆宏,杨林章,等.水土流失与水质污染一体化定量监测的初步研究--以江苏省方便流域为例.土壤学报,2005,42(4):529-536Jiang X S,Bu Z H,Yang L Z,et al.Integrated quantitative monitoring of soil loss and water pollution-A case study of Fangbian valley in Jiangsu Province(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(4):529-536
[7]Rejani R,Yadukumar N.Soil and water conservation techniques in cashew grown along steep hill slopes.Scientia Horticulturae,2010,126:371-378
[8]Nunes A N,de Almeida A C,Coelho C O A.Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal.Applied Geography,2011,31:687-699
[9]Peng T,Wang S J.Effects of land use,land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopes in southwest China.Catena,2012,90:53-62
[10]Young R A,Onsad C A,Bosch D D,et al.AGNPS:Anon-point source pollution model for evaluating agricultural water-sheds.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44(2):168-173
[11]张科利,膨文英,杨红丽.中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算.土壤学报,2007,44(1):7-13Zhang K L,Peng W Y,Yang H L.Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soil in China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):7-13
[12]孔亚平,张科利,曹龙熹.土壤侵蚀研究中的坡长因子评价问题.水土保持研究,2008,15(4):43-52Kong Y P,Zhang K L,Cao L X.Appraise slope length factors in soil erosion study(In Chinese).Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(4):43-52
[13]刘宝元,史培军.WEPP水蚀预报流域模型.水土保持通报,1998,18(5):6-12Liu B Y,Shi P J.Water erosion Prodiction Project(WEPP)Model for watershed scale(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,18(5):6-12
[14]符素华,刘宝元.土壤侵蚀量预报模型研究进展.地球科学进展,2002,17(1):78-84Fu S H,Liu B Y.Evolution of the soil erosion model(In Chinese).Advances in Earth Science,2002,17(1):78-84
[15]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型.北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001Liu B Y,Xie Y,Zhang K L.Soil erosion prediction mode(In Chinese).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,2001
[16]陈美淇,魏欣,张科利,等.基于CSLE模型的贵州省水土流失规律分析.水土保持学报,2017,31(3):16-21Chen M Q,Wei X,Zhang K L,et al.Analysis of the characteristics of soil and water loss in Guizhou Province based on CSLE(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(3):16-21
[17]卜兆宏,席承藩,李士鸿.水土流失定量遥感监测的研究设想与初步进展.遥感技术动态,1990(4):31-37Bu Z H,Xi C F,Li S H.Research ideas and preliminary progress on quantitative remote sensing monitoring of soil erosion(In Chinese).Development of Remote Sensing Technology,1990(4):31-37
[18]卜兆宏,孙金庄,周伏建,等.水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用的研究.土壤学报,1997,34(3):235-245Bu Z H,Sun J Z,Zhou F J,et al.A study on quantitative remote sensing method of soil erosion and its application(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1997,34(3):235-245
[19]卜兆宏,孙金庄,董勤瑞,等.应用水土流失定量遥感方法监测山东全省山丘区的研究.土壤学报,1999,36(1):1-8Bu Z H,Sun J Z,Dong Q R,et al.Study on quantitative remote sensing method for soil erosion losses and its application in Shandong Province,China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(1):1-8
[20]夏立忠,卜兆宏,张祖兴,等.土壤与养分流失综合监测方法在密云水库流域的应用.地球科学进展,2007,22(3):241-248Xia L Z,Bu Z H,Zhang Z X,et al.Application of integrated method to assessment of soil and nutrient losses in Miyun Reservoir Basin(In Chinese).Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(3):241-248
[21]胡续礼,姜小三,尹黎明,等.昭平台水库上游区域降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征.土壤通报,2006,37(6):1195-1198Hu X L,Jiang X S,Yin L M,et al,Temporal and spatial variance of rainfall erosivity in the upstream area of the Zhaopingtai reservoir(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(6):1195-1198
[22]李璐,姜小三,孙永远.基于地统计学的降雨侵蚀力插值方法研究--以江苏省为例.生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(1):88-92Li L,Jiang X S,Sun Y Y.Geostatistics-based spatial interpolation method for study of rainfall erosivity-A case study of Jiangsu Province(In Chinese).Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(1):88-92
[23]卜兆宏,陈炳贵,乐兴华,等.用定量遥感方法监测UNDP试区小流域水土流失研究.水科学进展,1999,10(1):31-36Bu Z H,Chen B G,Le X H,et al.Study on monitoring soil erosion loss in small valley of UNDP experiment region by using quantitative remote sensing method(In Chinese).Advances in Water Science,1999,10(1):31-36
[24]周为峰,吴炳方.基于遥感和GIS的密云水库上游土壤侵蚀估算.农业工程学报,2005,21(10):46-50Zhou W F,Wu B F.Soil erosion estimation of the upriver areas of Miyun Reservoir located on the Chaobai River using remote sensing and GIS(In Chinese).Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(10):46-50
[25]卜兆宏,姜小三,杨林章,等.水土流失定量监测中GPS实测更新GIS数据的实用方法研究.土壤学报,2005,42(5):712-719Bu Z H,Jiang X S,Yang L Z,et al.The experiment of optimum methods of renewing GIS data by GPS solid survey in the soil erosion fixed quantity monitoring(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(5):712-719
[26]卜兆宏,唐万龙.降雨侵蚀力因子(R)最佳算法及其应用的研究成果简介.中国水土保持,1999(6):16-17Bu Z H,Tang W L.A brief introduction of the best algorithm of rainfall erosivity(R)and its application(In Chinese).Soil and Water Conservation in China,1999(6):16-17
[27]卜兆宏,董勤瑞,周伏建,等.降雨侵蚀力因子新算法的初步研究.土壤学报,1992,29(4):408-417Bu Z H,Dong Q R,Zhou F J,et al.Preliminary study on new algorithm of erosivity factor of rainfall(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1992,29(4):408-417
[28]卜兆宏,杨晓勇,王库,等.水土流失定量监测中的DEM精度评价新方法.土壤学报,2004,41(5):661-667Bu Z H,Yang X Y,Wang K,et al.New method for accuracy evaluation of DEM(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(5):661-667
[29]尹黎明,姜小三,胡续礼,等.DEM构建过程质量控制.水土保持研究,2006,13(3):99-101Yin L M,Jiang X S,Hu X L,et al.Quality control during building DEM(In Chinese),Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3):99-101
[30]马力,卜兆宏,彭桂兰,等.南京市2001~2008年水土流失的时空变化与治理成效研究.土壤学报,2011,48(4):683-692Ma L,Bu Z H,Peng G L,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of soil and water loss and its control in Nanjing area from 2001 to 2008(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(4):683-692
[31]马力,卜兆宏,彭桂兰,等.南京地区2001-2010年面源污染定量监测及时空变化分析.土壤学报,2012,49(6):1078-1087Ma L,Bu Z H,Peng G L,et al.Quantitative monitoring and temporal and spatial variation of non-point source pollution in Nanjing area in 2001-2010(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(6):1078-1087
[2]Wischmeier W H,Smith D D.Predicting rainfall erosion losses-A guide to conservation planning//Agriculture Handbook Number 537.Washington DC:US Department of Agriculture,1978:58
[3]Ongley E D,Zhang X L,Yu T.Current status of agricultural and rural non-point source pollution assessment in China.Environment Pollution,2010,158:1159-1168
[4]Renard K G,Foster G R,Weesies G A.Predicting soil erosion by water-A guide to conservation planning with the Revised Soil Loss Equation(RUSLE)//Agriculture Handbook Number 703.Washington DC:US Department of Agriculture,1997:404
[5]Zhang P,Liu Y H,Pan Y,et al.Land use pattern optimization based on CLUE-S and SWAT models for agricultural non-point source pollution control.Mathmatical&Computer Modelling,2011,58:588-595
[6]姜小三,卜兆宏,杨林章,等.水土流失与水质污染一体化定量监测的初步研究--以江苏省方便流域为例.土壤学报,2005,42(4):529-536Jiang X S,Bu Z H,Yang L Z,et al.Integrated quantitative monitoring of soil loss and water pollution-A case study of Fangbian valley in Jiangsu Province(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(4):529-536
[7]Rejani R,Yadukumar N.Soil and water conservation techniques in cashew grown along steep hill slopes.Scientia Horticulturae,2010,126:371-378
[8]Nunes A N,de Almeida A C,Coelho C O A.Impacts of land use and cover type on runoff and soil erosion in a marginal area of Portugal.Applied Geography,2011,31:687-699
[9]Peng T,Wang S J.Effects of land use,land cover and rainfall regimes on the surface runoff and soil loss on karst slopes in southwest China.Catena,2012,90:53-62
[10]Young R A,Onsad C A,Bosch D D,et al.AGNPS:Anon-point source pollution model for evaluating agricultural water-sheds.Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,1989,44(2):168-173
[11]张科利,膨文英,杨红丽.中国土壤可蚀性值及其估算.土壤学报,2007,44(1):7-13Zhang K L,Peng W Y,Yang H L.Soil erodibility and its estimation for agricultural soil in China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2007,44(1):7-13
[12]孔亚平,张科利,曹龙熹.土壤侵蚀研究中的坡长因子评价问题.水土保持研究,2008,15(4):43-52Kong Y P,Zhang K L,Cao L X.Appraise slope length factors in soil erosion study(In Chinese).Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2008,15(4):43-52
[13]刘宝元,史培军.WEPP水蚀预报流域模型.水土保持通报,1998,18(5):6-12Liu B Y,Shi P J.Water erosion Prodiction Project(WEPP)Model for watershed scale(In Chinese).Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,1998,18(5):6-12
[14]符素华,刘宝元.土壤侵蚀量预报模型研究进展.地球科学进展,2002,17(1):78-84Fu S H,Liu B Y.Evolution of the soil erosion model(In Chinese).Advances in Earth Science,2002,17(1):78-84
[15]刘宝元,谢云,张科利.土壤侵蚀预报模型.北京:中国科学技术出版社,2001Liu B Y,Xie Y,Zhang K L.Soil erosion prediction mode(In Chinese).Beijing:China Science and Technology Press,2001
[16]陈美淇,魏欣,张科利,等.基于CSLE模型的贵州省水土流失规律分析.水土保持学报,2017,31(3):16-21Chen M Q,Wei X,Zhang K L,et al.Analysis of the characteristics of soil and water loss in Guizhou Province based on CSLE(In Chinese).Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2017,31(3):16-21
[17]卜兆宏,席承藩,李士鸿.水土流失定量遥感监测的研究设想与初步进展.遥感技术动态,1990(4):31-37Bu Z H,Xi C F,Li S H.Research ideas and preliminary progress on quantitative remote sensing monitoring of soil erosion(In Chinese).Development of Remote Sensing Technology,1990(4):31-37
[18]卜兆宏,孙金庄,周伏建,等.水土流失定量遥感方法及其应用的研究.土壤学报,1997,34(3):235-245Bu Z H,Sun J Z,Zhou F J,et al.A study on quantitative remote sensing method of soil erosion and its application(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1997,34(3):235-245
[19]卜兆宏,孙金庄,董勤瑞,等.应用水土流失定量遥感方法监测山东全省山丘区的研究.土壤学报,1999,36(1):1-8Bu Z H,Sun J Z,Dong Q R,et al.Study on quantitative remote sensing method for soil erosion losses and its application in Shandong Province,China(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1999,36(1):1-8
[20]夏立忠,卜兆宏,张祖兴,等.土壤与养分流失综合监测方法在密云水库流域的应用.地球科学进展,2007,22(3):241-248Xia L Z,Bu Z H,Zhang Z X,et al.Application of integrated method to assessment of soil and nutrient losses in Miyun Reservoir Basin(In Chinese).Advances in Earth Science,2007,22(3):241-248
[21]胡续礼,姜小三,尹黎明,等.昭平台水库上游区域降雨侵蚀力时空变化特征.土壤通报,2006,37(6):1195-1198Hu X L,Jiang X S,Yin L M,et al,Temporal and spatial variance of rainfall erosivity in the upstream area of the Zhaopingtai reservoir(In Chinese).Chinese Journal of Soil Science,2006,37(6):1195-1198
[22]李璐,姜小三,孙永远.基于地统计学的降雨侵蚀力插值方法研究--以江苏省为例.生态与农村环境学报,2011,27(1):88-92Li L,Jiang X S,Sun Y Y.Geostatistics-based spatial interpolation method for study of rainfall erosivity-A case study of Jiangsu Province(In Chinese).Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment,2011,27(1):88-92
[23]卜兆宏,陈炳贵,乐兴华,等.用定量遥感方法监测UNDP试区小流域水土流失研究.水科学进展,1999,10(1):31-36Bu Z H,Chen B G,Le X H,et al.Study on monitoring soil erosion loss in small valley of UNDP experiment region by using quantitative remote sensing method(In Chinese).Advances in Water Science,1999,10(1):31-36
[24]周为峰,吴炳方.基于遥感和GIS的密云水库上游土壤侵蚀估算.农业工程学报,2005,21(10):46-50Zhou W F,Wu B F.Soil erosion estimation of the upriver areas of Miyun Reservoir located on the Chaobai River using remote sensing and GIS(In Chinese).Transactions of the CSAE,2005,21(10):46-50
[25]卜兆宏,姜小三,杨林章,等.水土流失定量监测中GPS实测更新GIS数据的实用方法研究.土壤学报,2005,42(5):712-719Bu Z H,Jiang X S,Yang L Z,et al.The experiment of optimum methods of renewing GIS data by GPS solid survey in the soil erosion fixed quantity monitoring(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2005,42(5):712-719
[26]卜兆宏,唐万龙.降雨侵蚀力因子(R)最佳算法及其应用的研究成果简介.中国水土保持,1999(6):16-17Bu Z H,Tang W L.A brief introduction of the best algorithm of rainfall erosivity(R)and its application(In Chinese).Soil and Water Conservation in China,1999(6):16-17
[27]卜兆宏,董勤瑞,周伏建,等.降雨侵蚀力因子新算法的初步研究.土壤学报,1992,29(4):408-417Bu Z H,Dong Q R,Zhou F J,et al.Preliminary study on new algorithm of erosivity factor of rainfall(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,1992,29(4):408-417
[28]卜兆宏,杨晓勇,王库,等.水土流失定量监测中的DEM精度评价新方法.土壤学报,2004,41(5):661-667Bu Z H,Yang X Y,Wang K,et al.New method for accuracy evaluation of DEM(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2004,41(5):661-667
[29]尹黎明,姜小三,胡续礼,等.DEM构建过程质量控制.水土保持研究,2006,13(3):99-101Yin L M,Jiang X S,Hu X L,et al.Quality control during building DEM(In Chinese),Research of Soil and Water Conservation,2006,13(3):99-101
[30]马力,卜兆宏,彭桂兰,等.南京市2001~2008年水土流失的时空变化与治理成效研究.土壤学报,2011,48(4):683-692Ma L,Bu Z H,Peng G L,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of soil and water loss and its control in Nanjing area from 2001 to 2008(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2011,48(4):683-692
[31]马力,卜兆宏,彭桂兰,等.南京地区2001-2010年面源污染定量监测及时空变化分析.土壤学报,2012,49(6):1078-1087Ma L,Bu Z H,Peng G L,et al.Quantitative monitoring and temporal and spatial variation of non-point source pollution in Nanjing area in 2001-2010(In Chinese).Acta Pedologica Sinica,2012,49(6):1078-1087