经血源性间充质干细胞生物学特性及在组织修复重建中的临床应用
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摘要
背景:间充质干细胞在免疫调节和组织修复方面表现出了巨大的应用潜能。从经血中分离提取的经血源性间充质干细胞在具有间充质干细胞特性的同时,还具有获取便捷、低免疫原性和无伦理道德限制的优势,近年来备受研究人员的瞩目。目的:对经血源性间充质干细胞的生物学特性以及在多系统和疾病方面的应用进行概述。方法:应用计算机检索PubMed、中国知网期刊全文数据库和谷歌学术2000至2018年与经血源性间充质干细胞相关的文献,检索词为"endometrium;menstrual blood;mesenchymal stem cells"及"子宫内膜;经血;间充质干细胞"。结果与结论:经血源性间充质干细胞拥有非常强的自我更新和多向分化能力,能够调节免疫应答,增加血管生成并促进组织修复。经血源性间充质干细胞在免疫、生殖等系统以及代谢性疾病方面已有不同程度的研究进展。目前研究中关于经血源性间充质干细胞的作用机制解释还不够充分,进一步研究经血源性间充质干细胞的旁分泌作用,将对经血源性间充质干细胞在创伤和退行性疾病的治疗以及血管再生和组织修复方面产生重大意义。而在经血源性间充质干细胞的临床试验研究方面,经血源性间充质干细胞应用于人体的安全性、作用于病灶或调节免疫的持续时间、对于人体的长期影响,这些至关重要的问题都需要进一步研究探讨。
BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells have great application potentials in immune regulation and tissue repair. Recently, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells have attracted the attention of researchers because of their advantages, including easy acquisition, low immunogenicity and no ethical restrictions.OBJECTIVE: To review the biological characteristics of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their application in multiple systems and diseases.METHODS: Relevant articles published from 2000 to 2018 were searched in PubMed, CNKI and Google Scholar using the keywords of"endometrium; menstrual blood; mesenchymal stem cells" in English and Chinese, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells have a strong potential in self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. These cells regulate immune responses, accelerate angiogenesis, and promote tissue repair. The use of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells has varying degrees of achievements in the immune and reproductive systems and metabolic diseases. Mechanisms of action underlying menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells are still insufficient. Further investigations on the paracrine effect of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells will be of great significance for the treatment of traumatic and degenerative diseases, angiogenesis and tissue repair. Clinical trials regarding some crucial issues, such as safety of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, duration of immunomodulation and long-term cell effects in the human body, are warranted in the future.
BACKGROUND: Mesenchymal stem cells have great application potentials in immune regulation and tissue repair. Recently, menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells have attracted the attention of researchers because of their advantages, including easy acquisition, low immunogenicity and no ethical restrictions.OBJECTIVE: To review the biological characteristics of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells and their application in multiple systems and diseases.METHODS: Relevant articles published from 2000 to 2018 were searched in PubMed, CNKI and Google Scholar using the keywords of"endometrium; menstrual blood; mesenchymal stem cells" in English and Chinese, respectively.RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells have a strong potential in self-renewal and multilineage differentiation. These cells regulate immune responses, accelerate angiogenesis, and promote tissue repair. The use of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells has varying degrees of achievements in the immune and reproductive systems and metabolic diseases. Mechanisms of action underlying menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells are still insufficient. Further investigations on the paracrine effect of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells will be of great significance for the treatment of traumatic and degenerative diseases, angiogenesis and tissue repair. Clinical trials regarding some crucial issues, such as safety of menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells, duration of immunomodulation and long-term cell effects in the human body, are warranted in the future.
引文
[1]Mutlu L, Hufnagel D, Taylor HS. The endometrium as a source of mesenchymal stem cells for regenerative medicine.Biol Reprod. 2015;92(6):138.
[2]Chan RW, Schwab KE, Gargett CE. Clonogenicity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Biol Reprod. 2004;70(6):1738-1750.
[3]Schwab KE, Hutchinson P, Gargett CE. Identification of surface markers for prospective isolation of human endometrial stromal colony-forming cells. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(4):934-943.
[4]Dimitrov R, Timeva T, Kyurkchiev D, et al. Characterization of clonogenic stromal cells isolated from human endometrium.Reproduction. 2008;135(4):551-558.
[5]Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Zillwood RM, et al. Isolation and culture of epithelial progenitors and mesenchymal stem cells from human endometrium. Biol Reprod. 2009;80(6):1136-1145.
[6]Schüring AN, Schulte N, Kelsch R, et al. Characterization of endometrial mesenchymal stem-like cells obtained by endometrial biopsy during routine diagnostics. Fertil Steril.2011;95(1):423-426.
[7]Spitzer TL, Rojas A, Zelenko Z, et al. Perivascular human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells express pathways relevant to self-renewal, lineage specification, and functional phenotype. Biol Reprod. 2012;86(2):58.
[8]Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Deane JA. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells:the first 10 years. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(2):137-163.
[9]谭季春,李雅璇,王秋实,等.利用月经血建立的经血源性基质干细胞系[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,19(50):8155-8160.
[10]Meng X, Ichim TE, Zhong J, et al. Endometrial regenerative cells:a novel stem cell population. J Transl Med. 2007;5:57.
[11]Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I,et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):315-317.
[12]Crane JL, Cao X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and TGF-βsignaling in bone remodeling. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(2):466-472.
[13]Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, et al. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(25):13625-13630.
[14]Li T, Xia M, Gao Y, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells:an overview of their potential in cell-based therapy.Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(9):1293-1306.
[15]Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA. Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Circ Res. 2007;100(9):1249-1260.
[16]Makhoul G, Chiu RC, Cecere R. Placental mesenchymal stem cells:a unique source for cellular cardiomyoplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(5):1827-1833.
[17]Schwab KE, Gargett CE. Co-expression of two perivascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(11):2903-2911.
[18]Xu Y, Zhu H, Zhao D, et al. Endometrial stem cells:clinical application and pathological roles. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(12):22039-22044.
[19]Patel AN, Park E, Kuzman M, et al. Multipotent menstrual blood stromal stem cells:isolation, characterization, and differentiation. Cell Transplant. 2008;17(3):303-311.
[20]Gang EJ, Bosnakovski D, Figueiredo CA, et al. SSEA-4identifies mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. Blood.2007;109(4):1743-1751.
[21]Rossignoli F, Caselli A, Grisendi G, et al. Isolation,characterization, and transduction of endometrial decidual tissue multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from menstrual blood. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:901821.
[22]Mehrabani D, Nazarabadi RB, Kasraeian M, et al. Growth Kinetics, Characterization, and Plasticity of Human Menstrual Blood Stem Cells. Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(2):132-139.
[23]Su K, Edwards SL, Tan KS, et al. Induction of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells into tissue-forming cells suitable for fascial repair. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(12):5012-5020.
[24]Bayat N, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ardakan MM, et al.Differentiation of Human Endometrial Stem Cells into Schwann Cells in Fibrin Hydrogel as 3D Culture. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(10):7170-7176.
[25]陈波.人早孕蜕膜组织子宫内膜间质干细胞向子宫内膜上皮细胞的分化[J].中国组织工程研究,2016,20(14):2098-2103.
[26]Ai J, Shahverdi AR, Barough SE, et al. Derivation of Adipocytes from Human Endometrial Stem Cells(EnSCs). J Reprod Infertil. 2012;13(3):151-157.
[27]Noureddini M, Verdi J, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, et al.Human endometrial stem cell neurogenesis in response to NGF and bFGF. Cell Biol Int. 2012;36(10):961-966.
[28]Rossignoli F, Caselli A, Grisendi G, et al. Isolation,characterization, and transduction of endometrial decidual tissue multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from menstrual blood. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:901821.
[29]Li Y, Li X, Zhao H, et al. Efficient induction of pluripotent stem cells from menstrual blood. Stem Cells Dev. 2013;22(7):1147-1158.
[30]Ribeiro A, Laranjeira P, Mendes S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord matrix, adipose tissue and bone marrow exhibit different capability to suppress peripheral blood B, natural killer and T cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013; 4(5):125.
[31]Wang Y, Chen X, Cao W, et al. Plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells in immunomodulation:pathological and therapeutic implications. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(11):1009-1016.
[32]Nikoo S, Ebtekar M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, et al. Effect of menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells on proliferative capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(5):804-809.
[33]Bozorgmehr M, Moazzeni SM, Salehnia M, et al. Menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells inhibit optimal generation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Immunol Lett. 2014;162(2 Pt B):239-246.
[34]王劲,陈燕,王琳.骨髓间充质干细胞的旁分泌作用研究进展[J].中国小儿急救医学, 2016,23(1):57-61.
[35]Liu Y, Yang F, Liang S, et al. N-Cadherin Upregulation Promotes the Neurogenic Differentiation of Menstrual Blood-Derived Endometrial Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int.2018;2018:3250379.
[36]Wang Z, Wang Y, Yang T, et al. Erratum to:Study of the reparative effects of menstrual-derived stem cells on premature ovarian failure in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther.2017;8(1):49.
[37]Chen L, Zhang C, Chen L, et al. Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Stem Cells Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis in Mice by Targeting Hepatic Stellate Cells via Paracrine Mediators.Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(1):272-284.
[38]Chen L, Xiang B, Wang X, et al. Exosomes derived from human menstrual blood-derived stem cells alleviate fulminant hepatic failure. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):9.
[39]Zhang Y, Lin X, Dai Y, et al. Endometrial stem cells repair injured endometrium and induce angiogenesis via AKT and ERK pathways. Reproduction. 2016;152(5):389-402.
[40]Tan J, Li P, Wang Q, et al. Autologous menstrual blood-derived stromal cells transplantation for severe Asherman's syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(12):2723-2729.
[41]Zhang S, Li P, Yuan Z, et al. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the activity of human menstrual blood-derived stromal cells in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1):48.
[42]Liu T, Huang Y, Zhang J, et al. Transplantation of human menstrual blood stem cells to treat premature ovarian failure in mouse model. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(13):1548-1557.
[43]Lai D, Wang F, Yao X, et al. Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells restore ovarian function through improving the renewal of germline stem cells in a mouse model of premature ovarian failure. J Transl Med. 2015;13:155.
[44]Yerlikaya G, Balendran S, Pr?stling K, et al. Comprehensive study of angiogenic factors in women with endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;204:88-98.
[45]Proestling K, Birner P, Balendran S, et al. Enhanced expression of the stemness-related factors OCT4, SOX15and TWIST1 in ectopic endometrium of endometriosis patients. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016;14(1):81.
[46]Nikoo S, Ebtekar M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, et al. Effect of menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells on proliferative capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(5):804-809.
[47]Bozorgmehr M, Moazzeni SM, Salehnia M, et al. Menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells inhibit optimal generation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Immunol Lett. 2014;162(2 Pt B):239-246.
[48]Wu X, Luo Y, Chen J, et al. Transplantation of human menstrual blood progenitor cells improves hyperglycemia by promoting endogenous progenitor differentiation in type 1diabetic mice. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(11):1245-1257.
[49]Hida N, Nishiyama N, Miyoshi S, et al. Novel cardiac precursor-like cells from human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal cells. Stem Cells. 2008;26(7):1695-1704.
[50]Jiang Z, Hu X, Yu H, et al. Human endometrial stem cells confer enhanced myocardial salvage and regeneration by paracrine mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med. 2013;17(10):1247-1260.
[51]Ichim TE, Solano F, Lara F, et al. Combination stem cell therapy for heart failure. Int Arch Med. 2010;3(1):5.
[52]Bornstein R, Macias MI, de la Torre P, et al. Human decidua-derived mesenchymal stromal cells differentiate into hepatic-like cells and form functional three-dimensional structures. Cytotherapy. 2012;14(10):1182-1192.
[53]Lv Y, Xu X, Zhang B, et al. Endometrial regenerative cells as a novel cell therapy attenuate experimental colitis in mice. J Transl Med. 2014;12:344.
[54]Borlongan CV, Kaneko Y, Maki M, et al. Menstrual blood cells display stem cell-like phenotypic markers and exert neuroprotection following transplantation in experimental stroke. Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19(4):439-452.
[55]Rodrigues MC, Dmitriev D, Rodrigues A Jr, et al. Menstrual blood transplantation for ischemic stroke:Therapeutic mechanisms and practical issues. Interv Med Appl Sci. 2012;4(2):59-68.
[56]Zhao Y, Chen X, Wu Y, et al. Transplantation of Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018;11:140.
[57]Wang XJ, Xiang BY, Ding YH, et al. Human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a cellular vehicle for malignant glioma gene therapy. Oncotarget. 2017;8(35):58309-58321.
[58]Wu X, Luo Y, Chen J, et al. Transplantation of human menstrual blood progenitor cells improves hyperglycemia by promoting endogenous progenitor differentiation in type 1diabetic mice. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(11):1245-1257.
[2]Chan RW, Schwab KE, Gargett CE. Clonogenicity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Biol Reprod. 2004;70(6):1738-1750.
[3]Schwab KE, Hutchinson P, Gargett CE. Identification of surface markers for prospective isolation of human endometrial stromal colony-forming cells. Hum Reprod. 2008;23(4):934-943.
[4]Dimitrov R, Timeva T, Kyurkchiev D, et al. Characterization of clonogenic stromal cells isolated from human endometrium.Reproduction. 2008;135(4):551-558.
[5]Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Zillwood RM, et al. Isolation and culture of epithelial progenitors and mesenchymal stem cells from human endometrium. Biol Reprod. 2009;80(6):1136-1145.
[6]Schüring AN, Schulte N, Kelsch R, et al. Characterization of endometrial mesenchymal stem-like cells obtained by endometrial biopsy during routine diagnostics. Fertil Steril.2011;95(1):423-426.
[7]Spitzer TL, Rojas A, Zelenko Z, et al. Perivascular human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells express pathways relevant to self-renewal, lineage specification, and functional phenotype. Biol Reprod. 2012;86(2):58.
[8]Gargett CE, Schwab KE, Deane JA. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells:the first 10 years. Hum Reprod Update. 2016;22(2):137-163.
[9]谭季春,李雅璇,王秋实,等.利用月经血建立的经血源性基质干细胞系[J].中国组织工程研究,2015,19(50):8155-8160.
[10]Meng X, Ichim TE, Zhong J, et al. Endometrial regenerative cells:a novel stem cell population. J Transl Med. 2007;5:57.
[11]Dominici M, Le Blanc K, Mueller I,et al. Minimal criteria for defining multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells. The International Society for Cellular Therapy position statement.Cytotherapy. 2006;8(4):315-317.
[12]Crane JL, Cao X. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and TGF-βsignaling in bone remodeling. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(2):466-472.
[13]Gronthos S, Mankani M, Brahim J, et al. Postnatal human dental pulp stem cells(DPSCs)in vitro and in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2000;97(25):13625-13630.
[14]Li T, Xia M, Gao Y, et al. Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells:an overview of their potential in cell-based therapy.Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15(9):1293-1306.
[15]Gimble JM, Katz AJ, Bunnell BA. Adipose-derived stem cells for regenerative medicine. Circ Res. 2007;100(9):1249-1260.
[16]Makhoul G, Chiu RC, Cecere R. Placental mesenchymal stem cells:a unique source for cellular cardiomyoplasty. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;95(5):1827-1833.
[17]Schwab KE, Gargett CE. Co-expression of two perivascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum Reprod. 2007;22(11):2903-2911.
[18]Xu Y, Zhu H, Zhao D, et al. Endometrial stem cells:clinical application and pathological roles. Int J Clin Exp Med. 2015;8(12):22039-22044.
[19]Patel AN, Park E, Kuzman M, et al. Multipotent menstrual blood stromal stem cells:isolation, characterization, and differentiation. Cell Transplant. 2008;17(3):303-311.
[20]Gang EJ, Bosnakovski D, Figueiredo CA, et al. SSEA-4identifies mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. Blood.2007;109(4):1743-1751.
[21]Rossignoli F, Caselli A, Grisendi G, et al. Isolation,characterization, and transduction of endometrial decidual tissue multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from menstrual blood. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:901821.
[22]Mehrabani D, Nazarabadi RB, Kasraeian M, et al. Growth Kinetics, Characterization, and Plasticity of Human Menstrual Blood Stem Cells. Iran J Med Sci. 2016;41(2):132-139.
[23]Su K, Edwards SL, Tan KS, et al. Induction of endometrial mesenchymal stem cells into tissue-forming cells suitable for fascial repair. Acta Biomater. 2014;10(12):5012-5020.
[24]Bayat N, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ardakan MM, et al.Differentiation of Human Endometrial Stem Cells into Schwann Cells in Fibrin Hydrogel as 3D Culture. Mol Neurobiol. 2016;53(10):7170-7176.
[25]陈波.人早孕蜕膜组织子宫内膜间质干细胞向子宫内膜上皮细胞的分化[J].中国组织工程研究,2016,20(14):2098-2103.
[26]Ai J, Shahverdi AR, Barough SE, et al. Derivation of Adipocytes from Human Endometrial Stem Cells(EnSCs). J Reprod Infertil. 2012;13(3):151-157.
[27]Noureddini M, Verdi J, Mortazavi-Tabatabaei SA, et al.Human endometrial stem cell neurogenesis in response to NGF and bFGF. Cell Biol Int. 2012;36(10):961-966.
[28]Rossignoli F, Caselli A, Grisendi G, et al. Isolation,characterization, and transduction of endometrial decidual tissue multipotent mesenchymal stromal/stem cells from menstrual blood. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:901821.
[29]Li Y, Li X, Zhao H, et al. Efficient induction of pluripotent stem cells from menstrual blood. Stem Cells Dev. 2013;22(7):1147-1158.
[30]Ribeiro A, Laranjeira P, Mendes S, et al. Mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord matrix, adipose tissue and bone marrow exhibit different capability to suppress peripheral blood B, natural killer and T cells. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2013; 4(5):125.
[31]Wang Y, Chen X, Cao W, et al. Plasticity of mesenchymal stem cells in immunomodulation:pathological and therapeutic implications. Nat Immunol. 2014;15(11):1009-1016.
[32]Nikoo S, Ebtekar M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, et al. Effect of menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells on proliferative capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(5):804-809.
[33]Bozorgmehr M, Moazzeni SM, Salehnia M, et al. Menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells inhibit optimal generation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Immunol Lett. 2014;162(2 Pt B):239-246.
[34]王劲,陈燕,王琳.骨髓间充质干细胞的旁分泌作用研究进展[J].中国小儿急救医学, 2016,23(1):57-61.
[35]Liu Y, Yang F, Liang S, et al. N-Cadherin Upregulation Promotes the Neurogenic Differentiation of Menstrual Blood-Derived Endometrial Stem Cells. Stem Cells Int.2018;2018:3250379.
[36]Wang Z, Wang Y, Yang T, et al. Erratum to:Study of the reparative effects of menstrual-derived stem cells on premature ovarian failure in mice. Stem Cell Res Ther.2017;8(1):49.
[37]Chen L, Zhang C, Chen L, et al. Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Stem Cells Ameliorate Liver Fibrosis in Mice by Targeting Hepatic Stellate Cells via Paracrine Mediators.Stem Cells Transl Med. 2017;6(1):272-284.
[38]Chen L, Xiang B, Wang X, et al. Exosomes derived from human menstrual blood-derived stem cells alleviate fulminant hepatic failure. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2017;8(1):9.
[39]Zhang Y, Lin X, Dai Y, et al. Endometrial stem cells repair injured endometrium and induce angiogenesis via AKT and ERK pathways. Reproduction. 2016;152(5):389-402.
[40]Tan J, Li P, Wang Q, et al. Autologous menstrual blood-derived stromal cells transplantation for severe Asherman's syndrome. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(12):2723-2729.
[41]Zhang S, Li P, Yuan Z, et al. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the activity of human menstrual blood-derived stromal cells in vitro. Stem Cell Res Ther. 2018;9(1):48.
[42]Liu T, Huang Y, Zhang J, et al. Transplantation of human menstrual blood stem cells to treat premature ovarian failure in mouse model. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(13):1548-1557.
[43]Lai D, Wang F, Yao X, et al. Human endometrial mesenchymal stem cells restore ovarian function through improving the renewal of germline stem cells in a mouse model of premature ovarian failure. J Transl Med. 2015;13:155.
[44]Yerlikaya G, Balendran S, Pr?stling K, et al. Comprehensive study of angiogenic factors in women with endometriosis compared to women without endometriosis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;204:88-98.
[45]Proestling K, Birner P, Balendran S, et al. Enhanced expression of the stemness-related factors OCT4, SOX15and TWIST1 in ectopic endometrium of endometriosis patients. Reprod Biol Endocrinol. 2016;14(1):81.
[46]Nikoo S, Ebtekar M, Jeddi-Tehrani M, et al. Effect of menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells on proliferative capacity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2012;38(5):804-809.
[47]Bozorgmehr M, Moazzeni SM, Salehnia M, et al. Menstrual blood-derived stromal stem cells inhibit optimal generation and maturation of human monocyte-derived dendritic cells.Immunol Lett. 2014;162(2 Pt B):239-246.
[48]Wu X, Luo Y, Chen J, et al. Transplantation of human menstrual blood progenitor cells improves hyperglycemia by promoting endogenous progenitor differentiation in type 1diabetic mice. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(11):1245-1257.
[49]Hida N, Nishiyama N, Miyoshi S, et al. Novel cardiac precursor-like cells from human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal cells. Stem Cells. 2008;26(7):1695-1704.
[50]Jiang Z, Hu X, Yu H, et al. Human endometrial stem cells confer enhanced myocardial salvage and regeneration by paracrine mechanisms. J Cell Mol Med. 2013;17(10):1247-1260.
[51]Ichim TE, Solano F, Lara F, et al. Combination stem cell therapy for heart failure. Int Arch Med. 2010;3(1):5.
[52]Bornstein R, Macias MI, de la Torre P, et al. Human decidua-derived mesenchymal stromal cells differentiate into hepatic-like cells and form functional three-dimensional structures. Cytotherapy. 2012;14(10):1182-1192.
[53]Lv Y, Xu X, Zhang B, et al. Endometrial regenerative cells as a novel cell therapy attenuate experimental colitis in mice. J Transl Med. 2014;12:344.
[54]Borlongan CV, Kaneko Y, Maki M, et al. Menstrual blood cells display stem cell-like phenotypic markers and exert neuroprotection following transplantation in experimental stroke. Stem Cells Dev. 2010;19(4):439-452.
[55]Rodrigues MC, Dmitriev D, Rodrigues A Jr, et al. Menstrual blood transplantation for ischemic stroke:Therapeutic mechanisms and practical issues. Interv Med Appl Sci. 2012;4(2):59-68.
[56]Zhao Y, Chen X, Wu Y, et al. Transplantation of Human Menstrual Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Alleviates Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. Front Mol Neurosci. 2018;11:140.
[57]Wang XJ, Xiang BY, Ding YH, et al. Human menstrual blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a cellular vehicle for malignant glioma gene therapy. Oncotarget. 2017;8(35):58309-58321.
[58]Wu X, Luo Y, Chen J, et al. Transplantation of human menstrual blood progenitor cells improves hyperglycemia by promoting endogenous progenitor differentiation in type 1diabetic mice. Stem Cells Dev. 2014;23(11):1245-1257.