登上领奖台:加拿大冬奥备战的治理经验及其启示
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摘要
为备战2010年温哥华冬奥会,加拿大联邦政府设计了"登上领奖台"战略,委托OTP组织负责财政援助的划拨和绩效管理。OTP组织采用"决策层—执行层"的双层治理架构,以"奖牌至上"为原则,创建了由"项目文化""以往成绩""夺牌潜力""领先优势的可持续性"4个一级指标的协会分层分类资助制度,邀请国家奥委会和残奥委、国家运动项目协会、体育科研院所等利益相关者组成协同治理网络。通过梳理加拿大治理经验,建议我国当前的备战2022年北京冬奥工作,应重视"一臂之距"理念,明确政府在冬奥备战中的职责;尊重专业自治准则,锻炼社会力量成为竞技体育治理主体;改进绩效管理模式,优化冬奥备战财政资金的申请和使用程序;重视科学创新,促进体育智库组织网络化。
The Canadian federal government designed Own the Podium strategy for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics,entrusting the non-governmental organization with responsibility for financial performance management of national sport federation. OTP organization adopts the double-hierarchy governance structure of"decision-executive"and establishes the four indicators with sport culture,historical achievement,potential of winning,sustainability of dominance,which based on the principle of winning the medal. The project consists of a hierarchical classification and subsidy system to build an Olympic performance evaluation system; the Canadian Heritage and the Sport Canada,the Canadian Olympic Committee,the Calgary Olympic Development Association,the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games,and the sports research institute are invited to participate in external stakeholders network. At the same time,the Canadian government has strengthened the concept guarantee for the strategic design of the "Podium"on the Winter Olympics,including: all participants in Canadian elite sports must abide by the correct ethics and code of conduct; apply the most advanced scientific knowledge to the development of high-level athletes and their coaches; design and implement high-level athlete reserve talent identification and training systems,and provide support for them; design and implement the expected target system of major international competitions,and assist in the assessment of Canadian sports governance system performance; explore and implement diversified public-private partnerships to achieve sustainable development of Canadian elite sports; encourage and support Canadians to enter senior positions in international sports organizations,intercontinental sports organizations,and other interstate sports organizations; optimize elite sports governance the mechanism allows the national Olympic committee,the national individual sports association,the national team to effectively carry out professional autonomy,and so on. By combing the experience of Canadian elite sport governance system,the research result is suggested that when preparing for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics Game,China must rethink the Principle of arm's length principle and clarify the government's duties in the preparations for the Winter Olympics; respect the autonomy of elite sport,improve performance management model,optimize the application and use procedures of financial funds;attach importance to scientific innovation,promoting the networking of sports think tanks.
The Canadian federal government designed Own the Podium strategy for the 2010 Vancouver Winter Olympics,entrusting the non-governmental organization with responsibility for financial performance management of national sport federation. OTP organization adopts the double-hierarchy governance structure of"decision-executive"and establishes the four indicators with sport culture,historical achievement,potential of winning,sustainability of dominance,which based on the principle of winning the medal. The project consists of a hierarchical classification and subsidy system to build an Olympic performance evaluation system; the Canadian Heritage and the Sport Canada,the Canadian Olympic Committee,the Calgary Olympic Development Association,the Vancouver Organizing Committee for the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games,and the sports research institute are invited to participate in external stakeholders network. At the same time,the Canadian government has strengthened the concept guarantee for the strategic design of the "Podium"on the Winter Olympics,including: all participants in Canadian elite sports must abide by the correct ethics and code of conduct; apply the most advanced scientific knowledge to the development of high-level athletes and their coaches; design and implement high-level athlete reserve talent identification and training systems,and provide support for them; design and implement the expected target system of major international competitions,and assist in the assessment of Canadian sports governance system performance; explore and implement diversified public-private partnerships to achieve sustainable development of Canadian elite sports; encourage and support Canadians to enter senior positions in international sports organizations,intercontinental sports organizations,and other interstate sports organizations; optimize elite sports governance the mechanism allows the national Olympic committee,the national individual sports association,the national team to effectively carry out professional autonomy,and so on. By combing the experience of Canadian elite sport governance system,the research result is suggested that when preparing for the Beijing 2022 Winter Olympics Game,China must rethink the Principle of arm's length principle and clarify the government's duties in the preparations for the Winter Olympics; respect the autonomy of elite sport,improve performance management model,optimize the application and use procedures of financial funds;attach importance to scientific innovation,promoting the networking of sports think tanks.
引文
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[19]王彦英,孙琴,周三元.2022年冬奥会物流规划管理创新策略[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(10):55-61.
[20]姚小林.2002-2022年:冬奥会举办城市体育场馆规划发展趋势[J].武汉体育学院学报,2016,50(3):35-41.
[21]余莉萍.奥运会与可持续城市良性互动研究[D].北京:北京体育大学,2018.
[22]马毅,吕晶红.我国备战2022年冬奥会重点项目后备人才培养问题探究[J].体育科学,2016,36(4):3-10.
[23]易剑东.热点·视点·观点---北京2022冬奥会研究的回顾与前瞻[J].体育学研究,2018,1(1):62-70.
[24]伊诺,张伟,叶茂盛,等.冬季奥运项目发展演变与我国奥运项目选择[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(5):1-8.
[2]黎涌明,陈小平.英国竞技体育复兴的体系特征及对我国奥运战略的启示[J].体育科学,2017,37(5):3-10.
[3]方贤超.美国三大竞技体育组织研究[D].上海:上海体育学院,2009.
[4]浦义俊,吴贻刚.百年奥运视角下澳大利亚竞技体育的二次崛起历程分析及启示[J].南京体育学院学报(社会科学版),2014,28(6):99-106.
[5]姜熙.加拿大《国家身体健康法》和《健康与业余体育法》研究及启示[J].成都体育学院学报,2015,41(1):55-61.
[6]Green,M.,Houlihan,B.Elite sport development:Policy learning and political Priorities[M].London:Routledge,2005.
[7]Thibault,L.,Harvey,J.Sport policy in Canada[M].Ottawa:Ottawa University Press,2013:35-37.
[8]加拿大体育部.加拿大体育政策(2002-2012)[EB/OL].http://publications.gc.ca/collections/collection_2016/pch/CH24-46-2002-eng.pdf.
[9]加拿大体育部.加拿大体育政策(2002-2012)[EB/OL].http://canadiansporttourism.com/sites/default/files/docs/csp2012_en_lr.pdf.
[10]Kikulis,L.In Thibault,L.,Harvey,J.Sport policy in Canada[M].Ottawa:University of Ottawa Press,2013:97-146.
[11]Dowling M,Smith J.The institutional work of Own the Podium in developing high-performance sport in Canada[J].Sport Management,2016,30(4):396-410.
[12]Own the Podium.Own the Podium summer Olympic and Paralympic ranking category descriptions[R].Ottawa/Calgary:Own the Podium,2013.
[13]徐刚.中国代表团参加里约奥运会的竞技形势与临赛备战策略[J].北京体育大学学报,2016,39(6):116-121.
[14]彭国强,杨国庆.世界竞技体育强国备战奥运政策及对我国备战东京奥运会的启示[J].体育科学,2018,38(10):19-28+37.
[15]王跃新.美国备战里约奥运会成功因素探析[A].中国体育科学学会体育信息分会.2016年第十二届全国体育信息科技学术大会论文摘要汇编(体育信息研究1)[C].中国体育科学学会体育信息分会:中国体育科学学会,2016:1.
[16]李晨.法国备战里约奥运会的措施与启示[A].中国体育科学学会体育信息分会.2016年第十二届全国体育信息科技学术大会论文摘要汇编(体育信息研究1)[C].中国体育科学学会体育信息分会:中国体育科学学会,2016:1.
[17]单琛蕾,张伟,郝鹏飞.北京冬奥会对我国冰雪运动的影响[J].南京体育学院学报,2018,1(1):40-44.
[18]李畅.备战世界杯、奥运会中国男篮实力及发展趋势剖析[J].广州体育学院学报,2018,38(6):109-113.
[19]王彦英,孙琴,周三元.2022年冬奥会物流规划管理创新策略[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(10):55-61.
[20]姚小林.2002-2022年:冬奥会举办城市体育场馆规划发展趋势[J].武汉体育学院学报,2016,50(3):35-41.
[21]余莉萍.奥运会与可持续城市良性互动研究[D].北京:北京体育大学,2018.
[22]马毅,吕晶红.我国备战2022年冬奥会重点项目后备人才培养问题探究[J].体育科学,2016,36(4):3-10.
[23]易剑东.热点·视点·观点---北京2022冬奥会研究的回顾与前瞻[J].体育学研究,2018,1(1):62-70.
[24]伊诺,张伟,叶茂盛,等.冬季奥运项目发展演变与我国奥运项目选择[J].北京体育大学学报,2018,41(5):1-8.