遥感降水数据精度检验策略及检验方法综述
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摘要
卫星遥感反演降水技术为获取全球降水信息提供了途径。遥感降水数据不可避免地存在误差,精度检验是必不可缺的。首先回顾了遥感降水数据全球检验项目;总结检验策略,分为降水事件检验、中小区域尺度检验和大区域尺度检验;然后总结检验方法,包括基于地面观测数据检验方法和基于降水产品检验方法;最后介绍遥感降水数据检验常用流程,包括获取参照数据、检验区域选择和数据对比。遥感降水产品精度检验框架主要存在3个方面的问题,全球遥感降水产品检验策略不完善、参照数据缺乏统一标准和检验指标不统一。未来发展方向可能有完善检验策略、统一参照数据及检验方法。
Satellites offer a way of estimating global precipitation.Errors exist inevitably in satellite precipitation products,and have a great deal of difference among products because of the complexity of estimating or retrieving precipitation.This paper firstly outlined global projects of satellite precipitation product evaluationincluding Algorithm Intercomparison Project(AIP),Product Intercomparison Project(PIP),and Program to Evaluate High Resolution Precipitation Products(PEHRPP).These projects concluded that the accuracy of precipitation products is close related with underlying surfaces,latitude,seasons and precipitation patterns.The HRPPs(TMPA、CMORPH、NRLB and GSMaP)underestimate rainfall ranging from 3to7mm/day(10%～67%).PERSIANN overestimates heavy rainfall(200%)while underestimates rainfall(56%)in the mountains.Then it concluded evaluation strategies including rainfall events evaluation,evaluation at meso-small scale region and evaluation at large scale region.Evaluation methods were divided into two categories,evaluation based on ground measurement data and evaluation based on satellite precipitation products.We introduced general evaluation procedure,including obtaining reference data,study area selection and data comparison.The reference datasets mainly include gauge data,Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC)datasets and radar data.Finally,we made a prospect on satellite precipitation product evaluation based on the existing problems at present.There currently exist three problems in satellite precipitation products evaluation,imperfect evaluation strategy,non-uniform reference data and evaluation indices.The future research aspects may include optimization of evaluation strategy,normalization of reference data and evaluation methods.
Satellites offer a way of estimating global precipitation.Errors exist inevitably in satellite precipitation products,and have a great deal of difference among products because of the complexity of estimating or retrieving precipitation.This paper firstly outlined global projects of satellite precipitation product evaluationincluding Algorithm Intercomparison Project(AIP),Product Intercomparison Project(PIP),and Program to Evaluate High Resolution Precipitation Products(PEHRPP).These projects concluded that the accuracy of precipitation products is close related with underlying surfaces,latitude,seasons and precipitation patterns.The HRPPs(TMPA、CMORPH、NRLB and GSMaP)underestimate rainfall ranging from 3to7mm/day(10%～67%).PERSIANN overestimates heavy rainfall(200%)while underestimates rainfall(56%)in the mountains.Then it concluded evaluation strategies including rainfall events evaluation,evaluation at meso-small scale region and evaluation at large scale region.Evaluation methods were divided into two categories,evaluation based on ground measurement data and evaluation based on satellite precipitation products.We introduced general evaluation procedure,including obtaining reference data,study area selection and data comparison.The reference datasets mainly include gauge data,Global Precipitation Climatology Centre(GPCC)datasets and radar data.Finally,we made a prospect on satellite precipitation product evaluation based on the existing problems at present.There currently exist three problems in satellite precipitation products evaluation,imperfect evaluation strategy,non-uniform reference data and evaluation indices.The future research aspects may include optimization of evaluation strategy,normalization of reference data and evaluation methods.
引文
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[5] Nijssen B,Lettenmaier D P.Effect of Precipitation Sampling Error on Simulated Hydrological Fluxes and States:Anticipating the Global Precipitation Measurement Satellites[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,2004,109(D2):265-274.
[6] Ebert E E,Manton M J,Arkin P A,et al.Results from the GPCP Algorithm Intercomparison Programme[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,1996,77(12):2875-2887.
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[8] Ebert E E,Manton M J.Performance of Satellite Rainfall Estimation Algorithms during TOGA COARE[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1998,55(9):1537-1557.
[9] Barrett E C,Dodge J,Goodman H M,et al.TheFirst WetNet Precipitation Intercomparison Project(PIP-1)[J].Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,11(1-4):49-60.
[10] Barrett E C,Adler R F,Arpe K,et al.The First WetNet Precipitation Intercomparison Project(PIP-1):Interpretation of Results[J].Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,11(1-4):303-373.
[11] Kniveton D R,Motta B C,Goodman H M,et al.The First WetNet Precipitation Intercomparison Project:Generation of Results[J].Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,11(1-4):243-301.
[12] Smith E A,Lamm J E,Adler R,et al.Results of WetNet PIP-2Project[J].Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences,1998,55(9):1483-1536.
[13] Adler R F,Kidd C,Petty G,et al.Intercomparison of Global Precipitation Products:The Third Precipitation Intercomparison Project(PIP-3)[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2000,82(7):1377-1396.
[14] Dodge J C,Goodman H M.TheWetNetproject[J].Remote Sensing Reviews,1994,11(1-4):5-21.
[15] Arkin P,Turk J,Ebert B,et al.Evaluation of High Resolution Precipitation Forecasts and Analyses from Satellite Observations[C]∥AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts.2006,1:04.
[16] Xie P,Arkin P A.An Intercomparison of Gauge Observations and Satellite Estimates of Monthly Precipitation[J].Journal of Applied Meteorology,1995,34(5):1143-1160.
[17] Tian Y,Peters-Lidard C D,Choudhury B J,et al.Multitemporal Analysis of TRMM-based Satellite Precipitation Products for Land Data Assimilation Applications[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2007,8(6):1165-1183.
[18] Tian Y,Peters-Lidard C D,Adler R F,et al.Evaluation of GSMaP Precipitation Estimates over the Contiguous United States[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2010,11(2):566-574.
[19] Romilly T G,Gebremichael M.Evaluation of Satellite Rainfall Estimates over Ethiopian River Basins[J].Hydrology and Earth System Sciences,2011,15(5):1505-1514.
[20] Prakash S,Sathiyamoorthy V,Mahesh C,et al.An Evaluation of High-resolution Multisatellite Rainfall Products over the Indian Monsoon Region[J].International Journal of Remote Sensing,2014,35(9):3018-3035.
[21] Smith E A,Asrar G,Furuhama Y,et al.International Global PrecipitationMeasurement(GPM)Program and Mission:An Overview[A].Smith E A,Bauer P,Turk J,Measuring Precipitation from Space[M].Springer,Dordrecht,Netherlands,2007:611-653.
[22] Tustison B,Harris D,Foufoula-Georgiou E.Scale Issues in Verification of Precipitation Forecasts[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2001,106(D11):11775-11784.
[23] Tustison B,Foufoula-Georgiou E,Harris D.Scale-recursive Estimation for Multisensor Quantitative Precipitation Forecast Verification:A Preliminary Assessment[J].Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres(1984-2012),2002,107(D8):CIP 2-1-cIP 2-14.
[24] Sorooshian S,Aghakouchak A,Arkin P,et al.Advanced Concepts on Remote Sensing of Precipitation at Multiple Scales[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2011,92(10):1353-1357.
[25] Levizzani V E.First Workshop of the International Precipitation Working Group[C]∥EUMETSAT,Publication P.43,2003:290.[Available from EUMETSAT,Am Kavalleriesand31,D-64295Darmstadt,Germany].
[26] Turk J,Bauer P.The International Precipitation Working Group andIts Role in the Improvement of Quantitative Precipitation Measurements[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2006,87(5):643-647.
[27] Ebert E E,Janowiak J E,Kidd C.Comparison of Near-realTime Precipitation Estimates from Satellite Observations and Numerical Models[J].Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society,2007,88(1):47-64.
[28] Gottschalck J,Meng J,Rodell M,et al.Analysis of Multiple Precipitation Products and Preliminary Assessment of Their Impact on Global Land Data Assimilation System Land Surface States[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2005,6(5):573-598.
[29] Xie P,Yatagai A,Chen M,et al.A Gauge-based Analysis of Daily Precipitation over East Asia[J].Journal of Hydrometeorology,2007,8(3):607-625.
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