如何实现乡村的振兴?——基于美国乡村发展政策演变的经验借鉴
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摘要
美国推进乡村发展的过程历经了80多年时间,可以为中国实施乡村振兴战略提供一定的经验借鉴。在乡村发展的不同阶段,美国政府的政策工具和目标也在不断调整完善。从1936年施行《农村电气化法》开始,美国政府以促进乡村发展为目标,支持政策经历了从关注农业生产到改善基础设施条件,解决乡村贫困问题,再到培育乡村自我发展能力的多元化发展路径,呈现出鲜明的阶段性特征。在美国乡村发展政策的演变过程中,政府起到了积极的主导作用,通过农业立法、构建管理制度体系和借助社会资本的方式,促进了城乡一体化的有效落实。对中国来说,乡村振兴战略是一项前所未有的重大决策部署,要做好长期攻坚的准备。中国实施乡村振兴战略的背景与美国20世纪七八十年代的情况相近,推进乡村的全面振兴可以吸取美国乡村发展政策演变过程中的经验教训,分阶段、有侧重地实施战略内容,以立法为保障、以市场为基准,加快建立乡村振兴政策体系和制度框架,鼓励产业延伸和创新,逐步推进新乡村、新乡风和新乡貌形成。
The process of promoting rural development in the United States has gone through more than 80 years, which can provide some experience for China in the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization. At different stages of rural development, the policy tools and objectives of the United States government are constantly being adjusted and improved. Since the implementation of the Rural Electrification Act in 1936, the U.S. government's support policy has experienced a diversified development path from focusing on agricultural production issues to improving infrastructure conditions, solving rural poverty, and cultivating rural self-development capabilities. Each stage has demonstrated distinct characteristics. As for China, rural revitalization strategy is an unprecedented reform, which should be implemented as a long-term task. The strategic background of China's rural revitalization is similar to the conditions of the United States in the 1970 s and 1980 s. The study suggests that to promote the overall rural revitalization, China can learn from the experience and lessons of the rural development policy in the United States. It means that China should implement the strategy in a phased manner, establish the rural revitalization policy system and institutional framework, encourage industrial extension and innovation, and gradually promote the formation of new villages, new rural customs and new rural appearances.
The process of promoting rural development in the United States has gone through more than 80 years, which can provide some experience for China in the implementation of the strategy of rural revitalization. At different stages of rural development, the policy tools and objectives of the United States government are constantly being adjusted and improved. Since the implementation of the Rural Electrification Act in 1936, the U.S. government's support policy has experienced a diversified development path from focusing on agricultural production issues to improving infrastructure conditions, solving rural poverty, and cultivating rural self-development capabilities. Each stage has demonstrated distinct characteristics. As for China, rural revitalization strategy is an unprecedented reform, which should be implemented as a long-term task. The strategic background of China's rural revitalization is similar to the conditions of the United States in the 1970 s and 1980 s. The study suggests that to promote the overall rural revitalization, China can learn from the experience and lessons of the rural development policy in the United States. It means that China should implement the strategy in a phased manner, establish the rural revitalization policy system and institutional framework, encourage industrial extension and innovation, and gradually promote the formation of new villages, new rural customs and new rural appearances.
引文
1.曹斌,2018:《乡村振兴的日本实践:背景、措施与启示》,《中国农村经济》第8期。
2.陈秋红、蔡玉秋,2010:《美国农业生态环境保护的经验及启示》,《农业经济》第1期。
3.韩立民,1996:《韩国的“新村运动”及其启示》,《中国农村观察》第4期。
4.李超民,2008:《城乡对立:制度根源、矛盾化解与农村发展立法》,《农业经济问题》第6期。
5.李泉,2005:《中外城乡关系问题研究综述》,《甘肃社会科学》第4期。
6.李仙娥、王春艳,2004:《国外农村剩余劳动力转移模式的比较》,《中国农村经济》第5期。
7.芦千文、姜长云,2018:《乡村振兴的他山之石:美国农村政策的演变历程和趋势》,《农村经济》第9期。
8.沈费伟、刘祖云,2016:《发达国家乡村治理的典型模式与经验借鉴》,《农业经济问题》第9期。
9.姚桂桂,2010:《美国重农神话与美国农业政策》,《西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版)》第5期。
10.张军,2018:《乡村价值定位与乡村振兴》,《中国农村经济》第1期。
11.张永强、郭翔宇、秦智伟,2007:《日本“一村一品”运动及其对我国新农村建设的启示》,《东北农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第6期。
12.Byerlee,D.,X.Diao,C.Jackson,2005,“Agriculture,Rural Development,and Pro-Poor Growth:Country Experiences in the Post-Reform Era”,Synthesis Paper for the Operationalizing Pro-Poor Growth in the 1990s Project.The World Bank,Washington,DC.
13.Cowan,T.,2016“An Overview of USDA Rural Development Programs”,CRS Report for Congress No,RL31837.Washington,DC:Congressional Research Service.
14.Drabenstott,M.,2003,“A New Era for Rural Policy”,Economic Review,88(4):81-99.
15..Effland,A.B.,1993,“Federal Rural Development Policy Since 1972”,Rural Development Perspectives,9(1):8-14.
16.Gibbs,R.,2018,“Education As a Rural Development Strategy”,Amber Waves,3(5):20-25.
17.Kuznets,S.,1955,“Economic Growth and Income Inequality”,American Economic Review,45(1):1-28.
18.Lurie,S.,C..Brekken,2017,“The Role of Local Agriculture in the New Natural Resource Economy(NNRE)for Rural Economic Development”,Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,1-11.
19.Lynch,K.,2005,Rural-Urban Interaction in the Developing World,London:Routledge.
20.Mills,K.G.,E.Reynolds and A.Reamer,2008,Clusters and Competitiveness:A New Federal Role for Stimulating Regional Economies,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution.
21.Marshall,R.,2001,“Rural Policy in the New Century”,International Regional Science Review,24(1):59-83.
22.Porter,M.,C.Ketels,K.Miller and R.Bryden,2004,“Competitiveness in Rural US Regions:Learning and Research Agenda”Repot Prepared for the Economic Development Administration,U.S.Department of Commerce,Washington,DC.
23.Ranis,G.,J.C.Fei,1961,“A Theory of Economic Development”American Economic Review,51(4):533-565.
24.Stauber,K.,2001,“Why Invest in Rural America-And How?A Critical Public Policy Question for the 21st Century”,Economic Review,86(2):33-63.
(1)数据来源于世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS)。
(2)数据来源于世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS)。
(1)参见:USDAEconomicResearchService,2018,RuralPoverty&Well-being,https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/ruraleconomy-population/rural-poverty-well-being/#historic。
(2)参见:USDA Economic Research Service, 2018, Rural Employment and Unemployment, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/employment-education/rural-employment-and-unemployment/。
(1)根据美国的统计制度,政府财年是指上年的10月1日到次年的9月30日。
2.陈秋红、蔡玉秋,2010:《美国农业生态环境保护的经验及启示》,《农业经济》第1期。
3.韩立民,1996:《韩国的“新村运动”及其启示》,《中国农村观察》第4期。
4.李超民,2008:《城乡对立:制度根源、矛盾化解与农村发展立法》,《农业经济问题》第6期。
5.李泉,2005:《中外城乡关系问题研究综述》,《甘肃社会科学》第4期。
6.李仙娥、王春艳,2004:《国外农村剩余劳动力转移模式的比较》,《中国农村经济》第5期。
7.芦千文、姜长云,2018:《乡村振兴的他山之石:美国农村政策的演变历程和趋势》,《农村经济》第9期。
8.沈费伟、刘祖云,2016:《发达国家乡村治理的典型模式与经验借鉴》,《农业经济问题》第9期。
9.姚桂桂,2010:《美国重农神话与美国农业政策》,《西北农林科技大学学报(社会科学版)》第5期。
10.张军,2018:《乡村价值定位与乡村振兴》,《中国农村经济》第1期。
11.张永强、郭翔宇、秦智伟,2007:《日本“一村一品”运动及其对我国新农村建设的启示》,《东北农业大学学报(社会科学版)》第6期。
12.Byerlee,D.,X.Diao,C.Jackson,2005,“Agriculture,Rural Development,and Pro-Poor Growth:Country Experiences in the Post-Reform Era”,Synthesis Paper for the Operationalizing Pro-Poor Growth in the 1990s Project.The World Bank,Washington,DC.
13.Cowan,T.,2016“An Overview of USDA Rural Development Programs”,CRS Report for Congress No,RL31837.Washington,DC:Congressional Research Service.
14.Drabenstott,M.,2003,“A New Era for Rural Policy”,Economic Review,88(4):81-99.
15..Effland,A.B.,1993,“Federal Rural Development Policy Since 1972”,Rural Development Perspectives,9(1):8-14.
16.Gibbs,R.,2018,“Education As a Rural Development Strategy”,Amber Waves,3(5):20-25.
17.Kuznets,S.,1955,“Economic Growth and Income Inequality”,American Economic Review,45(1):1-28.
18.Lurie,S.,C..Brekken,2017,“The Role of Local Agriculture in the New Natural Resource Economy(NNRE)for Rural Economic Development”,Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems,1-11.
19.Lynch,K.,2005,Rural-Urban Interaction in the Developing World,London:Routledge.
20.Mills,K.G.,E.Reynolds and A.Reamer,2008,Clusters and Competitiveness:A New Federal Role for Stimulating Regional Economies,Washington,DC:Brookings Institution.
21.Marshall,R.,2001,“Rural Policy in the New Century”,International Regional Science Review,24(1):59-83.
22.Porter,M.,C.Ketels,K.Miller and R.Bryden,2004,“Competitiveness in Rural US Regions:Learning and Research Agenda”Repot Prepared for the Economic Development Administration,U.S.Department of Commerce,Washington,DC.
23.Ranis,G.,J.C.Fei,1961,“A Theory of Economic Development”American Economic Review,51(4):533-565.
24.Stauber,K.,2001,“Why Invest in Rural America-And How?A Critical Public Policy Question for the 21st Century”,Economic Review,86(2):33-63.
(1)数据来源于世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS)。
(2)数据来源于世界银行数据库(https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NV.AGR.TOTL.ZS)。
(1)参见:USDAEconomicResearchService,2018,RuralPoverty&Well-being,https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/ruraleconomy-population/rural-poverty-well-being/#historic。
(2)参见:USDA Economic Research Service, 2018, Rural Employment and Unemployment, https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/rural-economy-population/employment-education/rural-employment-and-unemployment/。
(1)根据美国的统计制度,政府财年是指上年的10月1日到次年的9月30日。