东北三省棕黑锦蛇(Elaphe schrenckii)与赤峰锦蛇(Elaphe anomala)基于Cyt b基因的序列多态性及遗传多样性
|
摘要
棕黑锦蛇和赤峰锦蛇均为分布于我国东北和华北地区体型较大的蛇类物种,在我国东北地区两栖爬行动物学研究和保护中占有重要地位。通过分析来自黑龙江省、吉林省、辽宁省的棕黑锦蛇和赤峰锦蛇共41个样本(棕黑锦蛇18个样本,赤峰锦蛇23个样本)的线粒体DNA细胞色素b基因部分序列(均为1086 bp),分别研究二者DNA序列多态性和种群遗传多样性。结果在棕黑锦蛇18条序列中共发现3个变异位点,定义4个单倍型,赤峰锦蛇23条序列中共发现3个变异位点,定义3个单倍型,两种锦蛇在不同群体间均存在共享单倍型。两种锦蛇的种群整体呈现较低的遗传多样性,但棕黑锦蛇略高于赤峰锦蛇;基于Cyt b基因序列的系统发育树将二者分为两大支系。遗传分化指数F_(ST)值和基因流Nm值表明个别种群间存在不同程度的遗传分化。遗传距离GD值较小,表明种群间的遗传变异较小。分子方差分析显示,棕黑锦蛇和赤峰锦蛇的种群变异主要来自种群间。中性检验分析和岐点分布分析显示,棕黑锦蛇与赤峰锦蛇种群的大小相对稳定,近期内均未发生过明显的种群扩张。
Elaphe schrenckii(Strauch, 1873) and Elaphe anomala(Boulenger, 1916) are classified into the family Colubridae, which are mainly distributed in Northeast China and North China, body size relatively larger compared to other snakes in their occurring region. Both E. schrenckii and E. anomala harbor abundant and important natural genetic resourses of reptiles in Northeastern China and play important roles in the research and protection of amphibians and reptiles. We collected 41 individuals(18 for E. schrenckii and 23 for E. anomala) of E. schrenckii and E. anomala from Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Liaoning Province to investigate the sequence polymorphism and genetic diversity of this two species. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b(Cyt b) sequences(1086 bp) were targeted and 3 substitutions were detected across the 18 E. schrenckii individuals sampled(3 for 23 E. anomala individuals). These dedected mutations together revealed 4 haplotypes for E. schrenckii and 3 for E. anomala, different haplotypes are shared among different populations. The overall populations of the two Elaphe species showed lower genetic diversity respectively, but E. schrenckii was slightly higher than E. anomala. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on the Cyt b gene was divided into two branches. In addition, the genetic differentiation index(F_(ST)) and gene flow(Nm) indicated that there were different degrees of genetic differentiation among individual populations. The lower genetic distance value(GD) indicated that the genetic variation among populations is small. The molecular variance analysis(AMOVA) showed that overall population divergent variation of E. schrenckii and E. anomala was occurred within populations. The neutral test analysis and mismatch distribution analysis suggested that the size of the population of the E. schrenckii and E.anomala was relatively stable, no large-scale expansion was detected.
Elaphe schrenckii(Strauch, 1873) and Elaphe anomala(Boulenger, 1916) are classified into the family Colubridae, which are mainly distributed in Northeast China and North China, body size relatively larger compared to other snakes in their occurring region. Both E. schrenckii and E. anomala harbor abundant and important natural genetic resourses of reptiles in Northeastern China and play important roles in the research and protection of amphibians and reptiles. We collected 41 individuals(18 for E. schrenckii and 23 for E. anomala) of E. schrenckii and E. anomala from Heilongjiang Province, Jilin Province and Liaoning Province to investigate the sequence polymorphism and genetic diversity of this two species. Mitochondrial DNA cytochrome b(Cyt b) sequences(1086 bp) were targeted and 3 substitutions were detected across the 18 E. schrenckii individuals sampled(3 for 23 E. anomala individuals). These dedected mutations together revealed 4 haplotypes for E. schrenckii and 3 for E. anomala, different haplotypes are shared among different populations. The overall populations of the two Elaphe species showed lower genetic diversity respectively, but E. schrenckii was slightly higher than E. anomala. Bayesian phylogenetic tree based on the Cyt b gene was divided into two branches. In addition, the genetic differentiation index(F_(ST)) and gene flow(Nm) indicated that there were different degrees of genetic differentiation among individual populations. The lower genetic distance value(GD) indicated that the genetic variation among populations is small. The molecular variance analysis(AMOVA) showed that overall population divergent variation of E. schrenckii and E. anomala was occurred within populations. The neutral test analysis and mismatch distribution analysis suggested that the size of the population of the E. schrenckii and E.anomala was relatively stable, no large-scale expansion was detected.
引文
[1]季达明,刘明玉,周玉峰.辽宁动物志两栖类爬行类[M].沈阳:辽宁科技出版社,1987:111-119.
[2]赵尔宓,黄美华,宗愉,等.中国动物志爬行纲[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:132-134,166-169.
[3]周正彦.棕黑锦蛇与赤峰锦蛇是相近种或是亚种关系[J].四川动物,2005(3):283-286.
[4]赵尔宓.中国蛇类[M].合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,2006.
[5]刘明玉.辽宁省蛇类资源的现状评价[C]//蛇类资源保护研讨会论文集.北京:中国林业出版社,2002:56-60.
[6]汪玉如,汪志如,涂翔宇,等.棕黑锦蛇的研究概况及保护问题[J].蛇志,2011(2):122-125.
[7]Strauch A. Die Schlangen des Russischen Reichs, in systematischer and zoogeographischer Beziehung[J]. Mém Acad Sci Pétersbourg, 1873(4): 1-288.
[8]Ditmars R L. Herpetology of Japan and adiacent territory[J]. Science, 1907(26):507-509.
[9]Boulenger G A. Description of a new snake of the genus Coluber from northern China[J]. Ann Mag Nat Hist, 1916(17):243-244.
[10]Pope C H. The repliles of China turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards[J]. Amer mus,1935(10):266-271.
[11]季达明,常万霞,温世生,等.我国棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii的研究[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1985(3):239-246.
[12]季达明,温世生.棕黑锦蛇的分类[C]//纪念陈祯教授诞辰100周年论文集.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:84-89.
[13]邹寿昌,冯照军.江苏省蛇类一新记录——棕黑锦蛇[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1984(3):58.
[14]王丕贤.甘肃蛇类一新记录——棕黑锦蛇[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1986(3):238.
[15]杨友金,黄美华,钟小雄.浙江省蛇类新记录——棕黑锦蛇[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1986(4):303.
[16]赵尔宓.蛇蛙系列丛书(一):从水到陆[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1990:222-224.
[17]赵尔宓.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学术会议论文集[C].北京:中国林业出版社,1993:62-67.
[18]常青,徐惠强,李悦民,等.江苏省蛇类地理分布及地理区划研究[J].两栖爬行动物研究,1995(5):124-132.
[19]郭超文,马虹.棕黑锦蛇赤峰亚种染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs研究[J].遗传,1997(3):20-22.
[20]陆宇燕,黄清荣,常林瑞,等.山东省昆嵛山的棕黑锦蛇非模亚种[J].四川动物,2002(3):188.
[21]周正彦,周玉峰.棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii(Strauch)生态初步观察[J].四川动物,2004(3):188-190.
[22]周玉峰..赤峰锦蛇的生态观察[J].生态学杂志,1995(6):66-68.
[23]周玉峰.棕黑锦蛇卵的孵化观察[J].动物学杂志,1995(6):37-38.
[24]樊龙锁,郭萃文.山西历山地区的两栖爬行动物[J].四川动物,1999(3):130-131.
[25]郭萃文,王琰,连丽萍.山西省爬行动物区系及地理区划[J].四川动物,2002(3):115-118.
[26]瞿文元,路纪琪,陈晓虹,等.河南省爬行动物地理区划研究[J].四川动物,2002(3):142-145.
[27]邵帅,李丕鹏,陆宇燕,等.棕黑锦蛇消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖[J].蛇志,2009(4):263-267.
[28]Kim D I, Kim I H, Kim J K, et al. Movement patterns and home range of captive-bred Amur ratsnake (Elaphe schrenckii) juveniles in the natural habitat[J]. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology, 2012(1): 41-50.
[29]张冰,李丕鹏,陆宇燕,等.养殖条件下的3种锦蛇甲状腺相关激素和生长的比较研究[J].动物学杂志,2015(5):758-764.
[30]Burbrink F T, Lawson R, Slowinski J B. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the polytypic North American rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta): a critique of the subspecies concept[J]. Evolution, 2015(6): 2107-2118.
[31]Guo P, Liu Q, Xu Y, et al. Out of Asia: natricine snakes support the Cenozoic Beringian dispersal hypothesis[J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2012(3): 825-833.
[32]Ren J L, Wang K, Jiang K, et al. A new species of the Southeast Asian genus Opisthotropis (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae) from western Hunan, China[J]. Zoological Research, 2017(5): 251-263.
[33]任金龙.基于线粒体DNA序列分析拉萨裂腹鱼的遗传多样性及种群历史[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2016.
[34]Lohman D J, Peggie D, Pierce N E, et al. Phylogeography and genetic diversity of a widespread Old World butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)[J]. Bmc Evolutionary Biology, 2008(1): 301.
[35]晁燕,杨成,申志新,等.齐口裂腹鱼基于Cyt b基因序列多态性研究[J].水产科学,2010(7):421-424.
[36]Grant W, Bowen B W. Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation[J]. Journal of Heredity, 1998(5): 415-426.
[37]Duncan C J, Worth J R P, Jordan G J, et al. Genetic differentiation inspite of high gene flow in the dominant rainforest tree of southeastern Australia, Nothofagus cunninghamii[J]. Heredity, 2016(1): 99-106.
[38]Wright S. The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating[J]. Evolution, 1965(3): 395-420.
[39]Miller N J, Birley A J, Overall A D, et al. Population genetic structure of the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.), in relation to geographic distance, gene flow and host plant usage[J]. Heredity, 2003(3): 217-223.
[40]Liao J C, Jing D D, Luo GJ, et al. Comparative phylogeography of Meriones meridianus, Dipus sagitta, and Allactaga sibirica: Potential indicators of the impact of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift[J].Mammalian Biology: Zeitschrift für S?ugetierkunde, 2016(1): 31-39.
[41]Fu Y X. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection[J]. Genetics, 1997(2): 915-925.
[42]Cristiano M P, Cardoso D C, Fernandes-Salom?o T M, et al. Integrating paleodistribution models and phylogeography in the Grass-Cutting Ant Acromyrmex striatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southern Lowlands of South America. Plos One, 2016(1):e0146734.
[43]蔡静.基于线粒体细胞色素b基因探讨皖南地区凹耳蛙种群遗传变异及其种群历史[D].芜湖:安徽师范大学,2013.
[2]赵尔宓,黄美华,宗愉,等.中国动物志爬行纲[M].北京:科学出版社,1998:132-134,166-169.
[3]周正彦.棕黑锦蛇与赤峰锦蛇是相近种或是亚种关系[J].四川动物,2005(3):283-286.
[4]赵尔宓.中国蛇类[M].合肥:安徽科学技术出版社,2006.
[5]刘明玉.辽宁省蛇类资源的现状评价[C]//蛇类资源保护研讨会论文集.北京:中国林业出版社,2002:56-60.
[6]汪玉如,汪志如,涂翔宇,等.棕黑锦蛇的研究概况及保护问题[J].蛇志,2011(2):122-125.
[7]Strauch A. Die Schlangen des Russischen Reichs, in systematischer and zoogeographischer Beziehung[J]. Mém Acad Sci Pétersbourg, 1873(4): 1-288.
[8]Ditmars R L. Herpetology of Japan and adiacent territory[J]. Science, 1907(26):507-509.
[9]Boulenger G A. Description of a new snake of the genus Coluber from northern China[J]. Ann Mag Nat Hist, 1916(17):243-244.
[10]Pope C H. The repliles of China turtles, crocodilians, snakes, lizards[J]. Amer mus,1935(10):266-271.
[11]季达明,常万霞,温世生,等.我国棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii的研究[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1985(3):239-246.
[12]季达明,温世生.棕黑锦蛇的分类[C]//纪念陈祯教授诞辰100周年论文集.北京:中国科学技术出版社,1994:84-89.
[13]邹寿昌,冯照军.江苏省蛇类一新记录——棕黑锦蛇[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1984(3):58.
[14]王丕贤.甘肃蛇类一新记录——棕黑锦蛇[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1986(3):238.
[15]杨友金,黄美华,钟小雄.浙江省蛇类新记录——棕黑锦蛇[J].两栖爬行动物学报,1986(4):303.
[16]赵尔宓.蛇蛙系列丛书(一):从水到陆[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1990:222-224.
[17]赵尔宓.中国黄山国际两栖爬行动物学术会议论文集[C].北京:中国林业出版社,1993:62-67.
[18]常青,徐惠强,李悦民,等.江苏省蛇类地理分布及地理区划研究[J].两栖爬行动物研究,1995(5):124-132.
[19]郭超文,马虹.棕黑锦蛇赤峰亚种染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs研究[J].遗传,1997(3):20-22.
[20]陆宇燕,黄清荣,常林瑞,等.山东省昆嵛山的棕黑锦蛇非模亚种[J].四川动物,2002(3):188.
[21]周正彦,周玉峰.棕黑锦蛇Elaphe schrenckii(Strauch)生态初步观察[J].四川动物,2004(3):188-190.
[22]周玉峰..赤峰锦蛇的生态观察[J].生态学杂志,1995(6):66-68.
[23]周玉峰.棕黑锦蛇卵的孵化观察[J].动物学杂志,1995(6):37-38.
[24]樊龙锁,郭萃文.山西历山地区的两栖爬行动物[J].四川动物,1999(3):130-131.
[25]郭萃文,王琰,连丽萍.山西省爬行动物区系及地理区划[J].四川动物,2002(3):115-118.
[26]瞿文元,路纪琪,陈晓虹,等.河南省爬行动物地理区划研究[J].四川动物,2002(3):142-145.
[27]邵帅,李丕鹏,陆宇燕,等.棕黑锦蛇消化系统和呼吸系统的解剖[J].蛇志,2009(4):263-267.
[28]Kim D I, Kim I H, Kim J K, et al. Movement patterns and home range of captive-bred Amur ratsnake (Elaphe schrenckii) juveniles in the natural habitat[J]. Journal of Ecology and Field Biology, 2012(1): 41-50.
[29]张冰,李丕鹏,陆宇燕,等.养殖条件下的3种锦蛇甲状腺相关激素和生长的比较研究[J].动物学杂志,2015(5):758-764.
[30]Burbrink F T, Lawson R, Slowinski J B. Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of the polytypic North American rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta): a critique of the subspecies concept[J]. Evolution, 2015(6): 2107-2118.
[31]Guo P, Liu Q, Xu Y, et al. Out of Asia: natricine snakes support the Cenozoic Beringian dispersal hypothesis[J]. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 2012(3): 825-833.
[32]Ren J L, Wang K, Jiang K, et al. A new species of the Southeast Asian genus Opisthotropis (Serpentes: Colubridae: Natricinae) from western Hunan, China[J]. Zoological Research, 2017(5): 251-263.
[33]任金龙.基于线粒体DNA序列分析拉萨裂腹鱼的遗传多样性及种群历史[D].武汉:华中农业大学,2016.
[34]Lohman D J, Peggie D, Pierce N E, et al. Phylogeography and genetic diversity of a widespread Old World butterfly, Lampides boeticus (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)[J]. Bmc Evolutionary Biology, 2008(1): 301.
[35]晁燕,杨成,申志新,等.齐口裂腹鱼基于Cyt b基因序列多态性研究[J].水产科学,2010(7):421-424.
[36]Grant W, Bowen B W. Shallow population histories in deep evolutionary lineages of marine fishes: insights from sardines and anchovies and lessons for conservation[J]. Journal of Heredity, 1998(5): 415-426.
[37]Duncan C J, Worth J R P, Jordan G J, et al. Genetic differentiation inspite of high gene flow in the dominant rainforest tree of southeastern Australia, Nothofagus cunninghamii[J]. Heredity, 2016(1): 99-106.
[38]Wright S. The interpretation of population structure by F-statistics with special regard to systems of mating[J]. Evolution, 1965(3): 395-420.
[39]Miller N J, Birley A J, Overall A D, et al. Population genetic structure of the lettuce root aphid, Pemphigus bursarius (L.), in relation to geographic distance, gene flow and host plant usage[J]. Heredity, 2003(3): 217-223.
[40]Liao J C, Jing D D, Luo GJ, et al. Comparative phylogeography of Meriones meridianus, Dipus sagitta, and Allactaga sibirica: Potential indicators of the impact of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau uplift[J].Mammalian Biology: Zeitschrift für S?ugetierkunde, 2016(1): 31-39.
[41]Fu Y X. Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection[J]. Genetics, 1997(2): 915-925.
[42]Cristiano M P, Cardoso D C, Fernandes-Salom?o T M, et al. Integrating paleodistribution models and phylogeography in the Grass-Cutting Ant Acromyrmex striatus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) in Southern Lowlands of South America. Plos One, 2016(1):e0146734.
[43]蔡静.基于线粒体细胞色素b基因探讨皖南地区凹耳蛙种群遗传变异及其种群历史[D].芜湖:安徽师范大学,2013.