Attenuation of periostin in retinal Müller glia by TNF-α and IFN-γ
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摘要
AIM: To investigate the regulation and mechanisms of periostin expression in retinal Müller glia, and to explore the relevance to retinal neovascularization. METHODS: The oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR) mouse model and the human Moorfield/Institute of Ophthalmology-Müller 1(MIO-M1) cell line were used in the study. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the distribution and expression of periostin and a Müller glial cell marker glutamine synthetase(GS). Cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ were added to stimulate the MIO-M1 cells. ShRNA was used to knockdown periostin expression in MIO-M1 cells. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) was conducted to assess the mRNA expression of periostin. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence staining showed that periostin was expressed by MIO-M1 Müller glia. GS-positive Müller glia and periostin increased in OIR retinas, and were partially overlaid. The stimulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ reduced the mRNA expression of periostin significantly and dose-dependently in MIO-M1 cells. Knockdown of periostin reduced mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA) in MIO-M1 cells, while VEGFA expression was not changed in periostin knock-out OIR retinas. CONCLUSION: Müller glia could be one of the main sources of periostin in the retina, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization. Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ attenuate the periostin expression in retinal Müller glia, which provides a potential and novel method in treating retinal neovascular diseases.
AIM: To investigate the regulation and mechanisms of periostin expression in retinal Müller glia, and to explore the relevance to retinal neovascularization. METHODS: The oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR) mouse model and the human Moorfield/Institute of Ophthalmology-Müller 1(MIO-M1) cell line were used in the study. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the distribution and expression of periostin and a Müller glial cell marker glutamine synthetase(GS). Cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ were added to stimulate the MIO-M1 cells. ShRNA was used to knockdown periostin expression in MIO-M1 cells. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) was conducted to assess the mRNA expression of periostin. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence staining showed that periostin was expressed by MIO-M1 Müller glia. GS-positive Müller glia and periostin increased in OIR retinas, and were partially overlaid. The stimulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ reduced the mRNA expression of periostin significantly and dose-dependently in MIO-M1 cells. Knockdown of periostin reduced mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA) in MIO-M1 cells, while VEGFA expression was not changed in periostin knock-out OIR retinas. CONCLUSION: Müller glia could be one of the main sources of periostin in the retina, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization. Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ attenuate the periostin expression in retinal Müller glia, which provides a potential and novel method in treating retinal neovascular diseases.
AIM: To investigate the regulation and mechanisms of periostin expression in retinal Müller glia, and to explore the relevance to retinal neovascularization. METHODS: The oxygen-induced retinopathy(OIR) mouse model and the human Moorfield/Institute of Ophthalmology-Müller 1(MIO-M1) cell line were used in the study. Immunofluorescence staining was used to determine the distribution and expression of periostin and a Müller glial cell marker glutamine synthetase(GS). Cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ were added to stimulate the MIO-M1 cells. ShRNA was used to knockdown periostin expression in MIO-M1 cells. Quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(qRT-PCR) was conducted to assess the mRNA expression of periostin. RESULTS: Immunofluorescence staining showed that periostin was expressed by MIO-M1 Müller glia. GS-positive Müller glia and periostin increased in OIR retinas, and were partially overlaid. The stimulation of TNF-α and IFN-γ reduced the mRNA expression of periostin significantly and dose-dependently in MIO-M1 cells. Knockdown of periostin reduced mRNA expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A(VEGFA) in MIO-M1 cells, while VEGFA expression was not changed in periostin knock-out OIR retinas. CONCLUSION: Müller glia could be one of the main sources of periostin in the retina, and might contribute to the pathogenesis of retinal neovascularization. Proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IFN-γ attenuate the periostin expression in retinal Müller glia, which provides a potential and novel method in treating retinal neovascular diseases.
引文
1 Yoshida A,Yoshida S,Ishibashi T,Inomata H.Intraocular neovascularization.Histol Histopathol 1999;14(4):1287-1294.
2 Osaadon P,Fagan XJ,Lifshitz T,Levy J.A review of anti-VEGF agents for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Eye(Lond)2014;28(5):510-520.
3 Salam A,Mathew R,Sivaprasad S.Treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF agents.Acta Ophthalmologica 2011;89(5):405-411.
4 Zhou YD,Yoshida S,Peng YQ,Kobayashi Y,Zhang LS,Tang LS.Diverse roles of macrophages in intraocular neovascular diseases:a review.Int J Ophthalmol 2017;10(12):1902-1908.
5 Mantovani A,Sica A,Sozzani S,Allavena P,Vecchi A,Locati M.The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization.Trends Immunol 2004;25(12):677-686.
6 Mantovani A,Biswas SK,Galdiero MR,Sica A,Locati M.Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling.J Pathol2013;229(2):176-185.
7 Zhou YD,Yoshida S,Nakao S,Yoshimura T,Kobayashi Y,Nakama T,Kubo Y,Miyawaki K,Yamaguchi M,Ishikawa K,Oshima Y,Akashi K,Ishibashi T.M2 macrophages enhance pathological neovascularization in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015;56(8):4767-4777.
8 Conway SJ,Izuhara K,Kudo Y,Litvin J,Markwald R,Ouyang GL,Arron JR,Holweg CTJ,Kudo A.The role of periostin in tissue remodeling across health and disease.Cell Mol Life Sci 2014;71(7):1279-1288.
9 Yoshida S,Nakama T,Ishikawa K,Nakao S,Sonoda KH,Ishibashi T.Periostin in vitreoretinal diseases.Cell Mol Life Sci 2017;74(23):4329-4337.
10 Kobayashi Y,Yoshida S,Nakama T,Zhou YD,Ishikawa K,Arita R,Nakao S,Miyazaki M,Sassa Y,Oshima Y,Izuhara K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.Overexpression of CD163 in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy:possible involvement of periostin.Br J Ophthalmol 2015;99(4):451-456.
11 Yoshida S,Kobayashi Y,Nakama T,Zhou YD,Ishikawa K,Arita R,Nakao S,Miyazaki M,Sassa Y,Oshima Y,Izuhara K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.Increased expression of M-CSF and IL-13 in vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy:implications for M2 macrophageinvolving fibrovascular membrane formation.Br J Ophthalmol2015;99(5):629-634.
12 Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Asato R,Arima M,Sassa Y,Yoshida A,Yoshikawa H,Narukawa K,Obika S,Ono J,Ohta S,Izuhara K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.Increased expression of periostin in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes obtained from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(8):5670-5678.
13 Nakama T,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Kubo Y,Kobayashi Y,Zhou YD,Nakao S,Hisatomi T,Ikeda Y,Takao K,Yoshikawa K,Matsuda A,Ono J,Ohta S,Izuhara K,Kudo A,Sonoda KH,Ishibashi T.Therapeutic effect of novel single-stranded RNAi agent targeting periostin in eyes with retinal neovascularization.Mol Ther Nucleic Acid 2017;6:279-289.
14 Zhou WC,Ke SQ,Huang Z,Flavahan W,Fang XG,Paul J,Wu L,Sloan AE,McLendon RE,Li XX,Rich JN,Bao SD.Periostin secreted by glioblastoma stem cells recruits M2 tumour-associated macrophages and promotes malignant growth.Nat Cell Biol 2015;17(2):170-182.
15 Masuoka M,Shiraishi H,Ohta S,Suzuki S,Arima K,Aoki S,Toda S,Inagaki N,Kurihara Y,Hayashida S,Takeuchi S,Koike K,Ono J,Noshiro H,Furue M,Conway SJ,Narisawa Y,Izuhara K.Periostin promotes chronic allergic inflammation in response to Th2 cytokines.J Clin Invest2012;122(7):2590-2600.
16 Nakajima M,Honda T,Miyauchi S,Yamazaki K.Th2 cytokines efficiently stimulate periostin production in gingival fibroblasts but periostin does not induce an inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells.Arch Oral Biol 2014;59(2):93-101.
17 Roesch K,Jadhav AP,Trimarchi JM,Stadler MB,Roska B,Sun BB,Cepko CL.The transcriptome of retinal Müller glial cells.J Comp Neurol2008;509(2):225-238.
18 Wang J,He C,Zhou T,Huang ZJ,Zhou LL,Liu XL.NGF increases VEGF expression and promotes cell proliferation via ERK1/2 and AKTsignaling in Müller cells.Mol Vis 2016;22:254-263.
19 Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E,Miehe M,Riethmacher D.Promotion of periostin expression contributes to the migration of Schwann cells.J Cell Sci 2015;128(17):3345-3355.
20 Shimamura M,Taniyama Y,Katsuragi N,Koibuchi N,Kyutoku M,Sato N,Allahtavakoli M,Wakayama K,Nakagami H,Morishita R.Role of central nervous system periostin in cerebral ischemia.Stroke 2012;43(4):1108-1114.
21 Connor KM,Krah NM,Dennison RJ,Aderman CM,Chen J,Guerin KI,Sapieha P,Stahl A,Willett KL,Smith LEH.Quantification of oxygeninduced retinopathy in the mouse:a model of vessel loss,vessel regrowth and pathological angiogenesis.Nat Protoc 2009;4(11):1565-1573.
22 Yamaji Y,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Sengoku A,Sato K,Yoshida A,Kuwahara R,Ohuchida K,Oki E,Enaida H,Fujisawa K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.TEM7(PLXDC1)in neovascular endothelial cells of fibrovascular membranes from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(7):3151-3157.
23 Ishikawa K,Yoshida S,Nakao S,Sassa Y,Asato R,Kohno R,Arima M,Kita T,Yoshida A,Ohuchida K,Ishibashi T.Bone marrow-derived monocyte lineage cells recruited by MIP-1βpromote physiological revascularization in mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.Lab Invest 2012;92(1):91-101.
24 Limb GA,Salt TE,Munro PM,Moss SE,Khaw PT.In vitro characterization of a spontaneously immortalized human Müller cell line(MIO-M1).Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43(3):864-869.
25 Cui D,Huang ZJ,Liu YF,Ouyang GL.The multifaceted role of periostin in priming the tumor microenvironments for tumor progression.Cell Mol Life Sci 2017;74(23):4287-4291.
26 Park SY,Piao Y,Jeong KJ,Dong J,de Groot JF.Periostin(POSTN)regulates tumor resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in glioma models.Mol Cancer Ther 2016;15(9):2187-2197.
27 Lee JI.Role of periostin in hepatocellular carcinoma:the importance of tumor microenvironment.Gut Liver 2016;10(6):871-872.
28 Asano T,Kanemitsu Y,Takemura M,et al.Serum periostin as a biomarker for comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with asthma.Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017;14(5):667-675.
29 James A,Janson C,Malinovschi A,Holweg C,Alving K,Ono J,Ohta S,Ek A,Middelveld R,Dahlén B,Forsberg B,Izuhara K,Dahlén SE.Serum periostin relates to type-2 inflammation and lung function in asthma:data from the large population-based cohort Swedish GA(2)LEN.Allergy2017;72(11):1753-1760.
30 Conway SJ,Doetschman T,Azhar M.The inter-relationship of periostin,TGFβ,and BMP in heart valve development and valvular heart diseases.ScientificWorldJournal 2011;11:1509-1524.
31 Devrim AK,Sozmen M,Devrim T,Sudagidan M,Cinar M,Kabak YB.Periostin normalizes levels of cardiac markers in rats with experimental isoproterenol cardiotoxicity.Bratisl Lek Listy 2017;118(11):705-709.
32 Hwang JH,Yang SH,Kim YC,Kim JH,An JN,Moon KC,Oh YK,Park JY,Kim DK,Kim YS,Lim CS,Lee JP.Experimental inhibition of periostin attenuates kidney fibrosis.Am J Nephrol 2018;46(6):501-517.
33 Fran?ois H,Chatziantoniou C.Renal fibrosis:recent translational aspects.Matrix Biol 2018;68:318-332.
34 Eastlake K,Banerjee PJ,Angbohang A,Charteris DG,Khaw PT,Limb GA.Müller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy.Glia 2016;64(4):495-506.
35 Nakama T,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Kobayashi Y,Zhou Y,Nakao S,Sassa Y,Oshima Y,Takao K,Shimahara A,Yoshikawa K,Hamasaki T,Ohgi T,Hayashi H,Matsuda A,Kudo A,Nozaki M,Ogura Y,Kuroda M,Ishibashi T.Inhibition of choroidal fibrovascular membrane formation by new class of RNA interference therapeutic agent targeting periostin.Gene Therapy 2015;22(2):127-137.
36 Zandi S,Nakao S,Chun KH,Fiorina P,Sun D,Arita R,Zhao M,Kim E,Schueller O,Campbell S,Taher M,Melhorn MI,Schering A,Gatti F,Tezza S,Xie F,Vergani A,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Yamaguchi M,Sasaki F,Schmidt-Ullrich R,Hata Y,Enaida H,Yuzawa M,Yokomizo T,Kim YB,Sweetnam P,Ishibashi T,Hafezi-Moghadam A.ROCK-isoformspecific polarization of macrophages associated with age-related macular degeneration.Cell Rep 2015;10(7):1173-1186.
37 Liu Y,Li F,Gao F,Xing LX,Qin P,Liang XX,Zhang JJ,Qiao XH,Lin LZ,Zhao Q,Du LF.Periostin promotes tumor angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer via Erk/VEGF signaling.Oncotarget 2016;7(26):40148-40159.
38 Hu F,Shang XF,Wang W,Jiang W,Fang C,Tan D,Zhou HC.Highlevel expression of periostin is significantly correlated with tumour angiogenesis and poor prognosis in osteosarcoma.Int J Exp Pathol2016;97(1):86-92.
39 Lu M,Tian H,Yue WM,Li L,Li SH,Qi L,Hu WS,Gao C,Si LB.Overexpression of TFIIB-related factor 2 is significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis and poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer.Med Oncol 2013;30(2):553.
40 Zhang Z,Nie FF,Chen XL,Qin ZL,Kang CF,Chen B,Ma JX,Pan BL,Ma YG.Upregulated periostin promotes angiogenesis in keloids through activation of the ERK 1/2 and focal adhesion kinase pathways,as well as the upregulated expression of VEGF and angiopoietin-1.Mol Med Report 2015;11(2):857-864.
41 Naug HL,Browning J,Gole GA,Gobe G.Vitreal macrophages express vascular endothelial growth factor in oxygen-induced retinopathy.Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000;28(1):48-52.
42 Nagineni CN,Kommineni VK,William A,Detrick B,Hooks JJ.Regulation of VEGF expression in human retinal cells by cytokines:implications for the role of inflammation in age-related macular degeneration.J Cell Physiol 2012;227(1):116-126.
43 Peng YQ,Tang LS,Yoshida S,Zhou YD.Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in retinal degenerative diseases.Int J Ophthalmol 2017;10(4):646-651.
2 Osaadon P,Fagan XJ,Lifshitz T,Levy J.A review of anti-VEGF agents for proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Eye(Lond)2014;28(5):510-520.
3 Salam A,Mathew R,Sivaprasad S.Treatment of proliferative diabetic retinopathy with anti-VEGF agents.Acta Ophthalmologica 2011;89(5):405-411.
4 Zhou YD,Yoshida S,Peng YQ,Kobayashi Y,Zhang LS,Tang LS.Diverse roles of macrophages in intraocular neovascular diseases:a review.Int J Ophthalmol 2017;10(12):1902-1908.
5 Mantovani A,Sica A,Sozzani S,Allavena P,Vecchi A,Locati M.The chemokine system in diverse forms of macrophage activation and polarization.Trends Immunol 2004;25(12):677-686.
6 Mantovani A,Biswas SK,Galdiero MR,Sica A,Locati M.Macrophage plasticity and polarization in tissue repair and remodelling.J Pathol2013;229(2):176-185.
7 Zhou YD,Yoshida S,Nakao S,Yoshimura T,Kobayashi Y,Nakama T,Kubo Y,Miyawaki K,Yamaguchi M,Ishikawa K,Oshima Y,Akashi K,Ishibashi T.M2 macrophages enhance pathological neovascularization in the mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015;56(8):4767-4777.
8 Conway SJ,Izuhara K,Kudo Y,Litvin J,Markwald R,Ouyang GL,Arron JR,Holweg CTJ,Kudo A.The role of periostin in tissue remodeling across health and disease.Cell Mol Life Sci 2014;71(7):1279-1288.
9 Yoshida S,Nakama T,Ishikawa K,Nakao S,Sonoda KH,Ishibashi T.Periostin in vitreoretinal diseases.Cell Mol Life Sci 2017;74(23):4329-4337.
10 Kobayashi Y,Yoshida S,Nakama T,Zhou YD,Ishikawa K,Arita R,Nakao S,Miyazaki M,Sassa Y,Oshima Y,Izuhara K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.Overexpression of CD163 in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy:possible involvement of periostin.Br J Ophthalmol 2015;99(4):451-456.
11 Yoshida S,Kobayashi Y,Nakama T,Zhou YD,Ishikawa K,Arita R,Nakao S,Miyazaki M,Sassa Y,Oshima Y,Izuhara K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.Increased expression of M-CSF and IL-13 in vitreous of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy:implications for M2 macrophageinvolving fibrovascular membrane formation.Br J Ophthalmol2015;99(5):629-634.
12 Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Asato R,Arima M,Sassa Y,Yoshida A,Yoshikawa H,Narukawa K,Obika S,Ono J,Ohta S,Izuhara K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.Increased expression of periostin in vitreous and fibrovascular membranes obtained from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52(8):5670-5678.
13 Nakama T,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Kubo Y,Kobayashi Y,Zhou YD,Nakao S,Hisatomi T,Ikeda Y,Takao K,Yoshikawa K,Matsuda A,Ono J,Ohta S,Izuhara K,Kudo A,Sonoda KH,Ishibashi T.Therapeutic effect of novel single-stranded RNAi agent targeting periostin in eyes with retinal neovascularization.Mol Ther Nucleic Acid 2017;6:279-289.
14 Zhou WC,Ke SQ,Huang Z,Flavahan W,Fang XG,Paul J,Wu L,Sloan AE,McLendon RE,Li XX,Rich JN,Bao SD.Periostin secreted by glioblastoma stem cells recruits M2 tumour-associated macrophages and promotes malignant growth.Nat Cell Biol 2015;17(2):170-182.
15 Masuoka M,Shiraishi H,Ohta S,Suzuki S,Arima K,Aoki S,Toda S,Inagaki N,Kurihara Y,Hayashida S,Takeuchi S,Koike K,Ono J,Noshiro H,Furue M,Conway SJ,Narisawa Y,Izuhara K.Periostin promotes chronic allergic inflammation in response to Th2 cytokines.J Clin Invest2012;122(7):2590-2600.
16 Nakajima M,Honda T,Miyauchi S,Yamazaki K.Th2 cytokines efficiently stimulate periostin production in gingival fibroblasts but periostin does not induce an inflammatory response in gingival epithelial cells.Arch Oral Biol 2014;59(2):93-101.
17 Roesch K,Jadhav AP,Trimarchi JM,Stadler MB,Roska B,Sun BB,Cepko CL.The transcriptome of retinal Müller glial cells.J Comp Neurol2008;509(2):225-238.
18 Wang J,He C,Zhou T,Huang ZJ,Zhou LL,Liu XL.NGF increases VEGF expression and promotes cell proliferation via ERK1/2 and AKTsignaling in Müller cells.Mol Vis 2016;22:254-263.
19 Sonnenberg-Riethmacher E,Miehe M,Riethmacher D.Promotion of periostin expression contributes to the migration of Schwann cells.J Cell Sci 2015;128(17):3345-3355.
20 Shimamura M,Taniyama Y,Katsuragi N,Koibuchi N,Kyutoku M,Sato N,Allahtavakoli M,Wakayama K,Nakagami H,Morishita R.Role of central nervous system periostin in cerebral ischemia.Stroke 2012;43(4):1108-1114.
21 Connor KM,Krah NM,Dennison RJ,Aderman CM,Chen J,Guerin KI,Sapieha P,Stahl A,Willett KL,Smith LEH.Quantification of oxygeninduced retinopathy in the mouse:a model of vessel loss,vessel regrowth and pathological angiogenesis.Nat Protoc 2009;4(11):1565-1573.
22 Yamaji Y,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Sengoku A,Sato K,Yoshida A,Kuwahara R,Ohuchida K,Oki E,Enaida H,Fujisawa K,Kono T,Ishibashi T.TEM7(PLXDC1)in neovascular endothelial cells of fibrovascular membranes from patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008;49(7):3151-3157.
23 Ishikawa K,Yoshida S,Nakao S,Sassa Y,Asato R,Kohno R,Arima M,Kita T,Yoshida A,Ohuchida K,Ishibashi T.Bone marrow-derived monocyte lineage cells recruited by MIP-1βpromote physiological revascularization in mouse model of oxygen-induced retinopathy.Lab Invest 2012;92(1):91-101.
24 Limb GA,Salt TE,Munro PM,Moss SE,Khaw PT.In vitro characterization of a spontaneously immortalized human Müller cell line(MIO-M1).Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2002;43(3):864-869.
25 Cui D,Huang ZJ,Liu YF,Ouyang GL.The multifaceted role of periostin in priming the tumor microenvironments for tumor progression.Cell Mol Life Sci 2017;74(23):4287-4291.
26 Park SY,Piao Y,Jeong KJ,Dong J,de Groot JF.Periostin(POSTN)regulates tumor resistance to antiangiogenic therapy in glioma models.Mol Cancer Ther 2016;15(9):2187-2197.
27 Lee JI.Role of periostin in hepatocellular carcinoma:the importance of tumor microenvironment.Gut Liver 2016;10(6):871-872.
28 Asano T,Kanemitsu Y,Takemura M,et al.Serum periostin as a biomarker for comorbid chronic rhinosinusitis in patients with asthma.Ann Am Thorac Soc 2017;14(5):667-675.
29 James A,Janson C,Malinovschi A,Holweg C,Alving K,Ono J,Ohta S,Ek A,Middelveld R,Dahlén B,Forsberg B,Izuhara K,Dahlén SE.Serum periostin relates to type-2 inflammation and lung function in asthma:data from the large population-based cohort Swedish GA(2)LEN.Allergy2017;72(11):1753-1760.
30 Conway SJ,Doetschman T,Azhar M.The inter-relationship of periostin,TGFβ,and BMP in heart valve development and valvular heart diseases.ScientificWorldJournal 2011;11:1509-1524.
31 Devrim AK,Sozmen M,Devrim T,Sudagidan M,Cinar M,Kabak YB.Periostin normalizes levels of cardiac markers in rats with experimental isoproterenol cardiotoxicity.Bratisl Lek Listy 2017;118(11):705-709.
32 Hwang JH,Yang SH,Kim YC,Kim JH,An JN,Moon KC,Oh YK,Park JY,Kim DK,Kim YS,Lim CS,Lee JP.Experimental inhibition of periostin attenuates kidney fibrosis.Am J Nephrol 2018;46(6):501-517.
33 Fran?ois H,Chatziantoniou C.Renal fibrosis:recent translational aspects.Matrix Biol 2018;68:318-332.
34 Eastlake K,Banerjee PJ,Angbohang A,Charteris DG,Khaw PT,Limb GA.Müller glia as an important source of cytokines and inflammatory factors present in the gliotic retina during proliferative vitreoretinopathy.Glia 2016;64(4):495-506.
35 Nakama T,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Kobayashi Y,Zhou Y,Nakao S,Sassa Y,Oshima Y,Takao K,Shimahara A,Yoshikawa K,Hamasaki T,Ohgi T,Hayashi H,Matsuda A,Kudo A,Nozaki M,Ogura Y,Kuroda M,Ishibashi T.Inhibition of choroidal fibrovascular membrane formation by new class of RNA interference therapeutic agent targeting periostin.Gene Therapy 2015;22(2):127-137.
36 Zandi S,Nakao S,Chun KH,Fiorina P,Sun D,Arita R,Zhao M,Kim E,Schueller O,Campbell S,Taher M,Melhorn MI,Schering A,Gatti F,Tezza S,Xie F,Vergani A,Yoshida S,Ishikawa K,Yamaguchi M,Sasaki F,Schmidt-Ullrich R,Hata Y,Enaida H,Yuzawa M,Yokomizo T,Kim YB,Sweetnam P,Ishibashi T,Hafezi-Moghadam A.ROCK-isoformspecific polarization of macrophages associated with age-related macular degeneration.Cell Rep 2015;10(7):1173-1186.
37 Liu Y,Li F,Gao F,Xing LX,Qin P,Liang XX,Zhang JJ,Qiao XH,Lin LZ,Zhao Q,Du LF.Periostin promotes tumor angiogenesis in pancreatic cancer via Erk/VEGF signaling.Oncotarget 2016;7(26):40148-40159.
38 Hu F,Shang XF,Wang W,Jiang W,Fang C,Tan D,Zhou HC.Highlevel expression of periostin is significantly correlated with tumour angiogenesis and poor prognosis in osteosarcoma.Int J Exp Pathol2016;97(1):86-92.
39 Lu M,Tian H,Yue WM,Li L,Li SH,Qi L,Hu WS,Gao C,Si LB.Overexpression of TFIIB-related factor 2 is significantly correlated with tumor angiogenesis and poor survival in patients with esophageal squamous cell cancer.Med Oncol 2013;30(2):553.
40 Zhang Z,Nie FF,Chen XL,Qin ZL,Kang CF,Chen B,Ma JX,Pan BL,Ma YG.Upregulated periostin promotes angiogenesis in keloids through activation of the ERK 1/2 and focal adhesion kinase pathways,as well as the upregulated expression of VEGF and angiopoietin-1.Mol Med Report 2015;11(2):857-864.
41 Naug HL,Browning J,Gole GA,Gobe G.Vitreal macrophages express vascular endothelial growth factor in oxygen-induced retinopathy.Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2000;28(1):48-52.
42 Nagineni CN,Kommineni VK,William A,Detrick B,Hooks JJ.Regulation of VEGF expression in human retinal cells by cytokines:implications for the role of inflammation in age-related macular degeneration.J Cell Physiol 2012;227(1):116-126.
43 Peng YQ,Tang LS,Yoshida S,Zhou YD.Applications of CRISPR/Cas9 in retinal degenerative diseases.Int J Ophthalmol 2017;10(4):646-651.