家族企业跨国创业成长过程研究——资源拼凑视角的纵向单案例研究
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摘要
跨国创业是家族企业应对全球化竞争以及获得国际化成长的必然选择。家族企业如何突破资源束缚展开创业活动并获得企业与家族的双重成长,现有研究对此还缺乏系统的学术分析。本文以宁波圣龙(集团)有限公司为研究对象,基于资源拼凑视角揭示家族企业独特的跨国创业成长路径,研究发现:基于国内外环境的差异性,跨国创业的资源拼凑主导逻辑延续"学习为主导—效率为主导—战略为主导"的基本方向,形成连续的选择性拼凑;跨国创业机会识别、把握和开发与资源挑选、引入和组合是一个有机的整体和相互交织的过程,体现家族企业在不同跨国创业阶段的资源拼凑动态演化,驱动资源的价值生成;家族企业特性亦使跨国创业过程中的资源拼凑朝着有利于实现家族愿景、控制意图和家族性资源整合的方向发展,借助跨国创业拼凑形成新的有序状态,获得跨国创业成长。本研究完善并深化了资源拼凑的应用情境、动因和过程,构建了基于资源拼凑的家族企业跨国创业成长理论模型,研究结论为面临复杂多元的国际环境、内外资源匮乏的家族企业实施跨国创业提供了启示和借鉴。
Based on the theory of resource bricolage, following the logic framework of"situation—process—result", a longitudinal single case study of SL(Group)CO., LTD. is designed to systematically induce and analyze the growth process of international entrepreneurship and the influence mechanism based on the characteristics of family firms. The study focuses on the environment, logic and mode of resource bricolage and the entrepreneurial growth of family firms, and takes the three experiences of SL's international entrepreneurship in the process of internationalization as relatively independent but interrelated research units to construct the theoretical model of international entrepreneurial growth of family firms. The study finds that: Firstly, the resource bricolage environment and the resource endowment of family firms in the context of international entrepreneurship experience a dynamic changing process. The environmental gap between domestic and foreign countries will attract entrepreneurs to start international entrepreneurial activities, and the development of domestic industries will narrow the environmental gap, thus reducing the attraction. Meanwhile, the resource endowment of family entrepreneurs gradually increases, thus the willingness of international entrepreneurship always remain at a high level. The dominant logic of resource bricolage in international entrepreneurship follows the direction of "learning-oriented, efficiency-oriented and strategy-oriented", forming a continuous selective bricolage. Secondly, the identification, grasp and development of international entrepreneurial opportunities, and the selection, introduction and integration of resources are an organic whole and interwoven process. In the stage of opportunity identification, entrepreneurs go through the selection process from experience-based to network-based to strategy-based. In the process of seizing the opportunity, staged bricolage strategies by means of mode innovation in joint venture, cooperation innovation in two generations and integration innovation in industrial chains should be formed to introduce resources. In the stage of opportunity development, entrepreneurs gradually upgrade the combination of resources from "utilization – development – integration", among which the integration of hidden resources generates more sustainable resource value. Thirdly, the characteristics of family firms have an important impact on international entrepreneurship in terms of entrepreneurial subjects,bricolage continuity and selectivity, which promote resource bricolage in favor of realizing family vision, controlling intentions and integrating familiness, helping to form a new orderly state and achieve growth in the process of international entrepreneurship. This study elaborates and expands the application situation, orientation and process of resource bricolage. Specifically, based on the dynamic process of different bricolage types in regional space exploration, this paper focuses on the mutual transformation, supplement and substitution between entrepreneurial behavior and bricolage; by embedding the theory of resource bricolage into the research field of family firms, the influence mechanism of the characteristics of family firms on the process of resource bricolage and the mechanism of the role of resource bricolage in promoting the growth of international entrepreneurship of family firms are clarified. The conclusions of this study provid inspiration and reference for family firms who implement international entrepreneurship while facing complex and diverse international environment and resource scarcity.
Based on the theory of resource bricolage, following the logic framework of"situation—process—result", a longitudinal single case study of SL(Group)CO., LTD. is designed to systematically induce and analyze the growth process of international entrepreneurship and the influence mechanism based on the characteristics of family firms. The study focuses on the environment, logic and mode of resource bricolage and the entrepreneurial growth of family firms, and takes the three experiences of SL's international entrepreneurship in the process of internationalization as relatively independent but interrelated research units to construct the theoretical model of international entrepreneurial growth of family firms. The study finds that: Firstly, the resource bricolage environment and the resource endowment of family firms in the context of international entrepreneurship experience a dynamic changing process. The environmental gap between domestic and foreign countries will attract entrepreneurs to start international entrepreneurial activities, and the development of domestic industries will narrow the environmental gap, thus reducing the attraction. Meanwhile, the resource endowment of family entrepreneurs gradually increases, thus the willingness of international entrepreneurship always remain at a high level. The dominant logic of resource bricolage in international entrepreneurship follows the direction of "learning-oriented, efficiency-oriented and strategy-oriented", forming a continuous selective bricolage. Secondly, the identification, grasp and development of international entrepreneurial opportunities, and the selection, introduction and integration of resources are an organic whole and interwoven process. In the stage of opportunity identification, entrepreneurs go through the selection process from experience-based to network-based to strategy-based. In the process of seizing the opportunity, staged bricolage strategies by means of mode innovation in joint venture, cooperation innovation in two generations and integration innovation in industrial chains should be formed to introduce resources. In the stage of opportunity development, entrepreneurs gradually upgrade the combination of resources from "utilization – development – integration", among which the integration of hidden resources generates more sustainable resource value. Thirdly, the characteristics of family firms have an important impact on international entrepreneurship in terms of entrepreneurial subjects,bricolage continuity and selectivity, which promote resource bricolage in favor of realizing family vision, controlling intentions and integrating familiness, helping to form a new orderly state and achieve growth in the process of international entrepreneurship. This study elaborates and expands the application situation, orientation and process of resource bricolage. Specifically, based on the dynamic process of different bricolage types in regional space exploration, this paper focuses on the mutual transformation, supplement and substitution between entrepreneurial behavior and bricolage; by embedding the theory of resource bricolage into the research field of family firms, the influence mechanism of the characteristics of family firms on the process of resource bricolage and the mechanism of the role of resource bricolage in promoting the growth of international entrepreneurship of family firms are clarified. The conclusions of this study provid inspiration and reference for family firms who implement international entrepreneurship while facing complex and diverse international environment and resource scarcity.
引文
[1]程聪,谢洪明,池仁勇.中国企业跨国并购的组织合法性聚焦:内部,外部,还是内部+外部?[J].管理世界,2017,(4):158-173.
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[4]梁强,罗英光,谢舜龙.基于资源拼凑理论的创业资源价值实现研究与未来展望[J].外国经济与管理,2013,(5):14-22.
[5]彭新敏,吴晓波,吴东.基于二次创新动态过程的企业网络与组织学习平衡模式演化——海天1971~2010年纵向案例研究[J].管理世界,2011,(4):138-149, 166.
[6]彭新敏,郑素丽,吴晓波,等.后发企业如何从追赶到前沿?——双元性学习的视角[J].管理世界,2017,(2):142-158.
[7]苏芳,毛基业,谢卫红.资源贫乏企业应对环境剧变的拼凑过程研究[J].管理世界,2016,(8):137-149.
[8]苏敬勤,林菁菁.国有企业的自主创新:除了政治身份还有哪些情境因素?[J].管理评论,2016,(3):230-240.
[9]王扬眉.家族企业继承人创业成长金字塔模型——基于个人意义构建视角的多案例研究[J].管理世界,2019,(2):168-184.
[10]王益民,梁枢,赵志彬.国际化速度前沿研究述评:基于全过程视角的理论模型构建[J].外国经济与管理,2017,(9):98-112.
[11]杨建锋,孟晓斌,王重鸣.家族企业特征对其国际化进程的影响——基于组织学习视角的探讨[J].外国经济与管理,2008,(4):39-46.
[12]于晓宇,李雅洁,陶向明.创业拼凑研究综述与未来展望[J].管理学报,2017,(2):306-316.
[13]祝振铎,李新春.新创企业成长战略:资源拼凑的研究综述与展望[J].外国经济与管理,2016,(11):71-82.
[14]Cunha M P E, Rego A, Oliveira P, et al. Product innovation in resource-poor environments:Three research streams[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2014, 31(2):202-210.
[15]Desa G, Basu S. Optimization or bricolage? Overcoming resource constraints in global social entrepreneurship[J]. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2013, 7(1):26-49.
[16]Engel Y, Kaandorp M, Elfring T. Toward a dynamic process model of entrepreneurial networking under uncertainty[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2017, 32(1):35-51.
[17]Fatoki O, Patswawairi T. The motivations and obstacles to immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa[J]. Journal of Social Sciences,2012, 32(2):133-142.
[18]Geoffrey D, Sandip B. Optimization or bricolage? overcoming resource constraints in global social entrepreneurship[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2013, 7(1):26-49.
[19]Holt D T. Strategic decisions within family firms:Understanding the controlling family’s receptivity to internationalization[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2012, 36(6):1145-1151.
[20]Jennings J E, Brush C G. Research on women entrepreneurs:Challenges to(and from)the broader entrepreneurship literature?[J]. Academy of Management Annals,2013, 7(1):663-715.
[21]Mazzei M J, Ketchen D J Jr, Shook C L. Understanding strategic entrepreneurship:A “theoretical toolbox” approach[J].International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,2017, 13(2):631-663.
[22]Lee K, Malerba F. Catch-up cycles and changes in industrial leadership:Windows of opportunity and responses of firms and countries in the evolution of sectoral systems[J]. Research Policy,2017, 46(2):338-351.
[23]Molecke G, Pinkse J. Accountability for social impact:A bricolage perspective on impact measurement in social enterprises[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2017, 32(5):550-568.
[24]Perkmann M, Spicer A. How emerging organizations take form:The role of imprinting and values in organizational bricolage[J]. Organization Science,2014, 25(6):1785-1806.
[25]Perry-Smith J E, Mannucci P V. From creativity to innovation:The social network drivers of the four phases of the idea journey[J]. Academy of Management Review,2015, 42(1):53-79.
[26]Randerson K, Bettinelli C, Fayolle A. Family entrepreneurship as a field of research:Exploring its contours and contents[J].Journal of Family Business Strategy,2015, 6(3):143-154.
[27]Salunke S, Weerawardena J, McColl-Kennedy J R. Competing through service innovation:The role of bricolage and entrepreneurship in project-oriented firms[J]. Journal of Business Research,2013, 66(8):1085-1097.
[28]Senyard J, Baker T, Steffens P, et al. Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2014, 31(2):211-230.
[29]Sirmon D G, Hitt M A, Ireland R D. Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value:Looking inside the black box[J]. Academy of Management Review,2007, 32(1):273-292.
[30]Solesvik M Z, Westhead P, Kolvereid L, et al. Student intentions to become self-employed:the Ukrainian context[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,2012, 19(3):441-460.
[31]Wright M, Stigliani I. Entrepreneurship and growth[J]. International Small Business Journal,2013, 31(1):1-33.
[32]Ye G L, Priem R L, Alshwer A A. Achieving demand-side synergy from strategic diversification:How combining mundane assets can leverage consumer utilities[J]. Organization Science,2012, 23(1):207-224.
[2]方世建,黄明辉.创业新组拼理论溯源、主要内容探析与未来研究展望[J].外国经济与管理,2013,(10):2-12.
[3]李新春,叶文平,朱沆.牢笼的束缚与抗争:地区关系文化与创业企业的关系战略[J].管理世界,2016,(10):88-102.
[4]梁强,罗英光,谢舜龙.基于资源拼凑理论的创业资源价值实现研究与未来展望[J].外国经济与管理,2013,(5):14-22.
[5]彭新敏,吴晓波,吴东.基于二次创新动态过程的企业网络与组织学习平衡模式演化——海天1971~2010年纵向案例研究[J].管理世界,2011,(4):138-149, 166.
[6]彭新敏,郑素丽,吴晓波,等.后发企业如何从追赶到前沿?——双元性学习的视角[J].管理世界,2017,(2):142-158.
[7]苏芳,毛基业,谢卫红.资源贫乏企业应对环境剧变的拼凑过程研究[J].管理世界,2016,(8):137-149.
[8]苏敬勤,林菁菁.国有企业的自主创新:除了政治身份还有哪些情境因素?[J].管理评论,2016,(3):230-240.
[9]王扬眉.家族企业继承人创业成长金字塔模型——基于个人意义构建视角的多案例研究[J].管理世界,2019,(2):168-184.
[10]王益民,梁枢,赵志彬.国际化速度前沿研究述评:基于全过程视角的理论模型构建[J].外国经济与管理,2017,(9):98-112.
[11]杨建锋,孟晓斌,王重鸣.家族企业特征对其国际化进程的影响——基于组织学习视角的探讨[J].外国经济与管理,2008,(4):39-46.
[12]于晓宇,李雅洁,陶向明.创业拼凑研究综述与未来展望[J].管理学报,2017,(2):306-316.
[13]祝振铎,李新春.新创企业成长战略:资源拼凑的研究综述与展望[J].外国经济与管理,2016,(11):71-82.
[14]Cunha M P E, Rego A, Oliveira P, et al. Product innovation in resource-poor environments:Three research streams[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2014, 31(2):202-210.
[15]Desa G, Basu S. Optimization or bricolage? Overcoming resource constraints in global social entrepreneurship[J]. Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2013, 7(1):26-49.
[16]Engel Y, Kaandorp M, Elfring T. Toward a dynamic process model of entrepreneurial networking under uncertainty[J].Journal of Business Venturing,2017, 32(1):35-51.
[17]Fatoki O, Patswawairi T. The motivations and obstacles to immigrant entrepreneurship in South Africa[J]. Journal of Social Sciences,2012, 32(2):133-142.
[18]Geoffrey D, Sandip B. Optimization or bricolage? overcoming resource constraints in global social entrepreneurship[J].Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal,2013, 7(1):26-49.
[19]Holt D T. Strategic decisions within family firms:Understanding the controlling family’s receptivity to internationalization[J].Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,2012, 36(6):1145-1151.
[20]Jennings J E, Brush C G. Research on women entrepreneurs:Challenges to(and from)the broader entrepreneurship literature?[J]. Academy of Management Annals,2013, 7(1):663-715.
[21]Mazzei M J, Ketchen D J Jr, Shook C L. Understanding strategic entrepreneurship:A “theoretical toolbox” approach[J].International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal,2017, 13(2):631-663.
[22]Lee K, Malerba F. Catch-up cycles and changes in industrial leadership:Windows of opportunity and responses of firms and countries in the evolution of sectoral systems[J]. Research Policy,2017, 46(2):338-351.
[23]Molecke G, Pinkse J. Accountability for social impact:A bricolage perspective on impact measurement in social enterprises[J]. Journal of Business Venturing,2017, 32(5):550-568.
[24]Perkmann M, Spicer A. How emerging organizations take form:The role of imprinting and values in organizational bricolage[J]. Organization Science,2014, 25(6):1785-1806.
[25]Perry-Smith J E, Mannucci P V. From creativity to innovation:The social network drivers of the four phases of the idea journey[J]. Academy of Management Review,2015, 42(1):53-79.
[26]Randerson K, Bettinelli C, Fayolle A. Family entrepreneurship as a field of research:Exploring its contours and contents[J].Journal of Family Business Strategy,2015, 6(3):143-154.
[27]Salunke S, Weerawardena J, McColl-Kennedy J R. Competing through service innovation:The role of bricolage and entrepreneurship in project-oriented firms[J]. Journal of Business Research,2013, 66(8):1085-1097.
[28]Senyard J, Baker T, Steffens P, et al. Bricolage as a path to innovativeness for resource-constrained new firms[J]. Journal of Product Innovation Management,2014, 31(2):211-230.
[29]Sirmon D G, Hitt M A, Ireland R D. Managing firm resources in dynamic environments to create value:Looking inside the black box[J]. Academy of Management Review,2007, 32(1):273-292.
[30]Solesvik M Z, Westhead P, Kolvereid L, et al. Student intentions to become self-employed:the Ukrainian context[J]. Social Science Electronic Publishing,2012, 19(3):441-460.
[31]Wright M, Stigliani I. Entrepreneurship and growth[J]. International Small Business Journal,2013, 31(1):1-33.
[32]Ye G L, Priem R L, Alshwer A A. Achieving demand-side synergy from strategic diversification:How combining mundane assets can leverage consumer utilities[J]. Organization Science,2012, 23(1):207-224.