食品中降尿酸活性物质及其作用机理研究进展
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摘要
高尿酸血症是由嘌呤类物质代谢紊乱或尿酸排泄减少引起的血尿酸升高的一种疾病。目前临床用降尿酸药物如别嘌呤醇、非布索坦等,存在成本高、毒副作用强、效果不理想等缺点,因此开发经济、安全、有效的降尿酸活性物质具有重要的应用意义。本文围绕高尿酸血症的发病机制,系统综述了食品中黄酮类、酚酸类、生物碱类、生物活性肽和益生菌等降尿酸活性物质及其降尿酸作用机理的研究进展,旨在为今后的研究及实际应用提供参考。
Hyperuricemia is caused by disorders of purine metabolism or reduction of uric acid excretion. Gout drugs available now,such as allopurinol and febuxostat,have the disadvantages of high cost,strong side effects,and unsatisfactory results. So it is necessary to search for some economical safe and effective gout drugs. Based on the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia,flavonoids,phenolic compounds,alkaloids,bioactive peptides and probiotics as well as their mechanisms for reducing uric acid are summarized,aiming to provide evidence for subsequent research and practical application.
Hyperuricemia is caused by disorders of purine metabolism or reduction of uric acid excretion. Gout drugs available now,such as allopurinol and febuxostat,have the disadvantages of high cost,strong side effects,and unsatisfactory results. So it is necessary to search for some economical safe and effective gout drugs. Based on the pathogenesis of hyperuricemia,flavonoids,phenolic compounds,alkaloids,bioactive peptides and probiotics as well as their mechanisms for reducing uric acid are summarized,aiming to provide evidence for subsequent research and practical application.
引文
[1]Li H,Zhao M,Su G,et al.Effect of soy sauce on serum uric acid levels in hyperuricemic rats and identification of flazin as a potent xanthine oxidase inhibitor[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2016,64(23):4725-4734.
[2]Villiger A,Sala F,Suter A,et al.In vitro inhibitory potential of Cynara scolymus,Silybum marianum,Taraxacum officinale,and Peumus boldus on key enzymes relevant to metabolic syndrome[J].Phytomedicine,2015,22(1):138-144.
[3]Mazzali M,Hughes J,Kim Y G,et al.Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism[J].Hypertension,2001,38(5):1101-1106.
[4]Bickel C,Rupprecht H J,Blankenberg S,et al.Serum uric acid as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease[J].American Journal of Cardiology,2002,89(1):12-17.
[5]Rees F,Hui M,Doherty M.Optimizing current treatment of gout[J].Nature Reviews Rheumatology,2014,10(5):271-283.
[6]岳静静.芒果苷元降尿酸药效验证及其药代动力学研究[D].广州:广东药科大学,2017:4.
[7]Burns C M,Wortmann R L.Gout therapeutics:New drugs for an old disease[J].The Lancet,2011,377(9760):165-177.
[8]濮尊琴.降尿酸中药组合物活性成分筛选及其制剂工艺研究[D].江苏:江苏大学,2017:2-5.
[9]黎青勇.核桃源降尿酸肽靶向抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的构效机制研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2018:8-10.
[10]曹统.益生菌对高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的影响及机制[D].青岛:青岛大学,2017:54-62.
[11]Mehmood A,Zhao L,Wang C,et al.Management of hyperuricemia through dietary polyphenols as a natural medicament:A comprehensive review[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2017:1-23.
[12]周洁,孙超,李飞.中药活性成分降尿酸作用机制研究进展[J].中国药理学通报,2018,34(1):19-22.
[13]杨会军,陈艳林,彭江云.抗高尿酸血症天然产物的药理研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,2015,27(8):1483-1486.
[14]Wang Y,Zhang G,Pan J,et al.Novel insights into the inhibitory mechanism of kaempferol on xanthine oxidase[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2015,63(2):526-534.
[15]Chu Y H,Chen C J,Wu S H,et al.Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Rhodiola crenulata extracts and their phytochemicals[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2014,62(17):3742-3749.
[16]Hosomi A,Nakanishi T,Fujita T,et al.Extra-renal elimination of uric acid via intestinal efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2[J].Plos One,2012,7(2):e30456.
[17]Mandal A K,Mount D B.The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis[J].Annual Review of Physiology,2015,77(77):323-345.
[18]Bian M,Du X,Wang P,et al.Combination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd protects the retina against bright light-induced degeneration[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):6015.
[19]刘孟渊.中药干预尿酸转运蛋白及基因表达的研究进展[J].上海中医药杂志,2018,52(8):93-97.
[20]周盼.基于肠道转运体研究大黄酸干预尿酸代谢的分子机制[D].泉州:华侨大学,2017:1-4.
[21]Huang J,Wang S,Zhu M,et al.Effects of genistein,apigenin,quercetin,rutin and astilbin on serum uric acid levels and xanthine oxidase activities in normal and hyperuricemic mice[J].Food & Chemical Toxicology,2011,49(9):1943-1947.
[22]Yan J,Zhang G,Hu Y,et al.Effect of luteolin on xanthine oxidase:Inhibition kinetics and interaction mechanism merging with docking simulation[J].Food Chemistry,2013,141(4):3766-3773.
[23]Miao M,Wang X,Yan L U,et al.Mechanism study on effects of apigenin on reducing uric acid and renal protection in oteracil potassium-induced hyperuricemia mice[J].China Pharmacy,2016,27(34):4794-4796.
[24]Nile S H,Nile A S,Keum Y S,et al.Utilization of quercetin and quercetin glycosides from onion(Allium cepa L.)solid waste as an antioxidant,urease and xanthine oxidase inhibitors[J].Food Chemistry,2017,235:119-126.
[25]林恋竹,刘雪梅,赵谋明.神秘果树叶提取物降尿酸作用及其有效成分鉴定[J].中国食品学报,2018(1):270-277.
[26]Adachi S I,Yoshizawa F,Yagasaki K.Assay systems for screening food and natural substances that have anti-hyperuricemic activity:Uric acid production in cultured hepatocytes and purine bodies-induced hyperuricemic model mice[J].Cytotechnology,2016,69(3):435-442.
[27]Adachi S I,Nihei K I,Ishihara Y,et al.Anti-hyperuricemic effect of taxifolin in cultured hepatocytes and model mice[J].Cytotechnology,2017,69(2):329-336.
[28]Wang M,Zhao J,Zhang N,et al.Astilbin improves potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and kidney injury through regulating oxidative stress and inflammation response in mice[J].Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,2016,83:975-988.
[29]Cos P,Ying L,Calomme M,et al.Structure-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers[J].Journal of Natural Products,1998,61(1):71-76.
[30]Nagao A,Seki M,Kobayashi H.Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by flavonoids[J].Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan,1999,63(10):1787-1790.
[31]Lin S,Zhang G,Liao Y,et al.Dietary flavonoids as xanthine oxidase inhibitors:Structure-affinity and structure-activity relationships[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2015,63(35):7784-7794.
[32]Liang J,Yan H,Puligundla P,et al.Applications of chitosan nanoparticles to enhance absorption and bioavailability of tea polyphenols:A review[J].Food Hydrocolloids,2017,69:286-292.
[33]Honda S,Kawamoto S,Tanaka H,et al.Administered chrysanthemum flower oil attenuates hyperuricemia:Mechanism of action as revealed by DNA microarray analysis[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2014,78(4):655-661.
[34]Chen G,Tan M L,Li K K,et al.Green tea polyphenols decreases uric acid level through xanthine oxidase and renal urate transporters in hyperuricemic mice[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2015,175:14-20.
[35]Lee C T,Chang L C,Liu C W,et al.Negative correlation between serum uric acid and kidney URAT1 mRNA expression caused by resveratrol in rats[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2017,61(10):1-9.
[36]Jiang Y,Lin Y,Hu Y J,et al.Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives rich extract from Gnaphalium pensylvanicum willd.Ameliorates hyperuricemia and acute gouty arthritis in animal model[J].Bmc Complementary & Alternative Medicine,2017,17(1):320.
[37]Ferraz-Filha Z S,Ferrari F C,Mcpm A,et al.Effects of the aqueous extract from Tabebuia roseoalba and phenolic acids on hyperuricemia and inflammation[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2017,2017(3):1-10.
[38]朱大帅.薏仁中多酚类化合物降尿酸活性及其作用机制研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015:47-48.
[39]Qi J,Sun L,Qian S Y,et al.A novel multi-hyphenated analytical method to simultaneously determine xanthine oxidase inhibitors and superoxide anion scavengers in natural products[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2017,984:124-133.
[40]朱春胜.基于谱效关系的菊苣降尿酸物质基础及质量评价研究[D].北京:北京中医药大学,2016:49-57.
[41]Sang M,Du G,Hao J,et al.Modeling and optimizing inhibitory activities of Nelumbinis folium extract on xanthine oxidase using response surface methodology[J].Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis,2017,139:37-43.
[42]Liu Y L,Pan Y,Wang X,et al.Betaine reduces serum uric acid levels and improves kidney function in hyperuricemic mice[J].Planta Medica,2014,80(1):39-47.
[43]Wang M,Liu Y,Yang Y,et al.Nuciferine restores potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation in mice[J].European Journal of Pharmacology,2015,747:59-70.
[44]尹智功,肖敬,蒋耀平,等.青藤碱对痛风性关节炎模型大鼠TNF-α,IL-1β及COX-2的影响[J].广西中医药,2015(4):71-74.
[45]Hamley I W.Small bioactive peptides for biomaterials design and therapeutics[J].Chemical Reviews,2017,117(24):14015-14041.
[46]A Boldyrev A,Aldini G,Derave W.Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine[M].Physiological Reviews,2013,93(4):1803-1845.
[47]Kubomura D,Yamada M,Masui A.Tuna extract reduces serum uric acid in gout-free subjects with insignificantly high serum uric acid:A randomized controlled trial[J].Biomedical Reports,2016,5(2):254-258.
[48]Otsuka Y,Ohno Y,Morita A,et al.Molecular mechanism of urate-lowering effects of anserine nitrate[J].Gout and Nucleic Acid Metabolism,2016,40(2):137-143.
[49]Nongonierma A B,Fitzgerald R J.Tryptophan-containing milk protein-derived dipeptides inhibit xanthine oxidase[J].Peptides,2012,37(2):263-272.
[50]Nongonierma A B,Mooney C,Shields D C,et al.Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and xanthine oxidase by amino acids and dipeptides[J].Food Chemistry,2013,141(1):644-653.
[51]刘丹,任娇艳,梁明.高尿酸血症细胞模型的构建及其在降尿酸肽筛选中的应用[J].现代食品科技,2017(8):72-79.
[52]Murota I,Taguchi S,Sato N,et al.Identification of antihyperuricemic peptides in the proteolytic digest of shark cartilage water extract using in vivo activity-guided fractionation[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2014,62(11):2392-2397.
[53]Li Q,Kang X,Shi C,et al.Moderation of hyperuricemia in rats via consuming walnut protein hydrolysate diet and identification of new antihyperuricemic peptides[J].Food & Function,2017,9(1):107-116.
[54]赵谋明,徐巨才,刘洋,等.秋刀鱼制备黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的工艺优化[J].农业工程学报,2015(14):291-297.
[55]Li Y,Kang X,Li Q,et al.Anti-hyperuricemic peptides derived from bonito hydrolysates based on in vivo hyperuricemicmodel and in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity[J].Peptides,2018,107:45-53.
[56]金方,杨虹.降血尿酸益生菌株的筛选和降血尿酸机理的探索[J].微生物学通报,2018,45(8):1757-1769.
[57]Li M,Yang D,Mei L,et al.Screening and characterization of purine nucleoside degrading lactic acid bacteria isolated from Chinese sauerkraut and evaluation of the serum uric acid lowering effect in hyperuricemic rats[J].Plos One,2014,9(9):e105577.
[58]Yamada N,Iwamoto C,Kano H,et al.Evaluation of purine utilization by Lactobacillus gasseri strains with potential to decrease the absorption of food-derived purines in the human intestine[J].Nucleosides & Nucleotides,2016,35(10-12):670-676.
[59]Yamada N,Saitoiwamoto C,Nakamura M,et al.Lactobacillus gasseri PA-3 uses the purines IMP,inosine and hypoxanthine and reduces their absorption in rats[J].Microorganisms,2017,5(1):10.
[60]Yun-Huan B,Ya-Fen J,Yun-Sheng J.Lactobacillus bulgaricus mutants decompose uremic toxins[J].Ren Fail,2014,36(5):790-794.
[2]Villiger A,Sala F,Suter A,et al.In vitro inhibitory potential of Cynara scolymus,Silybum marianum,Taraxacum officinale,and Peumus boldus on key enzymes relevant to metabolic syndrome[J].Phytomedicine,2015,22(1):138-144.
[3]Mazzali M,Hughes J,Kim Y G,et al.Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal-independent mechanism[J].Hypertension,2001,38(5):1101-1106.
[4]Bickel C,Rupprecht H J,Blankenberg S,et al.Serum uric acid as an independent predictor of mortality in patients with angiographically proven coronary artery disease[J].American Journal of Cardiology,2002,89(1):12-17.
[5]Rees F,Hui M,Doherty M.Optimizing current treatment of gout[J].Nature Reviews Rheumatology,2014,10(5):271-283.
[6]岳静静.芒果苷元降尿酸药效验证及其药代动力学研究[D].广州:广东药科大学,2017:4.
[7]Burns C M,Wortmann R L.Gout therapeutics:New drugs for an old disease[J].The Lancet,2011,377(9760):165-177.
[8]濮尊琴.降尿酸中药组合物活性成分筛选及其制剂工艺研究[D].江苏:江苏大学,2017:2-5.
[9]黎青勇.核桃源降尿酸肽靶向抑制黄嘌呤氧化酶活性的构效机制研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2018:8-10.
[10]曹统.益生菌对高尿酸血症小鼠血清尿酸水平的影响及机制[D].青岛:青岛大学,2017:54-62.
[11]Mehmood A,Zhao L,Wang C,et al.Management of hyperuricemia through dietary polyphenols as a natural medicament:A comprehensive review[J].Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition,2017:1-23.
[12]周洁,孙超,李飞.中药活性成分降尿酸作用机制研究进展[J].中国药理学通报,2018,34(1):19-22.
[13]杨会军,陈艳林,彭江云.抗高尿酸血症天然产物的药理研究进展[J].天然产物研究与开发,2015,27(8):1483-1486.
[14]Wang Y,Zhang G,Pan J,et al.Novel insights into the inhibitory mechanism of kaempferol on xanthine oxidase[J].Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry,2015,63(2):526-534.
[15]Chu Y H,Chen C J,Wu S H,et al.Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by Rhodiola crenulata extracts and their phytochemicals[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2014,62(17):3742-3749.
[16]Hosomi A,Nakanishi T,Fujita T,et al.Extra-renal elimination of uric acid via intestinal efflux transporter BCRP/ABCG2[J].Plos One,2012,7(2):e30456.
[17]Mandal A K,Mount D B.The molecular physiology of uric acid homeostasis[J].Annual Review of Physiology,2015,77(77):323-345.
[18]Bian M,Du X,Wang P,et al.Combination of ginsenoside Rb1 and Rd protects the retina against bright light-induced degeneration[J].Sci Rep,2017,7(1):6015.
[19]刘孟渊.中药干预尿酸转运蛋白及基因表达的研究进展[J].上海中医药杂志,2018,52(8):93-97.
[20]周盼.基于肠道转运体研究大黄酸干预尿酸代谢的分子机制[D].泉州:华侨大学,2017:1-4.
[21]Huang J,Wang S,Zhu M,et al.Effects of genistein,apigenin,quercetin,rutin and astilbin on serum uric acid levels and xanthine oxidase activities in normal and hyperuricemic mice[J].Food & Chemical Toxicology,2011,49(9):1943-1947.
[22]Yan J,Zhang G,Hu Y,et al.Effect of luteolin on xanthine oxidase:Inhibition kinetics and interaction mechanism merging with docking simulation[J].Food Chemistry,2013,141(4):3766-3773.
[23]Miao M,Wang X,Yan L U,et al.Mechanism study on effects of apigenin on reducing uric acid and renal protection in oteracil potassium-induced hyperuricemia mice[J].China Pharmacy,2016,27(34):4794-4796.
[24]Nile S H,Nile A S,Keum Y S,et al.Utilization of quercetin and quercetin glycosides from onion(Allium cepa L.)solid waste as an antioxidant,urease and xanthine oxidase inhibitors[J].Food Chemistry,2017,235:119-126.
[25]林恋竹,刘雪梅,赵谋明.神秘果树叶提取物降尿酸作用及其有效成分鉴定[J].中国食品学报,2018(1):270-277.
[26]Adachi S I,Yoshizawa F,Yagasaki K.Assay systems for screening food and natural substances that have anti-hyperuricemic activity:Uric acid production in cultured hepatocytes and purine bodies-induced hyperuricemic model mice[J].Cytotechnology,2016,69(3):435-442.
[27]Adachi S I,Nihei K I,Ishihara Y,et al.Anti-hyperuricemic effect of taxifolin in cultured hepatocytes and model mice[J].Cytotechnology,2017,69(2):329-336.
[28]Wang M,Zhao J,Zhang N,et al.Astilbin improves potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and kidney injury through regulating oxidative stress and inflammation response in mice[J].Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy,2016,83:975-988.
[29]Cos P,Ying L,Calomme M,et al.Structure-activity relationship and classification of flavonoids as inhibitors of xanthine oxidase and superoxide scavengers[J].Journal of Natural Products,1998,61(1):71-76.
[30]Nagao A,Seki M,Kobayashi H.Inhibition of xanthine oxidase by flavonoids[J].Journal of the Agricultural Chemical Society of Japan,1999,63(10):1787-1790.
[31]Lin S,Zhang G,Liao Y,et al.Dietary flavonoids as xanthine oxidase inhibitors:Structure-affinity and structure-activity relationships[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2015,63(35):7784-7794.
[32]Liang J,Yan H,Puligundla P,et al.Applications of chitosan nanoparticles to enhance absorption and bioavailability of tea polyphenols:A review[J].Food Hydrocolloids,2017,69:286-292.
[33]Honda S,Kawamoto S,Tanaka H,et al.Administered chrysanthemum flower oil attenuates hyperuricemia:Mechanism of action as revealed by DNA microarray analysis[J].Biosci Biotechnol Biochem,2014,78(4):655-661.
[34]Chen G,Tan M L,Li K K,et al.Green tea polyphenols decreases uric acid level through xanthine oxidase and renal urate transporters in hyperuricemic mice[J].Journal of Ethnopharmacology,2015,175:14-20.
[35]Lee C T,Chang L C,Liu C W,et al.Negative correlation between serum uric acid and kidney URAT1 mRNA expression caused by resveratrol in rats[J].Molecular Nutrition & Food Research,2017,61(10):1-9.
[36]Jiang Y,Lin Y,Hu Y J,et al.Caffeoylquinic acid derivatives rich extract from Gnaphalium pensylvanicum willd.Ameliorates hyperuricemia and acute gouty arthritis in animal model[J].Bmc Complementary & Alternative Medicine,2017,17(1):320.
[37]Ferraz-Filha Z S,Ferrari F C,Mcpm A,et al.Effects of the aqueous extract from Tabebuia roseoalba and phenolic acids on hyperuricemia and inflammation[J].Evid Based Complement Alternat Med,2017,2017(3):1-10.
[38]朱大帅.薏仁中多酚类化合物降尿酸活性及其作用机制研究[D].广州:华南理工大学,2015:47-48.
[39]Qi J,Sun L,Qian S Y,et al.A novel multi-hyphenated analytical method to simultaneously determine xanthine oxidase inhibitors and superoxide anion scavengers in natural products[J].Analytica Chimica Acta,2017,984:124-133.
[40]朱春胜.基于谱效关系的菊苣降尿酸物质基础及质量评价研究[D].北京:北京中医药大学,2016:49-57.
[41]Sang M,Du G,Hao J,et al.Modeling and optimizing inhibitory activities of Nelumbinis folium extract on xanthine oxidase using response surface methodology[J].Journal of Pharmaceutical & Biomedical Analysis,2017,139:37-43.
[42]Liu Y L,Pan Y,Wang X,et al.Betaine reduces serum uric acid levels and improves kidney function in hyperuricemic mice[J].Planta Medica,2014,80(1):39-47.
[43]Wang M,Liu Y,Yang Y,et al.Nuciferine restores potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemia and kidney inflammation in mice[J].European Journal of Pharmacology,2015,747:59-70.
[44]尹智功,肖敬,蒋耀平,等.青藤碱对痛风性关节炎模型大鼠TNF-α,IL-1β及COX-2的影响[J].广西中医药,2015(4):71-74.
[45]Hamley I W.Small bioactive peptides for biomaterials design and therapeutics[J].Chemical Reviews,2017,117(24):14015-14041.
[46]A Boldyrev A,Aldini G,Derave W.Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine[M].Physiological Reviews,2013,93(4):1803-1845.
[47]Kubomura D,Yamada M,Masui A.Tuna extract reduces serum uric acid in gout-free subjects with insignificantly high serum uric acid:A randomized controlled trial[J].Biomedical Reports,2016,5(2):254-258.
[48]Otsuka Y,Ohno Y,Morita A,et al.Molecular mechanism of urate-lowering effects of anserine nitrate[J].Gout and Nucleic Acid Metabolism,2016,40(2):137-143.
[49]Nongonierma A B,Fitzgerald R J.Tryptophan-containing milk protein-derived dipeptides inhibit xanthine oxidase[J].Peptides,2012,37(2):263-272.
[50]Nongonierma A B,Mooney C,Shields D C,et al.Inhibition of dipeptidyl peptidase IV and xanthine oxidase by amino acids and dipeptides[J].Food Chemistry,2013,141(1):644-653.
[51]刘丹,任娇艳,梁明.高尿酸血症细胞模型的构建及其在降尿酸肽筛选中的应用[J].现代食品科技,2017(8):72-79.
[52]Murota I,Taguchi S,Sato N,et al.Identification of antihyperuricemic peptides in the proteolytic digest of shark cartilage water extract using in vivo activity-guided fractionation[J].Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry,2014,62(11):2392-2397.
[53]Li Q,Kang X,Shi C,et al.Moderation of hyperuricemia in rats via consuming walnut protein hydrolysate diet and identification of new antihyperuricemic peptides[J].Food & Function,2017,9(1):107-116.
[54]赵谋明,徐巨才,刘洋,等.秋刀鱼制备黄嘌呤氧化酶抑制肽的工艺优化[J].农业工程学报,2015(14):291-297.
[55]Li Y,Kang X,Li Q,et al.Anti-hyperuricemic peptides derived from bonito hydrolysates based on in vivo hyperuricemicmodel and in vitro xanthine oxidase inhibitory activity[J].Peptides,2018,107:45-53.
[56]金方,杨虹.降血尿酸益生菌株的筛选和降血尿酸机理的探索[J].微生物学通报,2018,45(8):1757-1769.
[57]Li M,Yang D,Mei L,et al.Screening and characterization of purine nucleoside degrading lactic acid bacteria isolated from Chinese sauerkraut and evaluation of the serum uric acid lowering effect in hyperuricemic rats[J].Plos One,2014,9(9):e105577.
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