Estimation and inter-comparison of dust aerosols based on MODIS, MISR and AERONET retrievals over Asian desert regions
|
摘要
This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.
This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.
This study presents detailed analysis of spatiotemporal variations and trend of dust optical properties i.e., Aerosol Optical Depth(AOD) and Angstrom component over Asian desert regions using thirteen years of data(i.e., 2001–2013) retrieved from Aerosol Robotic Network(AERONET), Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS) and Multi-angle Imaging Spectroradiometer(MISR). These regions include Solar Village, Dunhuang and Dalangzadgad and are considered as origin of desert aerosols in Asia. Mann–Kendall trend test was used to show the trend of AOD. The relationship of AOD with weather parameters and general AOD trend over different wavelengths has also been shown. AOD's trend has been observed significant throughout the year in Solar Village, while in Dunhuang and Dalanzadgad the significant trend has been found only in peak period(March–June).Analysis show high values of AOD and low values of angstrom in Solar Village during peak period. In Chinese desert regions, high values of AOD have been found during peak period and low values in pre-peak period. Significant relationship has been observed between AOD and average temperature in Solar Village and Dalanzadgad whereas rainfall and wind speed showed no significant impact on AOD in all desert regions.
引文
Bi,J.,Huang,J.,Fu,Q.,Wang,X.,Shi,J.,Zhang,W.,et al.,2011.Toward characterization of the aerosol optical properties over Loess Plateau of Northwestern China.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transf.112,346-360.
Chattopadhyay,G.,Chakraborthy,P.,Chattopadhyay,S.,2012.Mann-Kendall trend analysis of tropospheric ozone and its modeling using ARIMA.Theor.Appl.Climatol.110,321-328.
Che,H.,Wang,Y.,Sun,J.,Zhang,X.,Zhang,X.,Guo,J.,2013.Variation of aerosol optical properties over the Taklimakan Desert in China.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.13,777-785.
Chen,B.,Yamada,M.,Iwasaka,Y.,Zhang,D.,Wang,H.,Wang,Z.,Lei,H.,Shi,G.,2015.Origin of non-spherical particles in the boundary layer over Beijing,China:based on balloon-borne observations.Environ.Geochem.Health 37,791-800.
Cheng,T.,Chen,H.,Gu,X.,Yu,T.,Guo,J.,Guo,H.,2012.The inter-comparison of MODIS,MISR and GOCART aerosol products against AERONET data over China.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transf.113,2135-2145.
Chin,M.,Diehl,T.,Tan,Q.,Prospero,J.M.,Kahn,R.A.,Remer,L.A.,et al.,2014.Multi-decadal aerosol variations from 1980 to 2009:a perspective from observations and a global model.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,3657-3690.
Christopher,S.A.,Gupta,P.,Haywood,J.,Greed,G.,2008.Aerosol optical thicknesses over North Africa:1.Development of a product for model validation using ozone monitoring instrument,multiangle imaging spectroradiometer,and aerosol robotic network.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.113,2121-2228.
Diner,J.C.B.,Reilly,Terrence H.,Bruegge,Carol J.,Conel,James E.,Kahn,Ralph A.,et al.,1998.Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR)instrument description and experiment overview.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.34,1071-1085.
Diner,D.J.,Abdou,W.A.,Bruegge,C.J.,Conel,J.E.,Crean,K.A.,Gaitley,B.J.,et al.,2001.MISR aerosol optical depth retrievals over southern Africa during the SAFARI-2000 dry season campaign.Geophys.Res.Lett.28,3127-3130.
Edgell,2006.Arabian Deserts:Nature,Origin,and Evaluation.Springer,Netherlands.
Floutsi,A.A.,Korras-Carraca,M.B.,Matsoukas,C.,Hatzianastassiou,N.,Biskos,G.,2016.Climatology and trends of aerosol optical depth over the Mediterranean basin during the last 12 years(2002-2014)based on collection 006 MODIS-Aqua data.Sci.Total Environ.551-552,292-303.
Gherboudj,I.G.,Hosni,2014.Spatiotemporal assessment of dust loading over the United Arab Emirates.Int.J.Climatol.34,3321-3335.
Hansen,J.,Sato,M.,Ruedy,R.,Lacis,A.,Oinas,V.,2000.Global warming in the twenty-first century:an alternative scenario.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.97,9875-9880.
Haywood,J.,Boucher,O.,2000.Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols:a review.Rev.Geophys.38,513-543.
He,Q.,Zhang,M.,Huang,B.,2016.Spatio-temporal variation and impact factors analysis of satellite-based aerosol optical depth over China from 2002 to 2015.Atmos.Environ.129,79-90.
Holben,B.N.,Eck,T.F.,Slutsker,I.,Tanre,D.,Buis,J.P.,Setzer,A.,et al.,1998.AERONET-a federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization.Remote Sens.Environ.66,1-16.
Hsu,N.C.,Gautam,R.,Sayer,A.M.,Bettenhausen,C.,Li,C.,Jeong,M.J.,et al.,2012.Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from1997 to 2010.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12,8037-8053.
Iwasaka,Y.,Shi,G.Y.,Kim,Y.S.,Matsuki,A.,Trochkine,D.,Zhang,D.,et al.,2004.Pool of dust particles over the Asian continent:Balloon-Borne optical particle counter and ground-based lidar measurements at Dunhuang,China.Environ.Monit.Assess.92,5-24.
Kahn,R.A.,Gaitley,B.J.,Martonchik,J.V.,Diner,D.J.,Crean,K.A.,Holben,B.,2005.Multiangle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR)global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident aerosol robotic network(AERONET)observations.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.110,D10S04.
Kahn,R.,Petzold,A.,Wendisch,M.,Bierwirth,E.,Dinter,T.,Esselborn,M.,et al.,2009.Desert dust aerosol air mass mapping in the western Sahara,using particle properties derived from space-based multi-angle imaging.Tellus Ser.BChem.Phys.Meteorol.61,239-251.
Kahn,R.A.,Gaitley,B.J.,Garay,M.J.,Diner,D.J.,Eck,T.F.,Smirnov,A.,et al.,2010.Multiangle imaging spectroradiometer global aerosol product assessment by comparison with the aerosol robotic network.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.115,2011-2017.
Kaufman,Y.J.,Tanré,D.,Remer,L.A.,Vermote,E.F.,Chu,A.,Holben,B.N.,1997.Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.102,17051-17067.
Kendall,M.G.,1975.Rank Correlation Methods.Griffin,London.
Kim,Y.S.,Iwasaka,Y.,Shi,G.-Y.,Shen,Z.,Trochkine,D.,Matsuki,A.,et al.,2003.Features in number concentration-size distributions of aerosols in the free atmosphere over the desert areas in the Asian continent:Balloon-Borne measurements at Dunhuang,China.Water Air Soil Pollut.Focus 3,147-159.
Kosmopoulos,P.G.,Kaskaoutis,D.G.,Nastos,P.T.,Kambezidis,H.D.,2008.Seasonal variation of columnar aerosol optical properties over Athens,Greece,based on MODIS data.Remote Sens.Environ.112,2354-2366.
Kumar,K.R.,Sivakumar,V.,Yin,Y.,Reddy,R.R.,Kang,N.,Diao,Y.,et al.,2014.Long-term(2003-2013)climatological trends and variations in aerosol optical parameters retrieved from MODISover three stations in South Africa.Atmos.Environ.95,400-408.
Kumar,K.R.,Yin,Y.,Sivakumar,V.,Kang,N.,Yu,X.,Diao,Y.,et al.,2015.Aerosol climatology and discrimination of aerosol types retrieved from MODIS,MISR and OMI over Durban(29.88°S,31.02°E),South Africa.Atmos.Environ.117,9-18.
Levy,R.C.,Remer,L.A.,Kleidman,R.G.,Mattoo,S.,Ichoku,C.,Kahn,R.,et al.,2010.Global evaluation of the collection 5MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,10399-10420.
Li,Z.,Xia,X.,Cribb,M.,Mi,W.,Holben,B.,Wang,P.,et al.,2007.Aerosol optical properties and their radiative effects in northern China.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.112,2132-2135.
Li,J.,Carlson,B.E.,Dubovik,O.,Lacis,A.A.,2014.Recent trends in aerosol optical properties derived from AERONET measurements.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,12271-12289.
Li,L.,Yang,J.,Wang,Y.,2015.Retrieval of high-resolution atmospheric particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical thickness over the Pearl River Delta Area,China.Remote Sens.7,7914.
Liu,J.,Xia,X.,Li,Z.,Wang,P.,Min,M.,Hao,W.,et al.,2010.Validation of multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer aerosol products in China.Tellus Ser.B Chem.Phys.Meteorol.62,117-124.
Lyamani,H.,Olmo,F.J.,Alcántara,A.,Alados-Arboledas,L.,2006.Atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 heat wave in southeastern Spain I:spectral optical depth.Atmos.Environ.40,6453-6464.
Mann,H.B.,1945.Nonparametric tests against trend.Econometrica 13,245-259.
Mehta,M.,Singh,R.,Singh,A.,Singh,N.,Anshumali,2016.Recent global aerosol optical depth variations and trends-a comparative study using MODIS and MISR level 3 datasets.Remote Sens.Environ.181,137-150.
Menon,S.,Hansen,J.,Nazarenko,L.,Luo,Y.,2002.Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India.Science 297,2250-2253.
Miller,S.D.,Kuciauskas,A.P.,Liu,M.,Ji,Q.,Reid,J.S.,Breed,D.W.,et al.,2008.Haboob dust storms of the southern Arabian peninsula.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.113,2035-2038.
Mishchenko,M.I.,Geogdzhayev,I.V.,2007.Satellite remote sensing reveals regional tropospheric aerosol trends.Opt.Express 15,7423-7438.
Ogunjobi,K.O.,Kim,Y.J.,He,Z.,2003.Aerosol optical properties during Asian dust storm episodes in South Korea.Theor.Appl.Climatol.76,65-75.
Park,S.-H.,Panicker,A.S.,Lee,D.-I.,Jung,W.-S.,Jang,S.-M.,Jang,M.,et al.,2010.Characterization of chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols over Anmyeon(South Korea),a super site under Global Atmosphere Watch.J.Atmos.Chem.67,71-86.
Prasad,A.K.,Singh,R.P.,2007.Comparison of MISR-MODIS aerosol optical depth over the Indo-Gangetic basin during the winter and summer seasons(2000-2005).Remote Sens.Environ.107,109-119.
Sayer,A.M.,Hsu,N.C.,Bettenhausen,C.,Jeong,M.J.,2013.Validation and uncertainty estimates for MODIS Collection 6“Deep Blue”aerosol data.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.118,7864-7872.
Sen,P.K.,1968.Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau.J.Am.Stat.Assoc.63,1379-1389.
Shi,Y.,Zhang,J.,Reid,J.S.,Hyer,E.J.,Eck,T.F.,Holben,B.N.,et al.,2011.A critical examination of spatial biases between MODISand MISR aerosol products¨C application for potential AERONET deployment.Atmos.Meas.Tech.4,2823-2836.
Smirnov,A.,Holben,B.N.,Eck,T.F.,Dubovik,O.,Slutsker,I.,2000.Cloud-screening and quality control algorithms for the AERONET database.Remote Sens.Environ.73,337-349.
Tanré,D.,Kaufman,Y.J.,Holben,B.N.,Chatenet,B.,Karnieli,A.,Lavenu,F.,et al.,2001.Climatology of dust aerosol size distribution and optical properties derived from remotely sensed data in the solar spectrum.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.106,18205-18217.
Tesfaye,M.,Sivakumar,V.,Botai,J.,Mengistu Tsidu,G.,2011.Aerosol climatology over South Africa based on 10 years of multiangle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR)data.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.116,D20216.
Tripathi,S.N.,Dey,S.,Chandel,A.,Srivastava,S.,Singh,R.P.,Holben,B.N.,2005.Comparison of MODIS and AERONETderived aerosol optical depth over the Ganga Basin,India.Ann.Geophys.23,1093-1101.
Vinoj,V.,Babu,S.S.,Satheesh,S.K.,Moorthy,K.,Kaufman,Y.J.,2004.Radiative forcing by aerosols over the Bay of Bengal region derived from shipborne,island-based,and satellite(moderateresolution imaging Spectroradiometer)observations.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.109,3132-3135.
Wang,H.,Zhang,L.,Cao,X.,Zhang,Z.,Liang,J.,2013.A-train satellite measurements of dust aerosol distributions over northern China.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transf.122,170-179.
Xia,X.,2011.Variability of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom wavelength exponent derived from AERONET observations in recent decades.Environ.Res.Lett.6,044011.
Xiangao,X.,Hongbin,C.,Pucai,W.,2004.Aerosol properties in a Chinese semiarid region.Atmos.Environ.38,4571-4581.
Xiao,N.,Shi,T.,Calder,C.A.,Munroe,D.K.,Berrett,C.,Wolfinbarger,S.,Li,D.,2009.Spatial characteristics of the difference between MISR and MODIS aerosol optical depth retrievals over mainland Southeast Asia.Remote Sens.Environ.113,1-9.
Yoon,J.,von Hoyningen-Huene,W.,Kokhanovsky,A.A.,Vountas,M.,Burrows,J.P.,2012.Trend analysis of aerosol optical thickness and?ngstr?m exponent derived from the global AERONET spectral observations.Atmos.Meas.Tech.5,1271-1299.
Yu,J.,Che,H.,Chen,Q.,Xia,X.,Zhao,H.,Wang,H.,et al.,2015.Investigation of aerosol optical depth(AOD)and?ngstr?m exponent over the desert region of northwestern China based on measurements from the China aerosol remote sensing network(CARSNET).Aerosol Air Qual.Res.15,2024-2036.
Yue,S.,Pilon,P.,Phinney,B.,Cavadias,G.,2002.The influence of autocorrelation on the ability to detect trend in hydrological series.Hydrol.Process.16,1807-1829.
Yuesi,W.,Jinyuan,X.,Zhanqing,L.,Shigong,W.,Pucai,W.,Min,H.W.,2011.Seasonal variations in aerosol optical properties over China.J.Geophys.Res.:Atmos 116.
Zhang,Y.,S,Z.B.,2010.Comparison of MODIS and MISR aerosol optical thickness over east-central China(in Chinese).Sci.Meteorol.Sin.30,48-54.
Zhang,X.Y.,Gong,S.L.,Arimoto,R.,Shen,Z.X.,Mei,F.M.,Wang,D.,et al.,2003.Characterization and temporal variation of Asian dust aerosol from a site in the northern Chinese deserts.J.Atmos.Chem.44,241-257.
Zhang,W.,Zhuang,G.,Huang,K.,Li,J.,Zhang,R.,Wang,Q.,et al.,2010.Mixing and transformation of Asian dust with pollution in the two dust storms over the northern China in 2006.Atmos.Environ.44,3394-3403.
Chattopadhyay,G.,Chakraborthy,P.,Chattopadhyay,S.,2012.Mann-Kendall trend analysis of tropospheric ozone and its modeling using ARIMA.Theor.Appl.Climatol.110,321-328.
Che,H.,Wang,Y.,Sun,J.,Zhang,X.,Zhang,X.,Guo,J.,2013.Variation of aerosol optical properties over the Taklimakan Desert in China.Aerosol Air Qual.Res.13,777-785.
Chen,B.,Yamada,M.,Iwasaka,Y.,Zhang,D.,Wang,H.,Wang,Z.,Lei,H.,Shi,G.,2015.Origin of non-spherical particles in the boundary layer over Beijing,China:based on balloon-borne observations.Environ.Geochem.Health 37,791-800.
Cheng,T.,Chen,H.,Gu,X.,Yu,T.,Guo,J.,Guo,H.,2012.The inter-comparison of MODIS,MISR and GOCART aerosol products against AERONET data over China.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transf.113,2135-2145.
Chin,M.,Diehl,T.,Tan,Q.,Prospero,J.M.,Kahn,R.A.,Remer,L.A.,et al.,2014.Multi-decadal aerosol variations from 1980 to 2009:a perspective from observations and a global model.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,3657-3690.
Christopher,S.A.,Gupta,P.,Haywood,J.,Greed,G.,2008.Aerosol optical thicknesses over North Africa:1.Development of a product for model validation using ozone monitoring instrument,multiangle imaging spectroradiometer,and aerosol robotic network.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.113,2121-2228.
Diner,J.C.B.,Reilly,Terrence H.,Bruegge,Carol J.,Conel,James E.,Kahn,Ralph A.,et al.,1998.Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR)instrument description and experiment overview.IEEE Trans.Geosci.Remote Sens.34,1071-1085.
Diner,D.J.,Abdou,W.A.,Bruegge,C.J.,Conel,J.E.,Crean,K.A.,Gaitley,B.J.,et al.,2001.MISR aerosol optical depth retrievals over southern Africa during the SAFARI-2000 dry season campaign.Geophys.Res.Lett.28,3127-3130.
Edgell,2006.Arabian Deserts:Nature,Origin,and Evaluation.Springer,Netherlands.
Floutsi,A.A.,Korras-Carraca,M.B.,Matsoukas,C.,Hatzianastassiou,N.,Biskos,G.,2016.Climatology and trends of aerosol optical depth over the Mediterranean basin during the last 12 years(2002-2014)based on collection 006 MODIS-Aqua data.Sci.Total Environ.551-552,292-303.
Gherboudj,I.G.,Hosni,2014.Spatiotemporal assessment of dust loading over the United Arab Emirates.Int.J.Climatol.34,3321-3335.
Hansen,J.,Sato,M.,Ruedy,R.,Lacis,A.,Oinas,V.,2000.Global warming in the twenty-first century:an alternative scenario.Proc.Natl.Acad.Sci.U.S.A.97,9875-9880.
Haywood,J.,Boucher,O.,2000.Estimates of the direct and indirect radiative forcing due to tropospheric aerosols:a review.Rev.Geophys.38,513-543.
He,Q.,Zhang,M.,Huang,B.,2016.Spatio-temporal variation and impact factors analysis of satellite-based aerosol optical depth over China from 2002 to 2015.Atmos.Environ.129,79-90.
Holben,B.N.,Eck,T.F.,Slutsker,I.,Tanre,D.,Buis,J.P.,Setzer,A.,et al.,1998.AERONET-a federated instrument network and data archive for aerosol characterization.Remote Sens.Environ.66,1-16.
Hsu,N.C.,Gautam,R.,Sayer,A.M.,Bettenhausen,C.,Li,C.,Jeong,M.J.,et al.,2012.Global and regional trends of aerosol optical depth over land and ocean using SeaWiFS measurements from1997 to 2010.Atmos.Chem.Phys.12,8037-8053.
Iwasaka,Y.,Shi,G.Y.,Kim,Y.S.,Matsuki,A.,Trochkine,D.,Zhang,D.,et al.,2004.Pool of dust particles over the Asian continent:Balloon-Borne optical particle counter and ground-based lidar measurements at Dunhuang,China.Environ.Monit.Assess.92,5-24.
Kahn,R.A.,Gaitley,B.J.,Martonchik,J.V.,Diner,D.J.,Crean,K.A.,Holben,B.,2005.Multiangle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR)global aerosol optical depth validation based on 2 years of coincident aerosol robotic network(AERONET)observations.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.110,D10S04.
Kahn,R.,Petzold,A.,Wendisch,M.,Bierwirth,E.,Dinter,T.,Esselborn,M.,et al.,2009.Desert dust aerosol air mass mapping in the western Sahara,using particle properties derived from space-based multi-angle imaging.Tellus Ser.BChem.Phys.Meteorol.61,239-251.
Kahn,R.A.,Gaitley,B.J.,Garay,M.J.,Diner,D.J.,Eck,T.F.,Smirnov,A.,et al.,2010.Multiangle imaging spectroradiometer global aerosol product assessment by comparison with the aerosol robotic network.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.115,2011-2017.
Kaufman,Y.J.,Tanré,D.,Remer,L.A.,Vermote,E.F.,Chu,A.,Holben,B.N.,1997.Operational remote sensing of tropospheric aerosol over land from EOS moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.102,17051-17067.
Kendall,M.G.,1975.Rank Correlation Methods.Griffin,London.
Kim,Y.S.,Iwasaka,Y.,Shi,G.-Y.,Shen,Z.,Trochkine,D.,Matsuki,A.,et al.,2003.Features in number concentration-size distributions of aerosols in the free atmosphere over the desert areas in the Asian continent:Balloon-Borne measurements at Dunhuang,China.Water Air Soil Pollut.Focus 3,147-159.
Kosmopoulos,P.G.,Kaskaoutis,D.G.,Nastos,P.T.,Kambezidis,H.D.,2008.Seasonal variation of columnar aerosol optical properties over Athens,Greece,based on MODIS data.Remote Sens.Environ.112,2354-2366.
Kumar,K.R.,Sivakumar,V.,Yin,Y.,Reddy,R.R.,Kang,N.,Diao,Y.,et al.,2014.Long-term(2003-2013)climatological trends and variations in aerosol optical parameters retrieved from MODISover three stations in South Africa.Atmos.Environ.95,400-408.
Kumar,K.R.,Yin,Y.,Sivakumar,V.,Kang,N.,Yu,X.,Diao,Y.,et al.,2015.Aerosol climatology and discrimination of aerosol types retrieved from MODIS,MISR and OMI over Durban(29.88°S,31.02°E),South Africa.Atmos.Environ.117,9-18.
Levy,R.C.,Remer,L.A.,Kleidman,R.G.,Mattoo,S.,Ichoku,C.,Kahn,R.,et al.,2010.Global evaluation of the collection 5MODIS dark-target aerosol products over land.Atmos.Chem.Phys.10,10399-10420.
Li,Z.,Xia,X.,Cribb,M.,Mi,W.,Holben,B.,Wang,P.,et al.,2007.Aerosol optical properties and their radiative effects in northern China.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.112,2132-2135.
Li,J.,Carlson,B.E.,Dubovik,O.,Lacis,A.A.,2014.Recent trends in aerosol optical properties derived from AERONET measurements.Atmos.Chem.Phys.14,12271-12289.
Li,L.,Yang,J.,Wang,Y.,2015.Retrieval of high-resolution atmospheric particulate matter concentrations from satellite-based aerosol optical thickness over the Pearl River Delta Area,China.Remote Sens.7,7914.
Liu,J.,Xia,X.,Li,Z.,Wang,P.,Min,M.,Hao,W.,et al.,2010.Validation of multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer aerosol products in China.Tellus Ser.B Chem.Phys.Meteorol.62,117-124.
Lyamani,H.,Olmo,F.J.,Alcántara,A.,Alados-Arboledas,L.,2006.Atmospheric aerosols during the 2003 heat wave in southeastern Spain I:spectral optical depth.Atmos.Environ.40,6453-6464.
Mann,H.B.,1945.Nonparametric tests against trend.Econometrica 13,245-259.
Mehta,M.,Singh,R.,Singh,A.,Singh,N.,Anshumali,2016.Recent global aerosol optical depth variations and trends-a comparative study using MODIS and MISR level 3 datasets.Remote Sens.Environ.181,137-150.
Menon,S.,Hansen,J.,Nazarenko,L.,Luo,Y.,2002.Climate effects of black carbon aerosols in China and India.Science 297,2250-2253.
Miller,S.D.,Kuciauskas,A.P.,Liu,M.,Ji,Q.,Reid,J.S.,Breed,D.W.,et al.,2008.Haboob dust storms of the southern Arabian peninsula.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.113,2035-2038.
Mishchenko,M.I.,Geogdzhayev,I.V.,2007.Satellite remote sensing reveals regional tropospheric aerosol trends.Opt.Express 15,7423-7438.
Ogunjobi,K.O.,Kim,Y.J.,He,Z.,2003.Aerosol optical properties during Asian dust storm episodes in South Korea.Theor.Appl.Climatol.76,65-75.
Park,S.-H.,Panicker,A.S.,Lee,D.-I.,Jung,W.-S.,Jang,S.-M.,Jang,M.,et al.,2010.Characterization of chemical properties of atmospheric aerosols over Anmyeon(South Korea),a super site under Global Atmosphere Watch.J.Atmos.Chem.67,71-86.
Prasad,A.K.,Singh,R.P.,2007.Comparison of MISR-MODIS aerosol optical depth over the Indo-Gangetic basin during the winter and summer seasons(2000-2005).Remote Sens.Environ.107,109-119.
Sayer,A.M.,Hsu,N.C.,Bettenhausen,C.,Jeong,M.J.,2013.Validation and uncertainty estimates for MODIS Collection 6“Deep Blue”aerosol data.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.118,7864-7872.
Sen,P.K.,1968.Estimates of the regression coefficient based on Kendall's Tau.J.Am.Stat.Assoc.63,1379-1389.
Shi,Y.,Zhang,J.,Reid,J.S.,Hyer,E.J.,Eck,T.F.,Holben,B.N.,et al.,2011.A critical examination of spatial biases between MODISand MISR aerosol products¨C application for potential AERONET deployment.Atmos.Meas.Tech.4,2823-2836.
Smirnov,A.,Holben,B.N.,Eck,T.F.,Dubovik,O.,Slutsker,I.,2000.Cloud-screening and quality control algorithms for the AERONET database.Remote Sens.Environ.73,337-349.
Tanré,D.,Kaufman,Y.J.,Holben,B.N.,Chatenet,B.,Karnieli,A.,Lavenu,F.,et al.,2001.Climatology of dust aerosol size distribution and optical properties derived from remotely sensed data in the solar spectrum.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.106,18205-18217.
Tesfaye,M.,Sivakumar,V.,Botai,J.,Mengistu Tsidu,G.,2011.Aerosol climatology over South Africa based on 10 years of multiangle imaging spectroradiometer(MISR)data.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.116,D20216.
Tripathi,S.N.,Dey,S.,Chandel,A.,Srivastava,S.,Singh,R.P.,Holben,B.N.,2005.Comparison of MODIS and AERONETderived aerosol optical depth over the Ganga Basin,India.Ann.Geophys.23,1093-1101.
Vinoj,V.,Babu,S.S.,Satheesh,S.K.,Moorthy,K.,Kaufman,Y.J.,2004.Radiative forcing by aerosols over the Bay of Bengal region derived from shipborne,island-based,and satellite(moderateresolution imaging Spectroradiometer)observations.J.Geophys.Res.-Atmos.109,3132-3135.
Wang,H.,Zhang,L.,Cao,X.,Zhang,Z.,Liang,J.,2013.A-train satellite measurements of dust aerosol distributions over northern China.J.Quant.Spectrosc.Radiat.Transf.122,170-179.
Xia,X.,2011.Variability of aerosol optical depth and Angstrom wavelength exponent derived from AERONET observations in recent decades.Environ.Res.Lett.6,044011.
Xiangao,X.,Hongbin,C.,Pucai,W.,2004.Aerosol properties in a Chinese semiarid region.Atmos.Environ.38,4571-4581.
Xiao,N.,Shi,T.,Calder,C.A.,Munroe,D.K.,Berrett,C.,Wolfinbarger,S.,Li,D.,2009.Spatial characteristics of the difference between MISR and MODIS aerosol optical depth retrievals over mainland Southeast Asia.Remote Sens.Environ.113,1-9.
Yoon,J.,von Hoyningen-Huene,W.,Kokhanovsky,A.A.,Vountas,M.,Burrows,J.P.,2012.Trend analysis of aerosol optical thickness and?ngstr?m exponent derived from the global AERONET spectral observations.Atmos.Meas.Tech.5,1271-1299.
Yu,J.,Che,H.,Chen,Q.,Xia,X.,Zhao,H.,Wang,H.,et al.,2015.Investigation of aerosol optical depth(AOD)and?ngstr?m exponent over the desert region of northwestern China based on measurements from the China aerosol remote sensing network(CARSNET).Aerosol Air Qual.Res.15,2024-2036.
Yue,S.,Pilon,P.,Phinney,B.,Cavadias,G.,2002.The influence of autocorrelation on the ability to detect trend in hydrological series.Hydrol.Process.16,1807-1829.
Yuesi,W.,Jinyuan,X.,Zhanqing,L.,Shigong,W.,Pucai,W.,Min,H.W.,2011.Seasonal variations in aerosol optical properties over China.J.Geophys.Res.:Atmos 116.
Zhang,Y.,S,Z.B.,2010.Comparison of MODIS and MISR aerosol optical thickness over east-central China(in Chinese).Sci.Meteorol.Sin.30,48-54.
Zhang,X.Y.,Gong,S.L.,Arimoto,R.,Shen,Z.X.,Mei,F.M.,Wang,D.,et al.,2003.Characterization and temporal variation of Asian dust aerosol from a site in the northern Chinese deserts.J.Atmos.Chem.44,241-257.
Zhang,W.,Zhuang,G.,Huang,K.,Li,J.,Zhang,R.,Wang,Q.,et al.,2010.Mixing and transformation of Asian dust with pollution in the two dust storms over the northern China in 2006.Atmos.Environ.44,3394-3403.