开发区、集聚类型与企业创新——来自上海的经验证据
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摘要
开发区的建设在我国企业技术创新、产学研结合和城市发展中发挥了不可替代的作用,普遍认为开发区内企业的创新水平较高。而经济的空间集聚可以通过增强企业间人员的交流、学习等提高企业的创新能力。本文使用上海企业的研发、专利和地理数据等,首先研究了集聚度对开发区创新作用的影响,其次重点研究了不同集聚类型在开发区创新作用中的异质性影响。结论显示开发区显著提高了企业的空间集聚程度,而这种集聚是开发区促进企业创新的重要渠道。开发区内形成研发要素集聚对创新投入和产出都有显著促进作用;开发区内形成的产业垂直和水平集聚则仅仅显著促进研发投入。
Special Economic Zones(SEZs) plays an irreplaceable role in innovation, production and research integration as well as urban development of China. While it is generally believed that the innovation level of firms in SEZs are relatively high, and the spatial agglomeration can also enhance the exchange of ideas, which could also improving firm innovation.This paper uses the R&D expenditure data, patent application data and some geography data of Shanghai manufacture firms to, firstly, identify the influence of the agglomeration on the innovation role of the SEZs;secondly, to study the heterogeneity effect of different agglomeration types in the innovation role of the SEZs. The conclusion shows that the SEZs has significantly improved the degree of firms' spatial agglomeration,and this agglomeration is an important channel for the SEZs' promoting firm innovation. And agglomeration of R&D factors in the SEZs significantly promotes innovation input and output; while vertical and horizontal agglomeration in SEZs only significantly promotes R&D investment.
Special Economic Zones(SEZs) plays an irreplaceable role in innovation, production and research integration as well as urban development of China. While it is generally believed that the innovation level of firms in SEZs are relatively high, and the spatial agglomeration can also enhance the exchange of ideas, which could also improving firm innovation.This paper uses the R&D expenditure data, patent application data and some geography data of Shanghai manufacture firms to, firstly, identify the influence of the agglomeration on the innovation role of the SEZs;secondly, to study the heterogeneity effect of different agglomeration types in the innovation role of the SEZs. The conclusion shows that the SEZs has significantly improved the degree of firms' spatial agglomeration,and this agglomeration is an important channel for the SEZs' promoting firm innovation. And agglomeration of R&D factors in the SEZs significantly promotes innovation input and output; while vertical and horizontal agglomeration in SEZs only significantly promotes R&D investment.
引文
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[36]孙楚仁,张楠,陈勇兵.出口会影响企业在城市内部的区位选择吗?--基于2004年“中国工业企业数据库”上海市数据的分析[J].世界经济研究,2015(12):66-77.
[37]王帅,周明生.信息基础设施建设、产业集聚与经济增长--基于中介效应模型的实证分析[J].上海经济,2018(05):5-18.
[38]王永进,张国峰.开发区生产率优势的来源:集聚效应还是选择效应?[J].经济研究,2016(7):58-71.
[39]吴一平,李鲁.中国开发区政策绩效评估:基于企业创新能力的视角[J].金融研究,2017(06):130-145.
[40]杨汝岱.中国制造业企业全要素生产率研究[J].经济研究,2015(02):61-74.
[41]周沂,贺灿飞.集聚类型与中国出口产品演化--基于产品技术复杂度的研究[J].财贸经济,2018,v.39(06):117-131.
[2]DE BLASIO G,DI ADDARIO S.Do workers benefit from industrial agglomeration?[J].Journal of regional Science,2005,45(4):797-827.
[3]DESMET K,ROSSI-HANSBERG E.Spatial growth and industry age[J].Journal of Economic Theory,2009,144(6):2477-2502.
[4]DESMET K,ROSSIHANSBERG E.Spatial Development[J].Cepr Discussion Papers,2009,volume 104(4):1211-1243(33).
[5]DESMET K,ROSSI-HANSBERG E.On Spatial Dynamics[J].Journal of Regional Science,2010,50(1):43-63.
[6]DING C.Urban spatial development in the land policy reform era:evidence from Beijing[J].Urban studies,2004,41(10):1889-1907.
[7]ELLISON G,GLAESER E L.The geographic concentration of industry:does natural advantage explain agglomeration?[J].American Economic Review,1999,89(2):311-316.
[8]FAN C C,SCOTT A J.Industrial agglomeration and development:a survey of spatial economic issues in East Asia and a statistical analysis of Chinese regions[J].Economic geography,2003,79(3):295-319.
[9]FELDMAN M P.The new economics of innovation,spillovers and agglomeration:Areview of empirical studies[J].Economics of innovation and new technology,1999,8(1-2):5-25.
[10]FREEDMAN M L.Job hopping,earnings dynamics,and industrial agglomeration in the software publishing industry[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2008,64(3):590-600.
[11]GIRMA S,GONG Y,G?RG H.What determines innovation activity in Chinese state-owned enterprises?The role of foreign direct investment[J].World Development,2009,37(4):866-873.
[12]GLAESER E L,KALLAL H D,SCHEINKMAN J A,et al.Growth in cities[J].Journal of political economy,1992,100(6):1126-1152.
[13]GREENSTONE M,HORNBECK R,MORETTI E.Identifying agglomeration spillovers:Evidence from winners and losers of large plant openings[J].Journal of Political Economy,2010,118(3):536-598.
[14]HUERGO E,JAUMANDREU J.Firms’age,process innovation and productivity growth[J].International Journal of Industrial Organization,2004,22(4):541-559.
[15]KLINE P,MORETTI E.Local economic development,agglomeration economies,and the big push:100 years of evidence from the Tennessee Valley Authority[J].The Quarterly Journal of Economics,2013,129(1):275-331.
[16]LEVINSOHN J,PETRIN A.Estimating production functions using inputs to control for unobservables[J].The Review of Economic Studies,2003,70(2):317-341.
[17]LU J,TAO Z.Trends and determinants of China’s industrial agglomeration[J].Journal of urban economics,2009,65(2):167-180.
[18]LU Y,WANG J,ZHU L.Do place-based policies work?Micro-Level evidence from China’s economic zone program[J].2015.
[19]LUCAS R E,ROSSI-HANSBERG E.On the internal structure of cities[J].Econometrica,2002,70(4):1445-1476.
[20]NEUMARK D,KOLKO J.Do enterprise zones create jobs?Evidence from California’s enterprise zone program[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2010,68(1):1-19.
[21]OERLEMANS L,MEEUS M.Do organizational and spatial proximity impact on firm performance?[J].Regional studies,2005,39(1):89-104.
[22]ROSENTHAL S S,STRANGE W C.Evidence on the nature and sources of agglomeration economies[M]//Handbook of regional and urban economics.Elsevier,2004,4:2119-2171.
[23]ROSSI-HANSBERG E.Optimal urban land use and zoning[J].Review of Economic Dynamics,2004,7(1):69-106.
[24]ROSSI-HANSBERG E,SARTE P D,OWENS III R.Housing externalities[J].Journal of political Economy,2010,118(3):485-535.
[25]WANG J.The economic impact of special economic zones:Evidence from Chinese municipalities[J].Journal of development economics,2013,101:133-147.
[26]ROSSI-HANSBERG E.A spatial theory of trade[J].American Economic Review,2005,95(5):1464-1491.
[27]ZHENG S,KAHN M E.Land and residential property markets in a booming economy:New evidence from Beijing[J].Journal of Urban Economics,2008,63(2):743-757.
[28]ZHENG S,SUN W,WU J,et al.The birth of edge cities in China:Measuring the spillover effects of industrial parks[R].National Bureau of Economic Research,2015.
[29]陈良文,杨开忠.集聚与分散:新经济地理学模型与城市内部空间结构、外部规模经济效应的整合研究[J].经济学:季刊,2008,7(1):53-70.
[30]杜威剑,李梦洁.产业集聚会促进企业产品创新吗?--基于中国工业企业数据库的实证研究[J].产业经济研究,2015(4):1-9.
[31]雷曙光.创新投入、产业集聚与开发区绩效--来自上海市开发区的经验证据[J].华东师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2017,49(6):144-152.
[32]梁正,罗猷韬,邓兴华.基于价值链视角的知识产权强国建设路径研究[J].中国科学院院刊,2016,31(09):1006-1016.
[33]聂辉华,江艇,杨汝岱.中国工业企业数据库的使用现状和潜在问题[J].世界经济,2012(5):142-158.
[34]彭向,蒋传海.产业集聚、知识溢出与地区创新--基于中国工业行业的实证检验[J].经济学(季刊),2011,10(3):913-934.
[35]孙楚仁,陈思思,张楠.集聚经济与城市出口增长的二元边际[J].国际贸易问题,2015(10):59-72.
[36]孙楚仁,张楠,陈勇兵.出口会影响企业在城市内部的区位选择吗?--基于2004年“中国工业企业数据库”上海市数据的分析[J].世界经济研究,2015(12):66-77.
[37]王帅,周明生.信息基础设施建设、产业集聚与经济增长--基于中介效应模型的实证分析[J].上海经济,2018(05):5-18.
[38]王永进,张国峰.开发区生产率优势的来源:集聚效应还是选择效应?[J].经济研究,2016(7):58-71.
[39]吴一平,李鲁.中国开发区政策绩效评估:基于企业创新能力的视角[J].金融研究,2017(06):130-145.
[40]杨汝岱.中国制造业企业全要素生产率研究[J].经济研究,2015(02):61-74.
[41]周沂,贺灿飞.集聚类型与中国出口产品演化--基于产品技术复杂度的研究[J].财贸经济,2018,v.39(06):117-131.