非暴力视频游戏中竞争情境对玩家合作倾向和攻击倾向的影响
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摘要
使用中性视频游戏和亲社会视频游戏,采用单次双人给予倾向困境任务和辣酱范式分别测量被试的合作倾向和攻击倾向,旨在探究竞争性视频游戏情境对玩家合作倾向和攻击倾向的影响。结果发现:(1)在对合作倾向的影响上,无论是玩中性视频游戏还是亲社会视频游戏,竞争情境相比单人情境均能显著降低玩家的合作倾向;(2)在对攻击倾向的影响上,玩中性视频游戏,竞争情境相比单人情境能显著提高玩家的攻击倾向;但玩亲社会视频游戏,竞争情境与单人情境对玩家攻击倾向的影响差异不显著。本研究表明,游戏情境是影响玩家行为倾向的重要因素之一,在非暴力视频游戏中竞争情境对玩家行为倾向会产生消极影响,亲社会视频游戏在一定程度上能抑制竞争情境的消极效应。
Neutral video games and prosocial video games were used to explore the effect of competitive video game context on player's cooperative tendency and aggressive tendency,which were measured respectively by one-shot version of a two-person give-some dilemma and hot sauce paradigm. Results show that:( 1) Compared to the solo context,the competitive context can significantly reduce the player's cooperative tendency in playing neutral video game or prosocial video game:( 2) Compared to the solo context,the competitive context can significantly increase the player's aggressive tendency in playing neutral video game. However,in the dimension of prosocial video game,the competitive context had no effect on player's aggressive tendency. These results suggest that the video game context is one of important factors that affect the player's behavioral tendency,and the competitive context has a negative effect on the player's behavior tendency in the non-violent video game. But to a certain extent the prosocial video game can inhibit the negative effect of competitive context.
Neutral video games and prosocial video games were used to explore the effect of competitive video game context on player's cooperative tendency and aggressive tendency,which were measured respectively by one-shot version of a two-person give-some dilemma and hot sauce paradigm. Results show that:( 1) Compared to the solo context,the competitive context can significantly reduce the player's cooperative tendency in playing neutral video game or prosocial video game:( 2) Compared to the solo context,the competitive context can significantly increase the player's aggressive tendency in playing neutral video game. However,in the dimension of prosocial video game,the competitive context had no effect on player's aggressive tendency. These results suggest that the video game context is one of important factors that affect the player's behavioral tendency,and the competitive context has a negative effect on the player's behavior tendency in the non-violent video game. But to a certain extent the prosocial video game can inhibit the negative effect of competitive context.
引文
Adachi,P.J.C.(2015).Demolishing the competition:the association between competitive video game play and aggression among adolescents and young adults.Journal of Ecclesiastical History,52(3),409-433.
Adachi,P.J.C.,&Willoughby,T.(2011).The effect of violent video games on aggression:is it more than just the violence?.Aggression&Violent Behavior,16(1),55-62.
Adachi,P.J.C.,&Willoughby,T.(2013).Demolishing the competition:the longitudinal link between competitive video games,competitive gambling,and aggression.Journal of Youth&Adolescence,42(7),1090-1104.
Anderson,C.A.,&Dill,K.E.(2000).Video games and aggressive thoughts,feelings,and behavior in the laboratory and in life.Journal of personality and social psychology,78(4),772-90.
Anderson,C.A.,&Morrow,M.(1995).Competitive aggression without interaction:effects of competitive versus cooperative instructions on aggressive behavior in video games.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,21(10),1020-1030.
Anderson,C.A.,Shibuya,A.,Ihori,N.,Swing,E.L.,Bushman,B.J.,Sakamoto,A.,et al.(2010).Violent video game effects on aggression,empathy,and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries:a meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,136(2),151-173.
Brockmyer,J.F.(2015).Playing violent video games and desensitization to violence.Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America,24(1),65-77.
Buss,A.H.,&Perry,M.(1992).The aggression questionnaire.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(3),452-459.
Coyne,S.M.,Padilla-Walker,L.M.,Stockdale,L.,&Day,R.D.(2011).Game on...girls:associations between co-playing video games and adolescent behavioral and family outcomes.Journal of Adolescent Health Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine,49(2),160-165.
Deutsch,M.(1993).Educating for a peaceful world.American Psychologist,48(5),510-517.
Ewoldsen,D.R.,Eno,C.A.,Okdie,B.M.,Velez,J.A.,Guadagno,R.E.,&Decoster,J.(2012).Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior.Cyberpsychology Behavior&Social Networking,15(5),277.
Gentile,D.A.(2011).The multiple dimensions of video game effects.Child Development Perspectives,5(2),75-81.
Gentile,D.A.,Anderson,C.A.,Yukawa,S.,Ihori,N.,Saleem,M.,Ming,L.K.,et al.(2009).The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors:international evidence from correlational,longitudinal,and experimental studies.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,35(6),752-763.
Gentile,D.A.,Coyne,S.,&Walsh,D.A.(2011).Media violence,physical aggression,and relational aggression in school age children:a short-term longitudinal study.Aggressive Behavior,37(2),193-206.
Gentile,D.A.,&Stone,W.(2005).Violent video game effects on children and adolescents:a review of the literature.Child&Adolescent Mental Health,57(6),337-58.
Greitemeyer,T.(2011).Effects of prosocial media on social behavior when and why does media exposure affect helping and aggression?.Current Directions in Psychological Science,20(4),251-255.
Greitemeyer,T.,Agthe,M.,Turner,R.,&Gschwendtner,C.(2012).Acting prosocially reduces retaliation:effects of prosocial video games on aggressive behavior.European Journal of Social Psychology,42(2),235-242.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Cox,C.(2013).There’s no“i”in team:effects of cooperative video games on cooperative behavior.European Journal of Social Psychology,43(3),224-228.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Osswald,S.(2009).Prosocial video games reduce aggressive cognitions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(4),896-900.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Osswald,S.(2010).Effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,98(2),211.
Greitemeyer,T.,Osswald,S.,&Brauer,M.(2010).Playing prosocial video games increases empathy and decreases schadenfreude.E-motion,10(6),796-802.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Mügge,D.O.(2014).Video games do affect social outcomes:a meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,40(5),578-89.
Greitemeyer,T.,Traut-Mattausch,E.,&Osswald,S.(2012).How to ameliorate negative effects of violent video games on cooperation:play it cooperatively in a team.Computers in Human Behavior,28(4),1465-1470.
Harrington,B.,&O’Connell,M.(2016).Video games as virtual teachers:prosocial video game use by children and adolescents from different socioeconomic groups is associated with increased empathy and prosocial behaviour.Computers in Human Behavior,63,650-658.
Liu,Y.,Teng,Z.,Lan,H.,Zhang,X.,&Yao,D.(2015).Shortterm effects of prosocial video games on aggression:an event-related potential study.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,9,193.
Przybylski,A.K.,Deci,E.L.,Rigby,C.S.,&Ryan,R.M.(2014).Competence-impeding electronic games and players'aggressive feelings,thoughts,and behaviors.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,106(3),441.
Puerta-Cortes,D.X.,Panova,T.,Carbonell,X.,&Chamarro,A.(2017).How passion and impulsivity influence a player’s choice of video game,intensity of playing and time spent playing.Computers in Human Behavior,66(66),122-128.
Saleem,M.,Anderson,C.A.,&Gentile,D.A.(2012).Effects of prosocial,neutral,and violent video games on college students’affect.Aggressive Behavior,38(4),263-271.
Schmierbach,M.(2010).“Killing spree”:exploring the connection between competitive game play and aggressive cognition.Communication Research,32(2),256-274.
Van Lange,P.A.M.(1999).The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes:an integrative model of social value orientation.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,77(2),337-349.
Velez,J.A.,Greitemeyer,T.,Whitaker,J.L.,Ewoldsen,D.R.,&Bushman,B.J.(2014).Violent video games and reciprocity.Communication Research,online(4),1-21.
Weibel,D.,Wissmath,B.,Habegger,S.,Steiner,Y.,&Groner,R.(2008).Playing online games against computer-vs.human-controlled opponents:effects on presence,flow,and enjoyment.Computers in Human Behavior,24(5),2274-2291.
Williams,R.B.,&Clippinger,C.A.(2002).Aggression,competition and computer games:computer and human opponents.Computers in Human Behavior,18(5),495-506.
Yamagishi,T.,Jin,N.,&Kiyonari,T.(1999).Bounded generalized reciprocity:Ingroup boasting and ingroup favoritism.Advances in Group Processes,16,161-197.
陈朝阳,马兵兵,马婷,张锋.(2014).亲社会视频游戏对玩家人性化知觉水平的影响.心理发展与教育,30(6),561-569.
何芸.(2014).游戏方式对游戏者合作行为和攻击行为的影响(硕士学位论文).宁波大学.
雷浩,魏锦,刘衍玲,田澜,潘彦谷,陈容.(2013).亲社会性视频游戏对内隐攻击性认知抑制效应的实验.心理发展与教育,29(1),10-17.
谢晓非,余媛媛,陈曦,陈晓萍.(2006).合作与竞争人格倾向测量.心理学报,38(1),116-125.
杨序斌.(2014).暴力视频游戏对个体共情及亲社会行为倾向的影响(博士学位论文).湖南师范大学,长沙.
张一,陈容,刘衍玲.(2016).亲社会视频游戏对国外青少年行为的影响.心理科学进展,24(10):1600-1612.
周群.(2015).电子游戏竞争因素对玩家攻击性的影响(硕士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.
Adachi,P.J.C.,&Willoughby,T.(2011).The effect of violent video games on aggression:is it more than just the violence?.Aggression&Violent Behavior,16(1),55-62.
Adachi,P.J.C.,&Willoughby,T.(2013).Demolishing the competition:the longitudinal link between competitive video games,competitive gambling,and aggression.Journal of Youth&Adolescence,42(7),1090-1104.
Anderson,C.A.,&Dill,K.E.(2000).Video games and aggressive thoughts,feelings,and behavior in the laboratory and in life.Journal of personality and social psychology,78(4),772-90.
Anderson,C.A.,&Morrow,M.(1995).Competitive aggression without interaction:effects of competitive versus cooperative instructions on aggressive behavior in video games.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,21(10),1020-1030.
Anderson,C.A.,Shibuya,A.,Ihori,N.,Swing,E.L.,Bushman,B.J.,Sakamoto,A.,et al.(2010).Violent video game effects on aggression,empathy,and prosocial behavior in eastern and western countries:a meta-analytic review.Psychological Bulletin,136(2),151-173.
Brockmyer,J.F.(2015).Playing violent video games and desensitization to violence.Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America,24(1),65-77.
Buss,A.H.,&Perry,M.(1992).The aggression questionnaire.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,63(3),452-459.
Coyne,S.M.,Padilla-Walker,L.M.,Stockdale,L.,&Day,R.D.(2011).Game on...girls:associations between co-playing video games and adolescent behavioral and family outcomes.Journal of Adolescent Health Official Publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine,49(2),160-165.
Deutsch,M.(1993).Educating for a peaceful world.American Psychologist,48(5),510-517.
Ewoldsen,D.R.,Eno,C.A.,Okdie,B.M.,Velez,J.A.,Guadagno,R.E.,&Decoster,J.(2012).Effect of playing violent video games cooperatively or competitively on subsequent cooperative behavior.Cyberpsychology Behavior&Social Networking,15(5),277.
Gentile,D.A.(2011).The multiple dimensions of video game effects.Child Development Perspectives,5(2),75-81.
Gentile,D.A.,Anderson,C.A.,Yukawa,S.,Ihori,N.,Saleem,M.,Ming,L.K.,et al.(2009).The effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behaviors:international evidence from correlational,longitudinal,and experimental studies.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,35(6),752-763.
Gentile,D.A.,Coyne,S.,&Walsh,D.A.(2011).Media violence,physical aggression,and relational aggression in school age children:a short-term longitudinal study.Aggressive Behavior,37(2),193-206.
Gentile,D.A.,&Stone,W.(2005).Violent video game effects on children and adolescents:a review of the literature.Child&Adolescent Mental Health,57(6),337-58.
Greitemeyer,T.(2011).Effects of prosocial media on social behavior when and why does media exposure affect helping and aggression?.Current Directions in Psychological Science,20(4),251-255.
Greitemeyer,T.,Agthe,M.,Turner,R.,&Gschwendtner,C.(2012).Acting prosocially reduces retaliation:effects of prosocial video games on aggressive behavior.European Journal of Social Psychology,42(2),235-242.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Cox,C.(2013).There’s no“i”in team:effects of cooperative video games on cooperative behavior.European Journal of Social Psychology,43(3),224-228.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Osswald,S.(2009).Prosocial video games reduce aggressive cognitions.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45(4),896-900.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Osswald,S.(2010).Effects of prosocial video games on prosocial behavior.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,98(2),211.
Greitemeyer,T.,Osswald,S.,&Brauer,M.(2010).Playing prosocial video games increases empathy and decreases schadenfreude.E-motion,10(6),796-802.
Greitemeyer,T.,&Mügge,D.O.(2014).Video games do affect social outcomes:a meta-analytic review of the effects of violent and prosocial video game play.Personality&Social Psychology Bulletin,40(5),578-89.
Greitemeyer,T.,Traut-Mattausch,E.,&Osswald,S.(2012).How to ameliorate negative effects of violent video games on cooperation:play it cooperatively in a team.Computers in Human Behavior,28(4),1465-1470.
Harrington,B.,&O’Connell,M.(2016).Video games as virtual teachers:prosocial video game use by children and adolescents from different socioeconomic groups is associated with increased empathy and prosocial behaviour.Computers in Human Behavior,63,650-658.
Liu,Y.,Teng,Z.,Lan,H.,Zhang,X.,&Yao,D.(2015).Shortterm effects of prosocial video games on aggression:an event-related potential study.Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience,9,193.
Przybylski,A.K.,Deci,E.L.,Rigby,C.S.,&Ryan,R.M.(2014).Competence-impeding electronic games and players'aggressive feelings,thoughts,and behaviors.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,106(3),441.
Puerta-Cortes,D.X.,Panova,T.,Carbonell,X.,&Chamarro,A.(2017).How passion and impulsivity influence a player’s choice of video game,intensity of playing and time spent playing.Computers in Human Behavior,66(66),122-128.
Saleem,M.,Anderson,C.A.,&Gentile,D.A.(2012).Effects of prosocial,neutral,and violent video games on college students’affect.Aggressive Behavior,38(4),263-271.
Schmierbach,M.(2010).“Killing spree”:exploring the connection between competitive game play and aggressive cognition.Communication Research,32(2),256-274.
Van Lange,P.A.M.(1999).The pursuit of joint outcomes and equality in outcomes:an integrative model of social value orientation.Journal of Personality&Social Psychology,77(2),337-349.
Velez,J.A.,Greitemeyer,T.,Whitaker,J.L.,Ewoldsen,D.R.,&Bushman,B.J.(2014).Violent video games and reciprocity.Communication Research,online(4),1-21.
Weibel,D.,Wissmath,B.,Habegger,S.,Steiner,Y.,&Groner,R.(2008).Playing online games against computer-vs.human-controlled opponents:effects on presence,flow,and enjoyment.Computers in Human Behavior,24(5),2274-2291.
Williams,R.B.,&Clippinger,C.A.(2002).Aggression,competition and computer games:computer and human opponents.Computers in Human Behavior,18(5),495-506.
Yamagishi,T.,Jin,N.,&Kiyonari,T.(1999).Bounded generalized reciprocity:Ingroup boasting and ingroup favoritism.Advances in Group Processes,16,161-197.
陈朝阳,马兵兵,马婷,张锋.(2014).亲社会视频游戏对玩家人性化知觉水平的影响.心理发展与教育,30(6),561-569.
何芸.(2014).游戏方式对游戏者合作行为和攻击行为的影响(硕士学位论文).宁波大学.
雷浩,魏锦,刘衍玲,田澜,潘彦谷,陈容.(2013).亲社会性视频游戏对内隐攻击性认知抑制效应的实验.心理发展与教育,29(1),10-17.
谢晓非,余媛媛,陈曦,陈晓萍.(2006).合作与竞争人格倾向测量.心理学报,38(1),116-125.
杨序斌.(2014).暴力视频游戏对个体共情及亲社会行为倾向的影响(博士学位论文).湖南师范大学,长沙.
张一,陈容,刘衍玲.(2016).亲社会视频游戏对国外青少年行为的影响.心理科学进展,24(10):1600-1612.
周群.(2015).电子游戏竞争因素对玩家攻击性的影响(硕士学位论文).西南大学,重庆.