青岛农村生活垃圾填埋污染控制及资源利用过程的环境影响评价
|
摘要
为评价国内农村生活垃圾填埋模式的环境影响并提出改进建议,本文以就地坑埋(模式1)、集中填埋+渗滤液处理(模式2)和集中填埋+渗滤液处理+甲烷回收利用(模式3)3种农村生活垃圾填埋模式进行生命周期评价与参数来源的敏感性分析。生命周期评价(LCA)结果表明,模式1的环境影响负荷为2.00×10~(-1),主要环境影响类型为富营养化和全球变暖;模式2的环境影响负荷为3.97×10~(-2),主要环境影响为全球变暖;模式3的环境影响负荷为2.46×10~(-2),主要环境影响为富营养化。3种模式中,填埋处置单元环境影响最大,压缩中转单元最小。根据评价结果提出适合3种填埋模式的环保优化建议,为中国农村生活垃圾的环境管理提供对策和参考。
In order to evaluate the environment impact of domestic landfill modes for rural livingwaste and put forward suggestions for improvement, three types of waste landfill modes in rural areas, including in-situ pit burial(Mode 1), centralized landfill + leachate treatment(Mode 2) and centralized landfill + leachate treatment + methane recovery(Mode 3), were used to carry out life cycle assessment and parameter sensitivity analysis. The results of life cycle assessment(LCA) showed that the environmental impact load(EIL)of Mode 1 was 2.00×10~(-1) and the main type of environmental impacts were eutrophication and global warming.The EIL of Mode 2 was 3.97×10~(-2) and the main type of environmental impacts was global warming. The EIL of Mode 3 was 2.46×10~(-2) and the main environmental impact type was eutrophication. Among the three modes, the environmental impact of the landfill disposal unit was the largest, and the compression transfer unit was the smallest. According to the assessment results, the environmental protection optimization proposals that are suitable for the three types of landfilling models are proposed to provide countermeasures and references for the environmental management of rural livingwaste in China.
In order to evaluate the environment impact of domestic landfill modes for rural livingwaste and put forward suggestions for improvement, three types of waste landfill modes in rural areas, including in-situ pit burial(Mode 1), centralized landfill + leachate treatment(Mode 2) and centralized landfill + leachate treatment + methane recovery(Mode 3), were used to carry out life cycle assessment and parameter sensitivity analysis. The results of life cycle assessment(LCA) showed that the environmental impact load(EIL)of Mode 1 was 2.00×10~(-1) and the main type of environmental impacts were eutrophication and global warming.The EIL of Mode 2 was 3.97×10~(-2) and the main type of environmental impacts was global warming. The EIL of Mode 3 was 2.46×10~(-2) and the main environmental impact type was eutrophication. Among the three modes, the environmental impact of the landfill disposal unit was the largest, and the compression transfer unit was the smallest. According to the assessment results, the environmental protection optimization proposals that are suitable for the three types of landfilling models are proposed to provide countermeasures and references for the environmental management of rural livingwaste in China.
引文
[1] Zeng C,Niu D,Zhao Y.A comprehensive overview of rural solid waste management in China[J].Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering,2015,9(6):949-961.
[2] 罗如新.农村垃圾管理现状与对策[J].中国环境管理,2006(4):27-30.Luo R X.Present condition and strategies of rural waste management[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2006(4):27-30.
[3] Yang C,Yang M,Yu Q.An analytical study on the resource recycling potentials of urban and rural domestic waste in China[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,16:25-33.
[4] 许碧君,张益,邰俊.农村生活垃圾治理进展概述[J].环境卫生工程,2016,24(5):12-14.Xu B J,Zhang Y,Tai J.An overview of rural domestic waste management progress[J].Environmental Health Engineering,2016,24(5):12-14.
[5] Zhang D Q,Tan S K,Gersberg R M.Municipal solid waste management in China:Status,problems and challenges[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(8):1623-1633.
[6] 邓强,李振山,刘添添,等.北京市安定生活垃圾填埋场VOCs恶臭物质及其臭气强度[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(1):201-209.Deng Q,Li Z S,Liu T T,et al.Odorous volatile compounds and their odor intensities in anding waste sanitary landfill in Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(1):201-209.
[7] 刘海龙,周家伟,陈云敏,等.城市生活垃圾填埋场稳定化评估[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2016,50(12):2336-2342.Liu H L,Zhou J W,Chen Y M,et al.Evaluation of municipal solid waste landfill stabilization[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2016,50(12):2336-2342.
[8] 蒋大伟.生活垃圾处理的环境影响评价方法选择研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(29):47-57.Jiang D W.Research on the selection of environmental impact assessment methods for domestic waste disposal[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(29):47-57.
[9] Laurent A,Bakas I,Clavreul J,et al.Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems——Part I:Lessons learned and perspectives[J].Waste Management,2014,34(3):573-588.
[10] Manfredi S,Christensen T H.Environmental assessment of solid waste landfilling technologies by means of LCA-modeling[J].Waste Management,2009,29(1):32-43.
[11] Mihai F C,Ingrao C.Assessment of biowaste losses through unsound waste management practices in rural areas and the role of home composting[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,172:1631-1638.
[12] Abduli M A,Naghib A,Yonesi M,et al.Life cycle assessment (LCA) of solid waste management strategies in Tehran:Landfill and composting plus landfill[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,2011,178(1-4):487.
[13] Turconi R,Butera S,Boldrin A,et al.Life cycle assessment of waste incineration in Denmark and Italy using two LCA models.[J].Waste Management & Research,2011,29(10 Suppl):78-90.
[14] 火汪炘,吴晓蔚,韩颖.火力发电行业主要气态污染物排放量计算方法研究[J].环境监测管理与技术,2010,22(6):20-24.Huo W X,Wu X W,Han Y.Researches on calculation for gaseous pollutants emissions from thermal power industry[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental,2010,22(6):20-24.
[15] 狄向华,聂祚仁,左铁镛.中国火力发电燃料消耗的生命周期排放清单[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(5):632-635.Di X H,Nie Z R,Zuo T Y.Life cycle emission inventories for the fuels consumed by thermal power in China[J].China Environmental Science,2005,25(5):632-635.
[16] International Organization for Standardization.ISO 14040:2006.Environmental Management——Life Cycle assessment——Principles and Framework[S].Brussels,Belgium:The European Committee for Standardization,2006.
[17] 胡志远,谭丕强,楼狄明,等.柴油及其替代燃料生命周期排放评价[J].内燃机工程,2007,28(3):81-84.Hu Z Y,Tan P Q,Lou D M,et al.Life cycle emission assessment of diesel and its alternative fuels[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(3):81-84.
[18] 陈亮,徐应文.构建基于生命周期评价的火电企业环境成本估算模型[J].财会月刊,2011(21):70-72.Chen L,Xu Y W.Construction of a thermal power enterprise environmental cost estimation model based on life cycle assessment[J].Finance and Accounting Monthly,2011(21):70-72.
[19] IPCC.Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[R].Geneva,Switzerland:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,2006.
[20] 陈艾伦,陈婵,陶夏秋,等.长沙市生活垃圾卫生填埋生命周期评价[J].环境科学与技术,2013(s2):390-395.Chen A L,Chen C,Tao X Q,et al.Life cycle assessment of sanitary landfill of domestic garbage in changsha[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013(s2):390-395.
[21] Obersteiner G,Binner E,Mostbauer P,et al.Landfill modelling in LCA-A contribution based on empirical data[J].Waste Management,2007,27(8):58-74.
[22] 王明新,包永红,吴文良,等.华北平原冬小麦生命周期环境影响评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1127-1132.Wang M X,Bao Y H,Wu W L,et al.Life cycle environmental impact assessment of winter wheat in North China Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(5):1127-1132.
[23] 黄涛,刘辉,张西华.温度对垃圾渗滤液污染特性影响试验研究[J].水处理技术,2010,36(3):70-73.Huang T,Liu H,Zhang X H.Experimental study on pollution character of landfill leachate[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2010,36(3):70-73.
[24] 纪丹凤.城市生活垃圾处理处置的生命周期与环境经济评价—以北京市为例[D].北京:北京化工大学,2010.Ji D F.Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Economic Estimate of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal—Take Beijing City for Instance[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2010.
[25] Pensacola F L.Evolution and Development of the Conceptual Framework and Mentodology of Life-Cyde impact Assessment[R].California,USA:SETAC,1998.
[26] Huijbregts M A J,Breedveld L,Huppes G,et al.Normalisation figures for environmental life-cycle assessment :The Netherlands (1997/1998),Western Europe (1995) and the world (1990 and 1995)[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(7):737-748.
[27] Huijbregts M A J.Application of uncertainty and variability in LCA.Part I:A general framework for the analysis of uncertainty and variability in life cycle assessment[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,1998,3(5):273-280.
[28] Clavreul J,Guyonnet D,Christensen T H.Quantifying uncertainty in LCA-modelling of waste management systems[J].Waste Management,2012,32(12):2482-2495.
[2] 罗如新.农村垃圾管理现状与对策[J].中国环境管理,2006(4):27-30.Luo R X.Present condition and strategies of rural waste management[J].Chinese Journal of Environmental Management,2006(4):27-30.
[3] Yang C,Yang M,Yu Q.An analytical study on the resource recycling potentials of urban and rural domestic waste in China[J].Procedia Environmental Sciences,2012,16:25-33.
[4] 许碧君,张益,邰俊.农村生活垃圾治理进展概述[J].环境卫生工程,2016,24(5):12-14.Xu B J,Zhang Y,Tai J.An overview of rural domestic waste management progress[J].Environmental Health Engineering,2016,24(5):12-14.
[5] Zhang D Q,Tan S K,Gersberg R M.Municipal solid waste management in China:Status,problems and challenges[J].Journal of Environmental Management,2010,91(8):1623-1633.
[6] 邓强,李振山,刘添添,等.北京市安定生活垃圾填埋场VOCs恶臭物质及其臭气强度[J].环境科学学报,2016,36(1):201-209.Deng Q,Li Z S,Liu T T,et al.Odorous volatile compounds and their odor intensities in anding waste sanitary landfill in Beijing[J].Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae,2016,36(1):201-209.
[7] 刘海龙,周家伟,陈云敏,等.城市生活垃圾填埋场稳定化评估[J].浙江大学学报(工学版),2016,50(12):2336-2342.Liu H L,Zhou J W,Chen Y M,et al.Evaluation of municipal solid waste landfill stabilization[J].Journal of Zhejiang University(Engineering Science),2016,50(12):2336-2342.
[8] 蒋大伟.生活垃圾处理的环境影响评价方法选择研究[J].安徽农业科学,2009,37(29):47-57.Jiang D W.Research on the selection of environmental impact assessment methods for domestic waste disposal[J].Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences,2009,37(29):47-57.
[9] Laurent A,Bakas I,Clavreul J,et al.Review of LCA studies of solid waste management systems——Part I:Lessons learned and perspectives[J].Waste Management,2014,34(3):573-588.
[10] Manfredi S,Christensen T H.Environmental assessment of solid waste landfilling technologies by means of LCA-modeling[J].Waste Management,2009,29(1):32-43.
[11] Mihai F C,Ingrao C.Assessment of biowaste losses through unsound waste management practices in rural areas and the role of home composting[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2016,172:1631-1638.
[12] Abduli M A,Naghib A,Yonesi M,et al.Life cycle assessment (LCA) of solid waste management strategies in Tehran:Landfill and composting plus landfill[J].Environmental Monitoring & Assessment,2011,178(1-4):487.
[13] Turconi R,Butera S,Boldrin A,et al.Life cycle assessment of waste incineration in Denmark and Italy using two LCA models.[J].Waste Management & Research,2011,29(10 Suppl):78-90.
[14] 火汪炘,吴晓蔚,韩颖.火力发电行业主要气态污染物排放量计算方法研究[J].环境监测管理与技术,2010,22(6):20-24.Huo W X,Wu X W,Han Y.Researches on calculation for gaseous pollutants emissions from thermal power industry[J].The Administration and Technique of Environmental,2010,22(6):20-24.
[15] 狄向华,聂祚仁,左铁镛.中国火力发电燃料消耗的生命周期排放清单[J].中国环境科学,2005,25(5):632-635.Di X H,Nie Z R,Zuo T Y.Life cycle emission inventories for the fuels consumed by thermal power in China[J].China Environmental Science,2005,25(5):632-635.
[16] International Organization for Standardization.ISO 14040:2006.Environmental Management——Life Cycle assessment——Principles and Framework[S].Brussels,Belgium:The European Committee for Standardization,2006.
[17] 胡志远,谭丕强,楼狄明,等.柴油及其替代燃料生命周期排放评价[J].内燃机工程,2007,28(3):81-84.Hu Z Y,Tan P Q,Lou D M,et al.Life cycle emission assessment of diesel and its alternative fuels[J].Chinese Internal Combustion Engine Engineering,2007,28(3):81-84.
[18] 陈亮,徐应文.构建基于生命周期评价的火电企业环境成本估算模型[J].财会月刊,2011(21):70-72.Chen L,Xu Y W.Construction of a thermal power enterprise environmental cost estimation model based on life cycle assessment[J].Finance and Accounting Monthly,2011(21):70-72.
[19] IPCC.Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories[R].Geneva,Switzerland:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,2006.
[20] 陈艾伦,陈婵,陶夏秋,等.长沙市生活垃圾卫生填埋生命周期评价[J].环境科学与技术,2013(s2):390-395.Chen A L,Chen C,Tao X Q,et al.Life cycle assessment of sanitary landfill of domestic garbage in changsha[J].Environmental Science & Technology,2013(s2):390-395.
[21] Obersteiner G,Binner E,Mostbauer P,et al.Landfill modelling in LCA-A contribution based on empirical data[J].Waste Management,2007,27(8):58-74.
[22] 王明新,包永红,吴文良,等.华北平原冬小麦生命周期环境影响评价[J].农业环境科学学报,2006,25(5):1127-1132.Wang M X,Bao Y H,Wu W L,et al.Life cycle environmental impact assessment of winter wheat in North China Plain[J].Journal of Agro-Environment Science,2006,25(5):1127-1132.
[23] 黄涛,刘辉,张西华.温度对垃圾渗滤液污染特性影响试验研究[J].水处理技术,2010,36(3):70-73.Huang T,Liu H,Zhang X H.Experimental study on pollution character of landfill leachate[J].Technology of Water Treatment,2010,36(3):70-73.
[24] 纪丹凤.城市生活垃圾处理处置的生命周期与环境经济评价—以北京市为例[D].北京:北京化工大学,2010.Ji D F.Life Cycle Assessment and Environmental Economic Estimate of Municipal Solid Waste Disposal—Take Beijing City for Instance[D].Beijing:Beijing University of Chemical Technology,2010.
[25] Pensacola F L.Evolution and Development of the Conceptual Framework and Mentodology of Life-Cyde impact Assessment[R].California,USA:SETAC,1998.
[26] Huijbregts M A J,Breedveld L,Huppes G,et al.Normalisation figures for environmental life-cycle assessment :The Netherlands (1997/1998),Western Europe (1995) and the world (1990 and 1995)[J].Journal of Cleaner Production,2003,11(7):737-748.
[27] Huijbregts M A J.Application of uncertainty and variability in LCA.Part I:A general framework for the analysis of uncertainty and variability in life cycle assessment[J].International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment,1998,3(5):273-280.
[28] Clavreul J,Guyonnet D,Christensen T H.Quantifying uncertainty in LCA-modelling of waste management systems[J].Waste Management,2012,32(12):2482-2495.