甜高粱凋萎青贮和混合青贮对发酵品质及营养成分保存效果的影响
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摘要
[目的]为改善高含水量甜高粱的青贮发酵品质并能够利用周边闲置秸秆原料,研究甜高粱与不同种类秸秆混合青贮的发酵品质及饲草营养成分的保存效果。[方法]设置甜高粱凋萎含水量分别为75%、65%、55%和不凋萎直接青贮(CK)4个处理,结合发酵品质筛选甜高粱最优含水量处理。在此水分条件下,设甜高粱+大豆秸秆(S+SS)、甜高粱+水稻秸秆(S+RS)、甜高粱+小麦秸秆(S+WS)和甜高粱+玉米秸秆(S+CS) 4种混合青贮处理,分析不同混贮方式下青贮发酵品质的变化并计算青贮饲料中甜高粱的营养成分回收率。[结果]与不凋萎直接青贮相比,凋萎处理降低了青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮/总氮(NH3-N/TN)值,而有机酸含量有一定增加。甜高粱含水量为65%时,青贮饲料发酵品质最好。甜高粱凋萎青贮与混合青贮各处理间pH值和NH3-N/TN值差异不显著(P> 0. 05),S+CS混合青贮的乳酸含量显著高于其他处理组(P<0.05)。混合青贮处理的粗蛋白回收率(CPR)均高于CK组。除S+RS混合青贮处理外,其他混合青贮处理的CPR也高于凋萎青贮处理。混合青贮还能够提高干物质回收率与原料中糖酸转化能力。[结论]甜高粱直接青贮,最适含水量为65%。与不同秸秆混合青贮改善了发酵品质,有助于提高粗蛋白及干物质的回收率。秸秆种类选择上,与玉米秸秆混合青贮发酵品质与营养成分保存效果最佳。
[Objectives]In order to improve the fermentation quality of high moisture sweet sorghum and make full use of surrounding idle straw materials,the nutrient preservation of forage was studied by ensiling mixture of sweet sorghum and different kinds of straws.[Methods]The optimum water content of sweet sorghum( S) was selected according to the effects of different water contents( 75%,65%,55% and CK) on fermentation quality. Under the optimum water content,corn stalk( CS),wheat straw( WS),rice straw( RS)and soybean straw( SS) were mixed with sweet sorghum respectively( abbreviated as S + SS,S + RS,S + WS,S + CS). Analysis was conducted on the changes of fermentation quality under different mixed ensiling methods and calculation was conducted on the nutrient recovery of sweet sorghum in silage. [Results]The results indicated that the wilting treatment reduced the pH value and the rate of ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen( NH3-N/TN),and increased organic acid content compared with the CK. The fermentation quality of silage was the best with 65% moisture content of sweet sorghum. There was no significant difference in the pH and NH3-N/TN between wiliting silage and mixed silage( P>0.05),and the lactic acid content of the mixed silage S+CS was higher than that of the other treatments( P<0.05). Crude protein recoveries( CPR) of mixed silage were higher than those of CK and the CPR in other mixed silage except for S+RS were also higher than those of wilting silage. In addition,mixing straws improved the dry matter recovery and the ability of carbohydrates to transform into acid was improved by mixed ensiling. [Conclusions]The optimum moisture content of sweet sorghum to produce silage was 65%. The fermentation quality and crude protein or dry matter recovery were enhanced by ensiling mixtures of different straws and sweet sorghum. Corn stalk was the best material mixing with sweet sorghum achieving the best fermentaion quality and the highest nutrients preservation.
[Objectives]In order to improve the fermentation quality of high moisture sweet sorghum and make full use of surrounding idle straw materials,the nutrient preservation of forage was studied by ensiling mixture of sweet sorghum and different kinds of straws.[Methods]The optimum water content of sweet sorghum( S) was selected according to the effects of different water contents( 75%,65%,55% and CK) on fermentation quality. Under the optimum water content,corn stalk( CS),wheat straw( WS),rice straw( RS)and soybean straw( SS) were mixed with sweet sorghum respectively( abbreviated as S + SS,S + RS,S + WS,S + CS). Analysis was conducted on the changes of fermentation quality under different mixed ensiling methods and calculation was conducted on the nutrient recovery of sweet sorghum in silage. [Results]The results indicated that the wilting treatment reduced the pH value and the rate of ammonia nitrogen/total nitrogen( NH3-N/TN),and increased organic acid content compared with the CK. The fermentation quality of silage was the best with 65% moisture content of sweet sorghum. There was no significant difference in the pH and NH3-N/TN between wiliting silage and mixed silage( P>0.05),and the lactic acid content of the mixed silage S+CS was higher than that of the other treatments( P<0.05). Crude protein recoveries( CPR) of mixed silage were higher than those of CK and the CPR in other mixed silage except for S+RS were also higher than those of wilting silage. In addition,mixing straws improved the dry matter recovery and the ability of carbohydrates to transform into acid was improved by mixed ensiling. [Conclusions]The optimum moisture content of sweet sorghum to produce silage was 65%. The fermentation quality and crude protein or dry matter recovery were enhanced by ensiling mixtures of different straws and sweet sorghum. Corn stalk was the best material mixing with sweet sorghum achieving the best fermentaion quality and the highest nutrients preservation.
引文
[1]渠晖,沈益新.国内外甜高粱研究概况[C]//2012第二届中国草业大会.北京,2012.Qu H,Shen Y X. Researeh progresses in sweet sorghum[C]//2012 the 2nd China Grassland Agriculture Conference. Beijing,2012(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2] Amaducci S,Monti A,Venturi G. Non-structural carbohydrates and fibre components in sweet and fibre sorghum as affected by low and normal input techniques[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2004,20(1):111-118.
[3] Wortmann C S,Liska A J,Ferguson R B,et al. Dryland performance of sweet sorghum and grain crops for biofuel in Nebraska[J]. Agronomy Journal,2010,102(1):319.
[4] Qu H,Liu X B,Dong C F,et al. Field performance and nutritive value of sweet sorghum in eastern China[J]. Field Crops Research,2014,157(2):84-88.
[5]李春宏,张培通,郭文琦,等.甜高粱青贮饲料研究与利用现状及展望[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(3):150-152.Li C H,Zhang P T,Guo W Q,et al. Status and prospects of research and utilization of sweet sorghum silage[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(3):150-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]渠晖,沈益新.甜高粱用作青贮作物的潜力评价[J].草地学报,2011,19(5):808-812.Qu H,Shen Y X. Evaluation the potential of sweet sorghum grown for silage crop[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(5):808-812(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]张苏江,艾买尔江·吾斯曼,薛兴中,等.南疆玉米和不同糖分甜高粱的青贮品质分析[J].草业学报,2014,23(3):232-240.Zhang S J,Amerjan O,Xue X Z,et al. Quality analysis on different sweet sorghum silages in southern Xinjiang compared with a corn silage[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(3):232-240(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]许庆方,韩建国,玉柱.青贮渗出液的研究进展[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):90-95.Xu Q F,Han J G,Yu Z. Advances in the research of silage effluent[J]. Pratacultural Science,2005,22(11):90-95(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]王明,周斐然,肖丹,等.甜高粱与苜蓿混贮品质评价与乳酸菌分离鉴定[J].塔里木大学学报,2017,29(3):19-28.Wang M,Zhou F R,Xiao D,et al. Quality evaluation and separation identification of lactic acid bacteriafrom mixed silage of sweet sorghum and alfalfa[J]. Journal of Tarim University,2017,29(3):19-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10] Liu H L,Deng H F,Xu H Q,et al. Nutritional quality of mixed silage of Lablab purpureus and sweet sorghum[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2017,9(6):398-401.
[11]彭春艳,罗怀良,孔静.中国作物秸秆资源量估算与利用状况研究进展[J].中国农业资源与区划,2014,35(3):14-20.Peng C Y,Luo H L,Kong J. Advance in estimation and utilization of crop residues resources in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2014,35(3):14-20(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Tang S X,Tayo G O,Tan Z L,et al. Use of in vitro gas production technique to investigate interactions between rice straw,wheat straw,maize stover and alfalfa or clover[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2008,21(9):1278-1285.
[13]薛艳林,孙启忠,赵和平,等.沙蒿与玉米秸秆混合比例和乳酸菌制剂对混合青贮饲料品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(5):1310-1319.Xue Y L,Sun Q Z,Zhao H P,et al. Effects of mixing ratio of Artemisia desterorum spreng and corn straw and lactic acid bacteria on quality of mixed silage[J]. Chines Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(5):1310-1319(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]于杰,郑琛,李发弟,等.向日葵秸秆与全株玉米混合青贮饲料品质评定[J].草业学报,2013,22(5):198-204.Yu J,Zheng C,Li F D,et al. An evaluation of mixed-ensiling sunflower straw and whole corn on silage quality[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(5):198-204(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15] van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A. Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[16] Owens V N,Albrecht K A,Muck R E,et al. Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates[J]. Crop Science,1999,39(6):1873-1880.
[17] Weatherburnm M W. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1967,39(8):971-974.
[18]万楚筠,钮琰星,黄凤洪,等.对羟基联苯比色法测定乳酸显色反应条件的研究[J].食品工业科技,2013,34(7):322-324.Wan C Y,Niu Y X,Huang F H,et al. Study on chromogenic reaction conditions of lactic acid determination by phydroxydiphenyl colorimetry[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2013,34(7):322-324(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]郭旭生,丁武蓉,玉柱.青贮饲料发酵品质评定体系及其新进展[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):100-106.Guo X S,Ding W R,Yu Z. The evaluation system of fermentation quality of ensiled forage and its improvement[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(4):100-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]李春宏,张培通,郭文琦,等.甜高粱青贮品质及对山羊饲喂效果的研究[J].草地学报,2016,24(1):214-217.Li C H,Zhang P T,Guo W Q,et al. Study on silage quality and feeding effects on goat of sweet sorghum[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(1):214-217(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]李蓓蓓,李秋凤,曹玉凤,等.玉米秸秆青贮饲料和谷草组合效应的研究[J].畜牧与兽医,2017,49(6):32-38.Li B B,Li Q F,Cao Y F,et al. Associative effects study between corn straw silage and millet straw[J]. Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,49(6):32-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]琚泽亮,赵桂琴,覃方锉,等.含水量对燕麦及燕麦+箭筈豌豆裹包青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(7):1426-1433.Ju Z L,Zhao G Q,Qin F C,et al. Effect of different moisture contents on fermentation quality of baling silage of monoculture oat and oat and common vetch mixture[J]. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(7):1426-1433(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]张金霞,乔红霞,刘雨田.水分和添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2014,31(4):766-770.Zhang J X,Qiao H X,Liu Y T. Effects of moisture and additives on feed quality of alfalfa silage[J]. Pratacultural Science,2014,31(4):766-770(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]李君临,张新全,玉柱,等.多花黑麦草与水稻秸秆混合青贮品质旳研究[J].草地学报,2014,22(4):915-918.Li J L,Zhang X Q,Yu Z,et al. A study on quality of Italian ryegrass and rice straw mixed silage[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(4):915-918(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]梁欢,刘贵波,吴佳海,等.混贮模式对高丹草青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):188-196.Liang H,Liu G B,Wu J H,et al. Effects of mixed silage modes on the fermentation quality and in vitro gas dynamics of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid(Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense)[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(4):188-196(in Chinese with English abstract).
[2] Amaducci S,Monti A,Venturi G. Non-structural carbohydrates and fibre components in sweet and fibre sorghum as affected by low and normal input techniques[J]. Industrial Crops and Products,2004,20(1):111-118.
[3] Wortmann C S,Liska A J,Ferguson R B,et al. Dryland performance of sweet sorghum and grain crops for biofuel in Nebraska[J]. Agronomy Journal,2010,102(1):319.
[4] Qu H,Liu X B,Dong C F,et al. Field performance and nutritive value of sweet sorghum in eastern China[J]. Field Crops Research,2014,157(2):84-88.
[5]李春宏,张培通,郭文琦,等.甜高粱青贮饲料研究与利用现状及展望[J].江苏农业科学,2014,42(3):150-152.Li C H,Zhang P T,Guo W Q,et al. Status and prospects of research and utilization of sweet sorghum silage[J]. Jiangsu Agricultural Sciences,2014,42(3):150-152(in Chinese with English abstract).
[6]渠晖,沈益新.甜高粱用作青贮作物的潜力评价[J].草地学报,2011,19(5):808-812.Qu H,Shen Y X. Evaluation the potential of sweet sorghum grown for silage crop[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2011,19(5):808-812(in Chinese with English abstract).
[7]张苏江,艾买尔江·吾斯曼,薛兴中,等.南疆玉米和不同糖分甜高粱的青贮品质分析[J].草业学报,2014,23(3):232-240.Zhang S J,Amerjan O,Xue X Z,et al. Quality analysis on different sweet sorghum silages in southern Xinjiang compared with a corn silage[J].Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2014,23(3):232-240(in Chinese with English abstract).
[8]许庆方,韩建国,玉柱.青贮渗出液的研究进展[J].草业科学,2005,22(11):90-95.Xu Q F,Han J G,Yu Z. Advances in the research of silage effluent[J]. Pratacultural Science,2005,22(11):90-95(in Chinese with English abstract).
[9]王明,周斐然,肖丹,等.甜高粱与苜蓿混贮品质评价与乳酸菌分离鉴定[J].塔里木大学学报,2017,29(3):19-28.Wang M,Zhou F R,Xiao D,et al. Quality evaluation and separation identification of lactic acid bacteriafrom mixed silage of sweet sorghum and alfalfa[J]. Journal of Tarim University,2017,29(3):19-28(in Chinese with English abstract).
[10] Liu H L,Deng H F,Xu H Q,et al. Nutritional quality of mixed silage of Lablab purpureus and sweet sorghum[J]. Animal Husbandry and Feed Science,2017,9(6):398-401.
[11]彭春艳,罗怀良,孔静.中国作物秸秆资源量估算与利用状况研究进展[J].中国农业资源与区划,2014,35(3):14-20.Peng C Y,Luo H L,Kong J. Advance in estimation and utilization of crop residues resources in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning,2014,35(3):14-20(in Chinese with English abstract).
[12] Tang S X,Tayo G O,Tan Z L,et al. Use of in vitro gas production technique to investigate interactions between rice straw,wheat straw,maize stover and alfalfa or clover[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences,2008,21(9):1278-1285.
[13]薛艳林,孙启忠,赵和平,等.沙蒿与玉米秸秆混合比例和乳酸菌制剂对混合青贮饲料品质的影响[J].动物营养学报,2014,26(5):1310-1319.Xue Y L,Sun Q Z,Zhao H P,et al. Effects of mixing ratio of Artemisia desterorum spreng and corn straw and lactic acid bacteria on quality of mixed silage[J]. Chines Journal of Animal Nutrition,2014,26(5):1310-1319(in Chinese with English abstract).
[14]于杰,郑琛,李发弟,等.向日葵秸秆与全株玉米混合青贮饲料品质评定[J].草业学报,2013,22(5):198-204.Yu J,Zheng C,Li F D,et al. An evaluation of mixed-ensiling sunflower straw and whole corn on silage quality[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2013,22(5):198-204(in Chinese with English abstract).
[15] van Soest P J,Robertson J B,Lewis B A. Methods for dietary fiber,neutral detergent fiber,and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition[J]. Journal of Dairy Science,1991,74(10):3583-3597.
[16] Owens V N,Albrecht K A,Muck R E,et al. Protein degradation and fermentation characteristics of red clover and alfalfa silage harvested with varying levels of total nonstructural carbohydrates[J]. Crop Science,1999,39(6):1873-1880.
[17] Weatherburnm M W. Phenol-hypochlorite reaction for determination of ammonia[J]. Analytical Chemistry,1967,39(8):971-974.
[18]万楚筠,钮琰星,黄凤洪,等.对羟基联苯比色法测定乳酸显色反应条件的研究[J].食品工业科技,2013,34(7):322-324.Wan C Y,Niu Y X,Huang F H,et al. Study on chromogenic reaction conditions of lactic acid determination by phydroxydiphenyl colorimetry[J].Science and Technology of Food Industry,2013,34(7):322-324(in Chinese with English abstract).
[19]郭旭生,丁武蓉,玉柱.青贮饲料发酵品质评定体系及其新进展[J].中国草地学报,2008,30(4):100-106.Guo X S,Ding W R,Yu Z. The evaluation system of fermentation quality of ensiled forage and its improvement[J]. Chinese Journal of Grassland,2008,30(4):100-106(in Chinese with English abstract).
[20]李春宏,张培通,郭文琦,等.甜高粱青贮品质及对山羊饲喂效果的研究[J].草地学报,2016,24(1):214-217.Li C H,Zhang P T,Guo W Q,et al. Study on silage quality and feeding effects on goat of sweet sorghum[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2016,24(1):214-217(in Chinese with English abstract).
[21]李蓓蓓,李秋凤,曹玉凤,等.玉米秸秆青贮饲料和谷草组合效应的研究[J].畜牧与兽医,2017,49(6):32-38.Li B B,Li Q F,Cao Y F,et al. Associative effects study between corn straw silage and millet straw[J]. Animal Husbandry&Veterinary Medicine,2017,49(6):32-38(in Chinese with English abstract).
[22]琚泽亮,赵桂琴,覃方锉,等.含水量对燕麦及燕麦+箭筈豌豆裹包青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2016,33(7):1426-1433.Ju Z L,Zhao G Q,Qin F C,et al. Effect of different moisture contents on fermentation quality of baling silage of monoculture oat and oat and common vetch mixture[J]. Pratacultural Science,2016,33(7):1426-1433(in Chinese with English abstract).
[23]张金霞,乔红霞,刘雨田.水分和添加剂对紫花苜蓿青贮品质的影响[J].草业科学,2014,31(4):766-770.Zhang J X,Qiao H X,Liu Y T. Effects of moisture and additives on feed quality of alfalfa silage[J]. Pratacultural Science,2014,31(4):766-770(in Chinese with English abstract).
[24]李君临,张新全,玉柱,等.多花黑麦草与水稻秸秆混合青贮品质旳研究[J].草地学报,2014,22(4):915-918.Li J L,Zhang X Q,Yu Z,et al. A study on quality of Italian ryegrass and rice straw mixed silage[J]. Acta Agrestia Sinica,2014,22(4):915-918(in Chinese with English abstract).
[25]梁欢,刘贵波,吴佳海,等.混贮模式对高丹草青贮发酵品质及体外产气动力学特性的影响[J].草业学报,2016,25(4):188-196.Liang H,Liu G B,Wu J H,et al. Effects of mixed silage modes on the fermentation quality and in vitro gas dynamics of sorghum-sudangrass hybrid(Sorghum bicolor×Sorghum sudanense)[J]. Acta Prataculturae Sinica,2016,25(4):188-196(in Chinese with English abstract).