不同营林措施对马尾松林物种组成及空间结构的短期影响
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摘要
为揭示常规营林措施对人工马尾松林分物种组成和空间结构的影响,以三峡库区马尾松飞播林为研究对象,按照未采伐、除灌、伐除非马尾松、伐除优势马尾松4种营林措施建立固定监测样地,分析了马尾松林群落的物种组成和数量特征,并运用角尺度、大小比数、混交度3个林分结构参数,研究不同营林措施处理对马尾松林分空间结构的影响。结果表明:不同营林措施对马尾松林物种组成和优势程度存在明显影响,乔木层生物多样性降低,林下灌草层多样性明显提升。除灌对林木空间分布格局未造成显著改变,伐除非马尾松和伐除优势马尾松均提高了林分空间结构的聚集程度,且林木平均聚集程度随着采伐强度增加而增加。不同营林措施对林分整体大小分化程度影响不大,但采伐明显改善了林分的混交程度。单纯调整某个树种或单个层次的结构来开展森林经营,不利于林分空间结构的整体优化,应根据各树种生物学特性以及功能地位来综合确定采伐木和保留木,并采用中度择伐强度更有利于林分结构调整。
In order to understand the influence of conventional forest management practices on species composition and stand spatial structure of Pinus massoniana forest, P. massoniana plantation with 4 forest management practices in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were taken as the subject(i.e., no cutting; shrubs cutting; nonP. massoniana cutting and dominant P. massoniana cutting), we analyzed community composition and quantitative features and spatial structure in 3 years post-treatment of each managements type by using 3 structure parameters, which are uniform angle index, neighborhood comparison and mingling intensity. The results show that different forest management practices significantly affect the species composition and degree of advantage species,the biodiversity of arbor layer decreased and that of shrub layer and herb layer increas obviously. Shrubs-cutting measure causes no obvious change on spatial distribution pattern. However, both non-P. massoniana cutting and dominant P. massoniana cutting practices improve the aggregation degree of stand spatial structure, and the average concentration increased as selective cutting intensity improve. Though different practices show no significant effects on neighborhood comparison of P. massoniana, selective cutting obviously improved mingling intensity.Hence, simple regulation on the structure of a species or a single tree level is not conducive to optimize P. massoniana forest stand structure. According to biological characteristics and functional status of tree species, selective cutting tree and maintained tree need to comprehensive determine, and moderate selective cutting intensity is more conducive to forest structural adjustment.
In order to understand the influence of conventional forest management practices on species composition and stand spatial structure of Pinus massoniana forest, P. massoniana plantation with 4 forest management practices in the Three Gorges Reservoir area were taken as the subject(i.e., no cutting; shrubs cutting; nonP. massoniana cutting and dominant P. massoniana cutting), we analyzed community composition and quantitative features and spatial structure in 3 years post-treatment of each managements type by using 3 structure parameters, which are uniform angle index, neighborhood comparison and mingling intensity. The results show that different forest management practices significantly affect the species composition and degree of advantage species,the biodiversity of arbor layer decreased and that of shrub layer and herb layer increas obviously. Shrubs-cutting measure causes no obvious change on spatial distribution pattern. However, both non-P. massoniana cutting and dominant P. massoniana cutting practices improve the aggregation degree of stand spatial structure, and the average concentration increased as selective cutting intensity improve. Though different practices show no significant effects on neighborhood comparison of P. massoniana, selective cutting obviously improved mingling intensity.Hence, simple regulation on the structure of a species or a single tree level is not conducive to optimize P. massoniana forest stand structure. According to biological characteristics and functional status of tree species, selective cutting tree and maintained tree need to comprehensive determine, and moderate selective cutting intensity is more conducive to forest structural adjustment.
引文
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[4]郑兰英,王晓荣,庞宏东,等.择伐抚育对不同类型马尾松人工林林下生物多样性的影响[J].西部林业科学,2017,46(3):6-12.
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[12]沈林,杨华,亢新刚,等.择伐强度对天然云冷杉林空间分布格局的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(1):68-74.
[13]唐万鹏,潘磊,崔鸿侠,等.三峡库区马尾松天然林林分结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(5):681-685.
[14]惠刚盈,Gadow K V,Albert M.一个新的林分空间结构参数:大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(1):1-6.
[15]惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):177-181.
[16]惠刚盈,李丽,赵中华.林木空间分布格局分析方法[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4717-4728.
[17]雷蕾,肖文发,曾立雄,等.马尾松林土壤呼吸组分对不同营林措施的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(17):5360-5370.
[18]王晓荣,刘学全,唐万鹏,等.丹江口湖北库区不同调控密度马尾松人工林林分特征[J].西南林业大学学报,2014,34(6):16-23.
[19]Lei L,Xiao W F,Zeng L X,et al.Thinning but not understory removal increased heterotrophic respiration and total soil respiration in Pinus massoniana stands[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,621:1360-1368.
[20]赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营方法在阔叶红松林中的应用[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(4):467-472.
[21]何友均,梁星云,覃林,等.南亚热带马尾松红椎人工林群落结构、物种多样性及基于自然的森林经营[J].林业科学,2013,49(4):24-33.
[22]李丽,惠淑荣,惠刚盈,等.森林结构调查最小面积的研究[J].林业资源管理,2007(2):47-51.
[23]Archambault L,Delisle C,Larocque G R.Forest regen-eration 50 years following partial cutting in mixed wood ecosystems of southern Quebec,Canada[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257(2):703-711.
[24]李杨涛,李莲芳,杨文君,等.修枝对云南松林分结构及生长影响的分析[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2018,38(3):44-50.
[25]王冬至,张冬燕,张志东,等.冀北山区不同林龄落叶松人工林林分结构及更新[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(10):33-39.
[26]齐麟,赵福强.不同采伐强度对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局和物种空间关联性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):46-55.
[27]杜燕,刘东兰,郑小贤.不同干扰类型栲树次生林林分结构特征分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2014,42(2):72-77.
[28]Larsen J B,Nielsen A B.Nature-based forest management-where are we going:elaborating forest development types in and with practice[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,238(1):107-117.
[29]玉宝.兴安落叶松过伐林结构优化及其效果分析[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2018,38(3):194-199.
[30]郭怀林,齐伟.秦岭中段华北落叶松人工林林分结构优化研究[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):144-149.
[31]刘志龙,明安刚,贾宏炎,等.近自然化改造对桂南马尾松和杉木人工林结构特征的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,2017,41(4):101-107.
[2]张连金,赖光辉,封焕英,等.京西油松生态公益林空间结构评价[J].生态学杂志,2018,37(5):1316-1325.
[3]吴建强,王懿祥,杨一,等.干扰树间伐对杉木人工林林分生长和林分结构的影响[J].应用生态学报,2015,26(2):340-348.
[4]郑兰英,王晓荣,庞宏东,等.择伐抚育对不同类型马尾松人工林林下生物多样性的影响[J].西部林业科学,2017,46(3):6-12.
[5]Valverde-Barrantes O J,Rocha O J.Logging impacts on forest structure and seedling dynamics in a Prioria copaifera(Fabaceae)dominated tropical rain forest(Talamanca,Costa Rica)[J].Revista De Biologia Tropical,2014,62(1):347-357.
[6]Ruel J C,Fortin D,Pother D.Partial cutting in oldgrowth boreal stands:an integrated experiment[J].The Forestry Chronicle,2013,89(3):360-369.
[7]郑丽凤,周新年.择伐强度对中亚热带天然针阔混交林林分空间结构的影响[J].武汉植物学研究,2009,27(5):515-521.
[8]Arbainsyah,de longh H H,Kustiawan W,et al.Structure,composition and diversity of plant communities in FSC-certified,selectively logged forests of different ages compared to primary rain forest[J].Biodiversity and Conservation,2014,23(10):2445-2472.
[9]韦博良,袁志良,牛帅,等.河南省宝天曼锐齿槲栎林树木死亡对空间格局及种间相关性的影响[J].植物生态学报,2017,41(4):430-438.
[10]陈辉荣,周新年,蔡瑞添,等.天然林不同强度择伐后林分空间结构变化动态[J].植物科学学报,2012,30(3):230-237.
[11]Zunzunegui M,Esquivias M P,Oppo F,et al.Interspe-cific competition and livestock disturbance control the spatial patterns of two coastal dune shrubs[J].Plant Soil,2012,354(1/2):299-309.
[12]沈林,杨华,亢新刚,等.择伐强度对天然云冷杉林空间分布格局的影响[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2013,33(1):68-74.
[13]唐万鹏,潘磊,崔鸿侠,等.三峡库区马尾松天然林林分结构特征分析[J].林业科学研究,2015,28(5):681-685.
[14]惠刚盈,Gadow K V,Albert M.一个新的林分空间结构参数:大小比数[J].林业科学研究,1999,12(1):1-6.
[15]惠刚盈,胡艳波.混交林树种空间隔离程度表达方式的研究[J].林业科学研究,2001,14(1):177-181.
[16]惠刚盈,李丽,赵中华.林木空间分布格局分析方法[J].生态学报,2007,27(11):4717-4728.
[17]雷蕾,肖文发,曾立雄,等.马尾松林土壤呼吸组分对不同营林措施的响应[J].生态学报,2016,36(17):5360-5370.
[18]王晓荣,刘学全,唐万鹏,等.丹江口湖北库区不同调控密度马尾松人工林林分特征[J].西南林业大学学报,2014,34(6):16-23.
[19]Lei L,Xiao W F,Zeng L X,et al.Thinning but not understory removal increased heterotrophic respiration and total soil respiration in Pinus massoniana stands[J].Science of the Total Environment,2018,621:1360-1368.
[20]赵中华,惠刚盈,胡艳波,等.结构化森林经营方法在阔叶红松林中的应用[J].林业科学研究,2013,26(4):467-472.
[21]何友均,梁星云,覃林,等.南亚热带马尾松红椎人工林群落结构、物种多样性及基于自然的森林经营[J].林业科学,2013,49(4):24-33.
[22]李丽,惠淑荣,惠刚盈,等.森林结构调查最小面积的研究[J].林业资源管理,2007(2):47-51.
[23]Archambault L,Delisle C,Larocque G R.Forest regen-eration 50 years following partial cutting in mixed wood ecosystems of southern Quebec,Canada[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2009,257(2):703-711.
[24]李杨涛,李莲芳,杨文君,等.修枝对云南松林分结构及生长影响的分析[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2018,38(3):44-50.
[25]王冬至,张冬燕,张志东,等.冀北山区不同林龄落叶松人工林林分结构及更新[J].中南林业科技大学学报,2015,35(10):33-39.
[26]齐麟,赵福强.不同采伐强度对阔叶红松林主要树种空间分布格局和物种空间关联性的影响[J].生态学报,2015,35(1):46-55.
[27]杜燕,刘东兰,郑小贤.不同干扰类型栲树次生林林分结构特征分析[J].西北农林科技大学学报,2014,42(2):72-77.
[28]Larsen J B,Nielsen A B.Nature-based forest management-where are we going:elaborating forest development types in and with practice[J].Forest Ecology and Management,2007,238(1):107-117.
[29]玉宝.兴安落叶松过伐林结构优化及其效果分析[J].西南林业大学学报(自然科学),2018,38(3):194-199.
[30]郭怀林,齐伟.秦岭中段华北落叶松人工林林分结构优化研究[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):144-149.
[31]刘志龙,明安刚,贾宏炎,等.近自然化改造对桂南马尾松和杉木人工林结构特征的影响[J].南京林业大学学报,2017,41(4):101-107.