旱地休闲期间翻耕及覆盖对小麦氮素吸收、运转的影响
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摘要
立足旱地小麦休闲期降水和生育期用水错位问题,连续两年(2009—2011年)在山西闻喜旱地小麦试验基地进行休闲期耕作和覆盖试验,研究不同时间深翻和不同覆盖方式的蓄保水分效果及水分与小麦植株氮素吸收运转的关系。结果表明:休闲期深翻(即麦收后45 d或15 d深翻),渗水地膜覆盖和液态地膜覆盖较不覆盖可提高播前0～300 cm土壤蓄水量,可提高旱地小麦各生育阶段,尤其前中期氮素积累量,且麦收后45 d深翻后渗水地膜覆盖效果较好;休闲期深翻,渗水地膜和液态地膜覆盖较不覆盖可提高开花期各器官氮素积累量,尤其是麦收后45 d深翻后渗水地膜覆盖处理。渗水地膜条件下,麦收后45 d较15 d深翻可提高开花期叶片和茎秆氮素积累量,可显著提高颖壳+穗轴氮素积累量,可显著提高开花期各器官氮素对籽粒的贡献率,尤其是叶片和茎秆,从而显著提高籽粒氮积累量、成熟期氮素积累量和籽粒产量,且除开花期各器官氮素对籽粒贡献率外,渗水地膜覆盖较液态地膜覆盖效果好,籽粒氮素积累量达17%,籽粒产量达13%。两年相关分析表明,休闲期深翻渗水地膜覆盖或液态地膜覆盖,降水较少年份的旱地小麦播前3 m土壤水分与花前氮素运转关系密切,而降水较多年份与花前氮素运转关系及花后氮素积累关系均较为密切,且与花后氮素更密切。研究表明,休闲期深翻(即麦收后45 d深翻)后采用渗水地膜覆盖,有利于旱地麦田蓄积休闲期降水,提高播前3 m各土层底墒;有利于小麦各生育阶段氮素吸收积累,尤其前中期;有利于花前氮素向籽粒中运转,尤其叶片和茎秆;有利于籽粒中氮素积累和籽粒产量的提高。
Due to the imbalance of precipitation during fallow period and high demanding of water during wheat growth period in dryland,we investigated the effect of soil water storage and the relationship between water and nitrogen uptake and translocation in wheat crop for two consecutive years( 2009-2011) at Wenxi Dryland Wheat Experimental Station of Shanxi. The study was conducted in the way that deep tillage and different mulching were carried out at various times during the fallow period. The results showed that after deep tillage in fallow period( 45 days or 15 days after wheat harvest),permeable plastic mulching( WPM) and liquid mulching( LF) improved the soil water storage in 0 ～ 300 cm soil layer before seeding compared to the no mulching( NF) treatment and promoted the accumulated N in various growing stages of wheat in dryland,especially in the earlier stages and deep tillage after 45 days of wheat harvest. After deep tillage in fallow period,WPM and LF improved N accumulation in every organ at all stages,and 45 day deep tillage was more significant than other one. Under WPM,the amounts of accumulated N in leaf and stem at flowering stage was improved esp. in glume and cob. The 45 day deep tillage significantly improved the N contribution rate of each organ to grain in the flowering period,especially that of leaf and stem. Therefore,the accumulation of N in seed,N accumulation,and grain yield in mature stage were significantly improved. Additionally,the permeable film mulching was better than liquid mulching with increases of17% N accumulation in grain and 13% grain yield. The correlation analysis showed that the soil moisture of 3 meters before seeding closely related to N translocation before flowering in years of less precipitation in dryland with all treatments. However,in the years of more precipitation,it was not only closely related to the translocation of N before flowering,but also close relationship with the N accumulation after flowering,esp. after flowering. When there was more precipitation,the stored water with deep tillage and mulching during fallow period extended to the later stage of fertility. In short,under this experiment condition,45 day deep tillage and liquid mulching in fallow period were conducive to the fallow period precipitation of dryland wheat and enhanced soil moisture storage of every soil layer above 3 m before seeding. As a result,it was beneficial to N uptake and accumulation of wheat at every growth stage,especially in the earlier stages that improved the N translocation before flowering from other organs to grain,particularly from leaves and stem to grain. Thus,it benefited grain N accumulation and grain yield improvement.
Due to the imbalance of precipitation during fallow period and high demanding of water during wheat growth period in dryland,we investigated the effect of soil water storage and the relationship between water and nitrogen uptake and translocation in wheat crop for two consecutive years( 2009-2011) at Wenxi Dryland Wheat Experimental Station of Shanxi. The study was conducted in the way that deep tillage and different mulching were carried out at various times during the fallow period. The results showed that after deep tillage in fallow period( 45 days or 15 days after wheat harvest),permeable plastic mulching( WPM) and liquid mulching( LF) improved the soil water storage in 0 ～ 300 cm soil layer before seeding compared to the no mulching( NF) treatment and promoted the accumulated N in various growing stages of wheat in dryland,especially in the earlier stages and deep tillage after 45 days of wheat harvest. After deep tillage in fallow period,WPM and LF improved N accumulation in every organ at all stages,and 45 day deep tillage was more significant than other one. Under WPM,the amounts of accumulated N in leaf and stem at flowering stage was improved esp. in glume and cob. The 45 day deep tillage significantly improved the N contribution rate of each organ to grain in the flowering period,especially that of leaf and stem. Therefore,the accumulation of N in seed,N accumulation,and grain yield in mature stage were significantly improved. Additionally,the permeable film mulching was better than liquid mulching with increases of17% N accumulation in grain and 13% grain yield. The correlation analysis showed that the soil moisture of 3 meters before seeding closely related to N translocation before flowering in years of less precipitation in dryland with all treatments. However,in the years of more precipitation,it was not only closely related to the translocation of N before flowering,but also close relationship with the N accumulation after flowering,esp. after flowering. When there was more precipitation,the stored water with deep tillage and mulching during fallow period extended to the later stage of fertility. In short,under this experiment condition,45 day deep tillage and liquid mulching in fallow period were conducive to the fallow period precipitation of dryland wheat and enhanced soil moisture storage of every soil layer above 3 m before seeding. As a result,it was beneficial to N uptake and accumulation of wheat at every growth stage,especially in the earlier stages that improved the N translocation before flowering from other organs to grain,particularly from leaves and stem to grain. Thus,it benefited grain N accumulation and grain yield improvement.
引文
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[12] Li J,Wang L X,Jiang J. Agro-climate resources in summer fallowperiod in northwest loess plateau and its evaluation[J]. Agricultural Re-search in the Arid Areas,1992,10(4):9-14.
[13]赵聚宝,李克煌.干旱与农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:254-332.
[14] Chen Y L,Liu T,Tian X H,et al. Effects of plastic film combined withstraw mulch on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat inloess plateau[J]. Field Crops Research,2015,172:53-58.
[15]廖允成,温晓霞,韩思明,等.黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5):548-552.
[16] Ruppel S,Makswitat E. Effects of black plastic mulch on nitrogen bal-ance in cultivation of plckles[J]. Gartenbauwissenchaft,1996,61(5):230-237.
[17] Fan X M,Dai T B,Jiang D,et al. Effects of nitrogen rates on cabbonand nitrogen assimilate translocation in wheat grown under drought andwaterlogging from anthesls to maturity[J]. Journal of Soil Water Conser-vation,2004,18(6):63-67.
[18] Xu Z Z,Yu Z W,Wang D,et al. Nitrogen accumulation and transloca-tion for winter wheat under different irrigation regimes[J]. Journal ofAgronomy&Crop Science,2006,191(6):439-449.
[19] Zhao G C,He Z H,Liu L H,et al. Study on the co-enhancing regula-ting effect of fertilization and watering on the main quality and yield inzhongyou 9507 high gluten wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(3):351-356.
[20] Ma X M,Li L,Zhao P,at al. Effect of water control on activities of ni-trogen assimilation enzymes and grain quality in winter wheat[J]. ActaPhytoecol Sin,2005,29(1):48-53.
[21]白冬,高志强,孙敏,等.休闲期深翻覆盖对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(6):1497-1503.
[2] Zhao W F,Gao Z Q,Sun M,et al. Effect of tillage during fallow periodon soil water and wheat yield of dryland[J]. Journal of Food,Agriculture&Environment,2013,11(1):609-613.
[3]张秋英,李发东,欧国强,等.土壤水对降水和地表覆盖的响应[J].北京林业大学学报,2005,27(5):37-41.
[4] Li F M,Guo A H,Wei H. Effects of clear plastic film mulch on yield ofspring wheat[J]. Fleld crops research,1999,63(1):79-86.
[5]刘爽,武雪萍,吴会军,等.休闲期不同耕作方式对洛阳冬小麦农田土壤水分的影响[J].中国农业气象,2007,28(3):292-295.
[6]杨海迪,海江波,贾志宽,等.不同地膜周年覆盖对冬小麦土壤水分及利用效率的影响[J].干旱地区农业研究,2011,29(2):27-34.
[7]孙永健,孙园园,李旭毅,等.水氮互作对水稻氮磷钾吸收、转运及分配的影响[J].作物学报,2010,36(4):655-664.
[8]臧贺藏,刘云鹏,曹莲,等.水氮限量供给下两个高产小麦品种氮素吸收与利用特征[J].麦类作物学报,2012,32(3):503-509.
[9] Abahrani,Hhs A,Aaynehband. Nitrogen remobilization in wheat as in-fluenced by nitrogen application and post-anthesis water deficit duringgrain filing[J]. African Journal of Biotechnology,2011,10(52):10585-10594.
[10]赵俊晔,于振文.高产条件下施氮量对冬小麦氮素吸收分配利用的影响[J].作物学报,2006,32(4):484-490.
[11]侯贤清,王维,韩清芳,等.夏闲期轮耕对小麦田土壤水分及产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2011,22(10):2524-2532.
[12] Li J,Wang L X,Jiang J. Agro-climate resources in summer fallowperiod in northwest loess plateau and its evaluation[J]. Agricultural Re-search in the Arid Areas,1992,10(4):9-14.
[13]赵聚宝,李克煌.干旱与农业[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1995:254-332.
[14] Chen Y L,Liu T,Tian X H,et al. Effects of plastic film combined withstraw mulch on grain yield and water use efficiency of winter wheat inloess plateau[J]. Field Crops Research,2015,172:53-58.
[15]廖允成,温晓霞,韩思明,等.黄土台原旱地小麦覆盖保水技术效果研究[J].中国农业科学,2003,36(5):548-552.
[16] Ruppel S,Makswitat E. Effects of black plastic mulch on nitrogen bal-ance in cultivation of plckles[J]. Gartenbauwissenchaft,1996,61(5):230-237.
[17] Fan X M,Dai T B,Jiang D,et al. Effects of nitrogen rates on cabbonand nitrogen assimilate translocation in wheat grown under drought andwaterlogging from anthesls to maturity[J]. Journal of Soil Water Conser-vation,2004,18(6):63-67.
[18] Xu Z Z,Yu Z W,Wang D,et al. Nitrogen accumulation and transloca-tion for winter wheat under different irrigation regimes[J]. Journal ofAgronomy&Crop Science,2006,191(6):439-449.
[19] Zhao G C,He Z H,Liu L H,et al. Study on the co-enhancing regula-ting effect of fertilization and watering on the main quality and yield inzhongyou 9507 high gluten wheat[J]. Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2004,37(3):351-356.
[20] Ma X M,Li L,Zhao P,at al. Effect of water control on activities of ni-trogen assimilation enzymes and grain quality in winter wheat[J]. ActaPhytoecol Sin,2005,29(1):48-53.
[21]白冬,高志强,孙敏,等.休闲期深翻覆盖对旱地小麦水氮利用效率和产量的影响[J].生态学杂志,2013,32(6):1497-1503.