基于静稳天气下气球探空实验的中国沙漠地区沙尘气溶胶的垂直分布（英文）
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摘要
塔克拉玛干沙漠是亚洲沙尘气溶胶的重要源地。为探讨塔克拉玛干地区沙尘气溶胶的理化特性与时空变化,研究其环境与气候效应,本文分析了四个季节在中国敦煌(塔克拉玛干沙漠内)取得的探空气球观测数据,包括气溶胶的数浓度、粒径分布、质量浓度及在西风主导下的水平输送通量。气溶胶数浓度的垂直廓线显示,来自沙漠地区的矿物粒子对局地环境与气候有重要影响,且所有季节都存在长距离输送。粒子谱分布显示局地有大量粗粒子输入。结果说明,源于塔克拉玛干沙漠的沙尘气溶胶的背景输送有着重要的科学意义,需进一步研究其对东亚和西太平洋地区环境与气候的影响。
The Taklamakan Desert in China is one of the major source regions for Asian dust particles. All balloon-borne measurements in this report were carried out in Dunhuang, in the Taklamakan Desert, during calm weather conditions. The aerosol number concentration, size distribution,mass concentration, and horizontal mass ?ux due to westerly wind were investigated. The measurements were performed on 17 August 2001, 17 October 2001, 11 January 2002, and30 April 2002. Five channels(0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2, and 3.6 μm in diameter) were used in the Optical Particle Counter for particle measurements. The aerosol number concentration in the winter season(11 January 2002) at 3–5 km was very high. Variation of free-tropospheric aerosols on30 April 2002 was noticeable. A super-micron range was noticeable in the size distribution of all the measurements. Many variations in temperature and aerosol concentration were found at these inversion points. High values of estimated mass concentration of aerosols were frequently observed in the atmosphere near the ground(i.e., 1–2 km); and interestingly, relatively high concentrations were frequently detected above 2 km from the surface. Wind patterns observed using ERA-Interim data at 500 and 850 hPa showed that westerly winds dominated in the Taklamakan Desert during the observation period. The average horizontal mass ?ux of background Asian dust due to westerly wind was observed to fall within the range of 58.5–1219 tons km~(-2)d~(-1). Vertical pro?les of aerosol number concentrations showed that signi?cant transport of aerosols dominated in the westerly region(i.e., 4–7 km).
The Taklamakan Desert in China is one of the major source regions for Asian dust particles. All balloon-borne measurements in this report were carried out in Dunhuang, in the Taklamakan Desert, during calm weather conditions. The aerosol number concentration, size distribution,mass concentration, and horizontal mass ?ux due to westerly wind were investigated. The measurements were performed on 17 August 2001, 17 October 2001, 11 January 2002, and30 April 2002. Five channels(0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.2, and 3.6 μm in diameter) were used in the Optical Particle Counter for particle measurements. The aerosol number concentration in the winter season(11 January 2002) at 3–5 km was very high. Variation of free-tropospheric aerosols on30 April 2002 was noticeable. A super-micron range was noticeable in the size distribution of all the measurements. Many variations in temperature and aerosol concentration were found at these inversion points. High values of estimated mass concentration of aerosols were frequently observed in the atmosphere near the ground(i.e., 1–2 km); and interestingly, relatively high concentrations were frequently detected above 2 km from the surface. Wind patterns observed using ERA-Interim data at 500 and 850 hPa showed that westerly winds dominated in the Taklamakan Desert during the observation period. The average horizontal mass ?ux of background Asian dust due to westerly wind was observed to fall within the range of 58.5–1219 tons km~(-2)d~(-1). Vertical pro?les of aerosol number concentrations showed that signi?cant transport of aerosols dominated in the westerly region(i.e., 4–7 km).
引文
Chen,B.,M.Yamada,Y.Iwasaka,D.Zhang,H.Wang Z.Wang,H.Lei,and G.Shi.2015.“Origin of Non-Spherical Particles in the Boundary Layer over Beijing,China:Based on Balloon-Borne Observations.”Environmental Geochemistry and Health 37(5):791-800doi:10.1007/s10653-014-9668-6.
Deshler,T.,B.J.Johnson,and W.R.Rozier.1993.“Balloon Borne Measurments of Pinatubo Aerosol during 1991 and1992 AT Dunhuang-Vertical Profiles,Size Distribution and Volatility.”Geophysical Research Letters 20(14):1435-1438doi:10.1029/93gl01337.
Hayashi,M.,Y.Iwasaka,M.Watanabe,T.Shibata,M.Fujiwara H.Adachi,T.Sakai,et al.1998.“Size and Number Concentration of Liquid PSCs:Balloon-Borne Measurements at Ny-Alesund,Norway in Winter of 1994/95.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 76(4)549-560.doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.76.4_549.
Huang,J.,W.Zhang,J.Zuo,J.Bi,J.Shi,X.Wang,Z.Chang et al.2008.“An Overview of the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Research Observatory over the Loess Plateau.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 25(6)906-921.doi:10.1007/s00376-008-0906-7.
Hussein,T.,A.Karppinen,J.Kukkonen,J.Harkonen,P.P.Aalto K.Hameri,V.Kerminen,and M.Kulmala.2006.“Meteorologica Dependence of Size-Fractionated Number Concentrations of Urban Aerosol Particles.”Atmospheric Environment 40(8)1427-1440.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.061.
Ishizaka,Y.,and A.Uno.1982.“Mass Size Distribution of the Principal Minerals of Yellow Sand Dust in the Air over Japan.”Idojaras 86:249-253.
Iwasaka,Y.,G-Y.Shi,M.Yamada,A.Matsuki,D.Trochkine Y.S.Kim,D.Zhang,et al.2003.“Importance of Dust Particles in the Free Troposphere over the Taklamakan Desert:Electron Microscopic Experiments of Particles Collected with a Balloonborne Particle Impactor at Dunhuang,China.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 108(D23):n/a-n/a.doi:10.1029/2002JD003270
Iwasaka,Y.,J.M.Li,G.-Y.Shi,Y.S.Kim,A.Matsuki D.Trochkine,M.Yamada,D.Zhang,Z.Shen,and C.S.Hong.2008.“Mass Transport of Background Asian Dust Revealed by Balloon-Borne Measurement:Dust Particles Transported during Calm Periods by Westerly from Taklamakan Desert.”In Advanced Environmenta Monitoring,edited by Y.J.Kim and U.Platt,121-135Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
Iwasaka,Y.,G.Y.Shi,Y.S.Kim,A.Matsuki,D.Trochkine,D.Zhang M.Yamada,et al.2004.“Pool of Dust Particles over the Asian Continent:Balloon-Borne Optical Particle Counter and Ground-Based Lidar Measurements at Dunhuang,China.”Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 92(1-3):5-24doi:10.1023/b:emas.0000014505.43198.48.
Kim,Y.S.,Y.Iwasaka,G-Y.Shi,Z.Shen,D.Trochkine,A.Matsuki D.Zhang,et al.2003.“Features in Number Concentration-Size Distributions of Aerosols in the Free Atmosphere over the Desert Areas in the Asian Continent:Balloon-Borne Measurements at Dunhuang,China”.Water,Air and Soi Pollution:Focus 3:147-159.doi:10.1023/A:1023234305819.
Mahowald,N.M.,S.Kloster,S.Engelstaedter,J.K.Moore S.Mukhopadhyay,J.R.McConnell,S.Albani,et al.2010“Observed 20th Century Desert Dust Variability:Impact on Climate and Biogeochemistry.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10(22):10875-10893.doi:10.5194/acp-10-10875-2010.
Okada,K.,J.Heintzenberg,K.J.Kai,and Y.Qin.2001.“Shape of Atmospheric Mineral Particles Collected in Three Chinese Arid-Regions.”Geophysical Research Letters 28(16)3123-3126.doi:10.1029/2000gl012798.
Seino,N.,A.S.Yamamoto,A.Yamamoto,M.Mikami,H.Zhou and F.Zeng.2005.“Numerical Simulation of Mesoscale Circulations in the Tarim Basin Associated with Dust Events.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 83A205-218.doi:10.2151/jmsj.83A.205.
Stein,A.F.,R.R.Draxler,G.D.Rolph,B.J.B.Stunder M.D.Cohen,and F.Ngan.2015.“NOAA’s HYSPLITAtmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96(12)2059-2077.doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00110.1.
Sun,J.M.,M.Y.Zhang,and T.S.Liu.2001.“Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Dust Storms in China and Its Surrounding Regions,1960-1999:Relations to Source Area and Climate.”Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres106:10325-10333.doi:10.1029/2000JD900665.
Sun,Y.,G.Zhuang,K.Huang,J.Li,Q.Wang,Y.Wang,Y.Lin et al.2010.“Asian Dust over Northern China and Its Impact on the Downstream Aerosol Chemistry in 2004.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 115(D7):D00K9doi:10.1029/2009JD012757.
Trochkine,D.,Y.Iwasaka,A.Matsuki,M.Yamada,Y.S.Kim T.Nagatani,D.Zhang,G.Y.Shi,and Z.Shen.2003“Mineral Aerosol Particles Collected in Dunhuang China,and Their Comparison with Chemically Modified Particles Collected over Japan.”Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres 108(D23):n/a-n/a.doi:10.1029/2002JD003268.
Uno,I.,H.Amano,S.Emori,K.Kinoshita,I.Matsui,and N.Sugimoto.2001.“Trans-Pacific Yellow Sand Transport Observed in April 1998:A Numerical Simulation.”Journa of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 106(D16)18331-18344.doi:10.1029/2000jd900748.
Xu,J.,M.H.Bergin,R.Greenwald,J.J.Schauer,M.M.Shafer J.L.Jaffrezo,and G.Aymoz.2004.“Aerosol Chemical Physical,and Radiative Characteristics near a Desert Source Region of Northwest China during ACE-Asia.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 109(D19)D19S03.doi:10.1029/2003JD004239.
Yamada,M.,Y.Iwasaka,A.Matsuki,D.Trochkine,Y.S.Kim D.Zhang,T.Nagatani,et al.2005.“Feature of Dust Particles in the Spring Free Troposphere over Dunhuang in Northwestern China:Electron Microscopic Experiments on Individual Particles Collected with a Balloon-Borne Impactor.”Water,Air,&Soi Pollution:Focus 5(3):231-250.doi:10.1007/s11267-005-0741-0
Yang,X.,Q.He,M.Ali,W.Huo,and X.Liu.2013.“Near-Surface Sand-Dust Horizontal Flux in Tazhong-The Hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.”Journal of Arid Land 5(2):199-206doi:10.1007/s40333-013-0159-x.
Zhang,W.,G.Zhuang,K.Huang,J.Li,R.Zhang,Q.Wang,Sun et al.2010.“Mixing and Transformation of Asian Dust with Pollution in the Two Dust Storms over the Northern China in 2006.”Atmospheric Environment 44(28):3394-3403doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.011.
Zu,R.,X.Xue,M.Qiang,B.Yang,J.Qu,and K.Zhang.2008“Characteristics of Near-Surface Wind Regimes in the Taklimakan Desert,China.”Geomorphology 96(1-2)39-47.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.07.008.
Deshler,T.,B.J.Johnson,and W.R.Rozier.1993.“Balloon Borne Measurments of Pinatubo Aerosol during 1991 and1992 AT Dunhuang-Vertical Profiles,Size Distribution and Volatility.”Geophysical Research Letters 20(14):1435-1438doi:10.1029/93gl01337.
Hayashi,M.,Y.Iwasaka,M.Watanabe,T.Shibata,M.Fujiwara H.Adachi,T.Sakai,et al.1998.“Size and Number Concentration of Liquid PSCs:Balloon-Borne Measurements at Ny-Alesund,Norway in Winter of 1994/95.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 76(4)549-560.doi:10.2151/jmsj1965.76.4_549.
Huang,J.,W.Zhang,J.Zuo,J.Bi,J.Shi,X.Wang,Z.Chang et al.2008.“An Overview of the Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Research Observatory over the Loess Plateau.”Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 25(6)906-921.doi:10.1007/s00376-008-0906-7.
Hussein,T.,A.Karppinen,J.Kukkonen,J.Harkonen,P.P.Aalto K.Hameri,V.Kerminen,and M.Kulmala.2006.“Meteorologica Dependence of Size-Fractionated Number Concentrations of Urban Aerosol Particles.”Atmospheric Environment 40(8)1427-1440.doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.061.
Ishizaka,Y.,and A.Uno.1982.“Mass Size Distribution of the Principal Minerals of Yellow Sand Dust in the Air over Japan.”Idojaras 86:249-253.
Iwasaka,Y.,G-Y.Shi,M.Yamada,A.Matsuki,D.Trochkine Y.S.Kim,D.Zhang,et al.2003.“Importance of Dust Particles in the Free Troposphere over the Taklamakan Desert:Electron Microscopic Experiments of Particles Collected with a Balloonborne Particle Impactor at Dunhuang,China.”Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres 108(D23):n/a-n/a.doi:10.1029/2002JD003270
Iwasaka,Y.,J.M.Li,G.-Y.Shi,Y.S.Kim,A.Matsuki D.Trochkine,M.Yamada,D.Zhang,Z.Shen,and C.S.Hong.2008.“Mass Transport of Background Asian Dust Revealed by Balloon-Borne Measurement:Dust Particles Transported during Calm Periods by Westerly from Taklamakan Desert.”In Advanced Environmenta Monitoring,edited by Y.J.Kim and U.Platt,121-135Dordrecht:Springer Netherlands.
Iwasaka,Y.,G.Y.Shi,Y.S.Kim,A.Matsuki,D.Trochkine,D.Zhang M.Yamada,et al.2004.“Pool of Dust Particles over the Asian Continent:Balloon-Borne Optical Particle Counter and Ground-Based Lidar Measurements at Dunhuang,China.”Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 92(1-3):5-24doi:10.1023/b:emas.0000014505.43198.48.
Kim,Y.S.,Y.Iwasaka,G-Y.Shi,Z.Shen,D.Trochkine,A.Matsuki D.Zhang,et al.2003.“Features in Number Concentration-Size Distributions of Aerosols in the Free Atmosphere over the Desert Areas in the Asian Continent:Balloon-Borne Measurements at Dunhuang,China”.Water,Air and Soi Pollution:Focus 3:147-159.doi:10.1023/A:1023234305819.
Mahowald,N.M.,S.Kloster,S.Engelstaedter,J.K.Moore S.Mukhopadhyay,J.R.McConnell,S.Albani,et al.2010“Observed 20th Century Desert Dust Variability:Impact on Climate and Biogeochemistry.”Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10(22):10875-10893.doi:10.5194/acp-10-10875-2010.
Okada,K.,J.Heintzenberg,K.J.Kai,and Y.Qin.2001.“Shape of Atmospheric Mineral Particles Collected in Three Chinese Arid-Regions.”Geophysical Research Letters 28(16)3123-3126.doi:10.1029/2000gl012798.
Seino,N.,A.S.Yamamoto,A.Yamamoto,M.Mikami,H.Zhou and F.Zeng.2005.“Numerical Simulation of Mesoscale Circulations in the Tarim Basin Associated with Dust Events.”Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan 83A205-218.doi:10.2151/jmsj.83A.205.
Stein,A.F.,R.R.Draxler,G.D.Rolph,B.J.B.Stunder M.D.Cohen,and F.Ngan.2015.“NOAA’s HYSPLITAtmospheric Transport and Dispersion Modeling System.”Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 96(12)2059-2077.doi:10.1175/bams-d-14-00110.1.
Sun,J.M.,M.Y.Zhang,and T.S.Liu.2001.“Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Dust Storms in China and Its Surrounding Regions,1960-1999:Relations to Source Area and Climate.”Journal of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres106:10325-10333.doi:10.1029/2000JD900665.
Sun,Y.,G.Zhuang,K.Huang,J.Li,Q.Wang,Y.Wang,Y.Lin et al.2010.“Asian Dust over Northern China and Its Impact on the Downstream Aerosol Chemistry in 2004.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 115(D7):D00K9doi:10.1029/2009JD012757.
Trochkine,D.,Y.Iwasaka,A.Matsuki,M.Yamada,Y.S.Kim T.Nagatani,D.Zhang,G.Y.Shi,and Z.Shen.2003“Mineral Aerosol Particles Collected in Dunhuang China,and Their Comparison with Chemically Modified Particles Collected over Japan.”Journal of Geophysica Research:Atmospheres 108(D23):n/a-n/a.doi:10.1029/2002JD003268.
Uno,I.,H.Amano,S.Emori,K.Kinoshita,I.Matsui,and N.Sugimoto.2001.“Trans-Pacific Yellow Sand Transport Observed in April 1998:A Numerical Simulation.”Journa of Geophysical Research-Atmospheres 106(D16)18331-18344.doi:10.1029/2000jd900748.
Xu,J.,M.H.Bergin,R.Greenwald,J.J.Schauer,M.M.Shafer J.L.Jaffrezo,and G.Aymoz.2004.“Aerosol Chemical Physical,and Radiative Characteristics near a Desert Source Region of Northwest China during ACE-Asia.”Journal of Geophysical Research:Atmospheres 109(D19)D19S03.doi:10.1029/2003JD004239.
Yamada,M.,Y.Iwasaka,A.Matsuki,D.Trochkine,Y.S.Kim D.Zhang,T.Nagatani,et al.2005.“Feature of Dust Particles in the Spring Free Troposphere over Dunhuang in Northwestern China:Electron Microscopic Experiments on Individual Particles Collected with a Balloon-Borne Impactor.”Water,Air,&Soi Pollution:Focus 5(3):231-250.doi:10.1007/s11267-005-0741-0
Yang,X.,Q.He,M.Ali,W.Huo,and X.Liu.2013.“Near-Surface Sand-Dust Horizontal Flux in Tazhong-The Hinterland of the Taklimakan Desert.”Journal of Arid Land 5(2):199-206doi:10.1007/s40333-013-0159-x.
Zhang,W.,G.Zhuang,K.Huang,J.Li,R.Zhang,Q.Wang,Sun et al.2010.“Mixing and Transformation of Asian Dust with Pollution in the Two Dust Storms over the Northern China in 2006.”Atmospheric Environment 44(28):3394-3403doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.06.011.
Zu,R.,X.Xue,M.Qiang,B.Yang,J.Qu,and K.Zhang.2008“Characteristics of Near-Surface Wind Regimes in the Taklimakan Desert,China.”Geomorphology 96(1-2)39-47.doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2007.07.008.