透明土透明度对可视化测量精度的影响分析
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摘要
提出采用透射率来评价透明土的透明程度,通过可视化测量结果的均值误差和标准误差分别评价可视化测量的系统误差和随机误差,并以熔融石英砂透明土为例分析了透明土透明度对可视化测量精度的影响,从而研究了透明土透明度与可视化测量之间的关系。实验结果表明,可视化测量的系统误差和随机误差并非随透明土透射率的增加而单调增加或减少。由此结合数字图像的直方图分析可知,数字图像内透明土透明度的降低对可视化测量精度的提高具有双面性的效应。
The fundamental premise of this research is to evaluate transparency quality in transparent soil based on its transmittance. Meanwhile,mean absolute error and standard deviation is utilized to estimate systematic error and random error respectively in visualization of transparent soil. Specifically,transparent soil with fused quartz is applied regarding the research of the relationship between transparency quality and visualzation in transparent soil. Experimental result indicates that mean absolute error or standard deviation does not vary monotonically as transmittance of transparent soil decreases. By analyzing intensity histogram of digital image,this research concludes that the decline in transmittance produces a two-sided effect on improvement of visualization in transparent soil.
The fundamental premise of this research is to evaluate transparency quality in transparent soil based on its transmittance. Meanwhile,mean absolute error and standard deviation is utilized to estimate systematic error and random error respectively in visualization of transparent soil. Specifically,transparent soil with fused quartz is applied regarding the research of the relationship between transparency quality and visualzation in transparent soil. Experimental result indicates that mean absolute error or standard deviation does not vary monotonically as transmittance of transparent soil decreases. By analyzing intensity histogram of digital image,this research concludes that the decline in transmittance produces a two-sided effect on improvement of visualization in transparent soil.
引文
[1]Iskander M.Modelling with transparent soil-visualizing soil structure interaction and multi phase flow,nonintrusively[M].Springer,2010.
[2]Iskander M,Bathurst R J,Omidvar M.Past,Present,and Future of Transparent Soils[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5):393-401.
[3]Iskander M G,Liu J,Sadek S.Transparent Amorphous Silica to Model Clay[J].Journal of Geotechnical&Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(3):262-273.
[4]Iskander M G,Liu J,Sadek S.Optical Measurement of Deformation Using Transparent Silica Gel to Model Sand[J].International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics,2002,2(4):13-26.
[5]Wallace J F,Rutherford C J.Geotechnical Properties of LAPONITE RD[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5).
[6]Guzman I,Development of a Transparent Soil for Simulating Projectile Penetration Into Granular Materials[D].New York:Polytechnic Institute of New York University,2014.
[7]Liu J.Visualization of 3D-Deformations Using Transparent“Soil”Models[D].New York:Polytechnic University,2003.
[8]Ni Q,Hird C,Guymer I.Physical modelling of pile penetration in clay using transparent soil and particle image velocimetry[J].Géotechnique,2010,60(2):121-132.
[9]Sadek S,Iskander M,Liu J.Accuracy of Digital Image Correlation for Measuring Deformations in Transparent Media[J].Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2003,17(2):88-96.
[10]Liu J,Iskander M.Adaptive Cross Correlation for Imaging Displacements in Soils[J].Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2004,18(1):46-57.
[11]隋旺华,高岳.透明土实验技术现状与展望[J].煤炭学报,2011(4):577-582.
[12]Peters S,Siemens G,Characterization of Transparent Soil for Unsaturated Applications[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2011,34(34):445-456.
[13]Siemens G,Mumford K,Kucharczuk D.Characterization of Transparent Soil for Use in Heat Transport Experiments[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5).
[14]Liu J Y,Iskander M G.Modelling capacity of transparent soil.[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2010,47(4):451-460.
[15]Stanier S A.Modelling the Behaviour of Helical Screw Piles[D].Ph D thesis,University of Sheffield,Sheffield,UK,2011.
[16]Dijksman J A,Rietz F,L9rincz K A,et al.Invited Article:Refractive index matched scanning of dense granular materials[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2012,83(1):011301-011301-12.
[17]Black J A,Take W A.Quantification of Optical Clarity of Transparent Soil Using the Modulation Transfer Function[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5):1-15.
[18]Ezzein F M,Bathurst R J.A Transparent Sand for Geotechnical Laboratory Modeling[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2011,34(6):590-601.
[19]Guzman I L,Iskander M.Geotechnical Properties of Sucrose-Saturated Fused Quartz for Use in Physical Modeling[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2013,36(3):448-454.
[20]李亮.透明土合成及物理力学特性研究[D].浙江大学,2014.
[21]Thielicke W,Stamhuis E J.PIVlab-Towards Userfriendly,Affordable and Accurate Digital Particle Image Velocimetry in MATLAB[J].Journal of Open Research Software,2014,2(1).
[2]Iskander M,Bathurst R J,Omidvar M.Past,Present,and Future of Transparent Soils[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5):393-401.
[3]Iskander M G,Liu J,Sadek S.Transparent Amorphous Silica to Model Clay[J].Journal of Geotechnical&Geoenvironmental Engineering,2002,128(3):262-273.
[4]Iskander M G,Liu J,Sadek S.Optical Measurement of Deformation Using Transparent Silica Gel to Model Sand[J].International Journal of Physical Modelling in Geotechnics,2002,2(4):13-26.
[5]Wallace J F,Rutherford C J.Geotechnical Properties of LAPONITE RD[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5).
[6]Guzman I,Development of a Transparent Soil for Simulating Projectile Penetration Into Granular Materials[D].New York:Polytechnic Institute of New York University,2014.
[7]Liu J.Visualization of 3D-Deformations Using Transparent“Soil”Models[D].New York:Polytechnic University,2003.
[8]Ni Q,Hird C,Guymer I.Physical modelling of pile penetration in clay using transparent soil and particle image velocimetry[J].Géotechnique,2010,60(2):121-132.
[9]Sadek S,Iskander M,Liu J.Accuracy of Digital Image Correlation for Measuring Deformations in Transparent Media[J].Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2003,17(2):88-96.
[10]Liu J,Iskander M.Adaptive Cross Correlation for Imaging Displacements in Soils[J].Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering,2004,18(1):46-57.
[11]隋旺华,高岳.透明土实验技术现状与展望[J].煤炭学报,2011(4):577-582.
[12]Peters S,Siemens G,Characterization of Transparent Soil for Unsaturated Applications[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2011,34(34):445-456.
[13]Siemens G,Mumford K,Kucharczuk D.Characterization of Transparent Soil for Use in Heat Transport Experiments[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5).
[14]Liu J Y,Iskander M G.Modelling capacity of transparent soil.[J].Canadian Geotechnical Journal,2010,47(4):451-460.
[15]Stanier S A.Modelling the Behaviour of Helical Screw Piles[D].Ph D thesis,University of Sheffield,Sheffield,UK,2011.
[16]Dijksman J A,Rietz F,L9rincz K A,et al.Invited Article:Refractive index matched scanning of dense granular materials[J].Review of Scientific Instruments,2012,83(1):011301-011301-12.
[17]Black J A,Take W A.Quantification of Optical Clarity of Transparent Soil Using the Modulation Transfer Function[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2015,38(5):1-15.
[18]Ezzein F M,Bathurst R J.A Transparent Sand for Geotechnical Laboratory Modeling[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2011,34(6):590-601.
[19]Guzman I L,Iskander M.Geotechnical Properties of Sucrose-Saturated Fused Quartz for Use in Physical Modeling[J].Geotechnical Testing Journal,2013,36(3):448-454.
[20]李亮.透明土合成及物理力学特性研究[D].浙江大学,2014.
[21]Thielicke W,Stamhuis E J.PIVlab-Towards Userfriendly,Affordable and Accurate Digital Particle Image Velocimetry in MATLAB[J].Journal of Open Research Software,2014,2(1).