1955—2012年韩江入海径流量和输沙量多尺度变化特征
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摘要
基于韩江流域12个气象台站1955—2012年降水量、潮安站径流量和输沙量资料,采用Mann-Kendall非参数秩次检验及小波分析方法研究韩江流域入海径流量和输沙量的多尺度变化特征.结果表明:1955—2012年韩江入海径流量和输沙量总体没有出现明显变化,1982年以来径流量未发生显著变化,但输沙量显著减少;流域径流量、输沙量存在明显的25~30、9~14、3~8 a时间尺度变化周期,其中25~30 a震荡周期最为明显,具有全域性.流域入海输沙量和径流量周期规律基本一致,但输沙量周期略滞后径流量周期;在4 a时间尺度上正负相交替频繁,变化剧烈,突变点较多,而12 a与30 a时间尺度正负相交替正常,表明短时间尺度受人类活动影响较大.近年来修建大量水电站、提高森林草地覆被率及增加用水量是韩江流域近几十年来径流量和输沙量变化的主要因素.
Based on daily precipitation,water discharge and sediment runoff recorded at 12 meteorological stations in the Hanjiang River and hydrological date gathered from Chao'an station from 1955 to 2012,the characteristics of multi-scale variations in flow discharge and sediment load are analyzed by Mann-Kendall trend test and wavelet analysis. The results indicate that there is no obvious variation in runoff and the sediment load from 1955 to 2012,a significant descendent trend in sediment load while the amount of runoff has no obvious variation during 1982-2012. There are three significant periodic variations at scales of 25 ~ 30 a,9 ~ 14 a,3 ~ 8a for runoff and sediment discharge,but the 25 ~ 30 a scale is the most significant. The periodic of runoff and sediment discharge in Hanjiang River is consistent,but the periodic of sediment discharge slightly lags the periodic of runoff. At the 4-year scale,not only the positive and negative phases about the curves of runoff and sediment discharge have appeared frequently and sharply but also there are so many mutation points,while at the 12-year and 30-year scales have appeared normally,human activity has a great power influence on short scales. Construction of a large number of hydropower stations,the improvement of forest vegetation coverage and an increase in water consumption are the main factors for the reduction of runoff and sediment yield in Hanjiang basin.
Based on daily precipitation,water discharge and sediment runoff recorded at 12 meteorological stations in the Hanjiang River and hydrological date gathered from Chao'an station from 1955 to 2012,the characteristics of multi-scale variations in flow discharge and sediment load are analyzed by Mann-Kendall trend test and wavelet analysis. The results indicate that there is no obvious variation in runoff and the sediment load from 1955 to 2012,a significant descendent trend in sediment load while the amount of runoff has no obvious variation during 1982-2012. There are three significant periodic variations at scales of 25 ~ 30 a,9 ~ 14 a,3 ~ 8a for runoff and sediment discharge,but the 25 ~ 30 a scale is the most significant. The periodic of runoff and sediment discharge in Hanjiang River is consistent,but the periodic of sediment discharge slightly lags the periodic of runoff. At the 4-year scale,not only the positive and negative phases about the curves of runoff and sediment discharge have appeared frequently and sharply but also there are so many mutation points,while at the 12-year and 30-year scales have appeared normally,human activity has a great power influence on short scales. Construction of a large number of hydropower stations,the improvement of forest vegetation coverage and an increase in water consumption are the main factors for the reduction of runoff and sediment yield in Hanjiang basin.
引文
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[2]张淑兰,王彦辉,于澎涛,等.泾河流域近50年来的径流时空变化与驱动力分析[J].地理科学,2011,31(6):721-727.ZHANG S L,WANG Y H,YU P T,et al.Spatio-temporal variance of annaul runoff in Jinghe River basin of Northwest China in past 50 years and its main causes[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(6):721-727.
[3]王国庆,王云璋.渭河流域产流产沙模型及径流泥沙变化原因分析[J].水土保持学报,2000,14(4):22-25.WANG G Q,WANG Y Z.Analysis on causes of runoff and sediment variation in Weihe basin based on hydrological model[J].Journal of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,14(4):22-25.
[4]舒长先.黄河中游地区泥沙变化研究进展[J].水土保持通报,2000,20(3):10-14.SHU C X.Review on sediment variation in middle reaches of the Yellow River[J].Bulletin of Soil and Water Conservation,2000,20(3):10-14.
[5]查小春,延军平.全球变化下秦岭南北河流径流泥沙比较分析[J].地理科学,2002,22(4):403-407.ZHA X C,YAN J P.Comparison of runoff and sediment between southern and northern rivers to Qinling mountains under global change[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2002,22(4):403-407.
[6]胡光伟,毛德华,李正最,等.荆江三口60 a来入湖水沙变化规律及其驱动力分析[J].自然资源学报,2014,29(1):129-142.HU G W,MAO D H,LI Z Z,et al.Characteristics and driving factors of runoff and sediment changes fluxes into the Dongting Lake from three outlets in Jingjiang River during past 60 years[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2014,29(1):129-142.
[7]刘晓琼,刘彦随,李同昇,等.基于小波多尺度变换的渭河水沙演变规律研究[J].地理科学,2015,35(2):211-217.LIU X Q,LIU Y S,LI T S,et al.Evolution law of the runoff and sediment discharge of the Weihe River based on wavelet multi-scale transform[J].Scientia Geographical Sinica,2015,35(2):211-217.
[8]薛积彬,黄雪芳,钟魏.近50年雷州半岛北部降水变化及其与ENSO活动的关系[J].华南师范大学学报(自然科学版),2015,47(1):101-108.XUE J B,HUANG X F,ZHONG W.Precipitation change and the relationship with ENSO events in Northern Leizhou Peninsula during the last 50 years[J].Journal of South China Normal University(Natural Science Edition),2015,47(1):101-108.
[9]ZHANG Q,XU C,CHEN Y.Wavelet-based characterization of water level behaviors in the Pearl River estuary,China[J].Stochastic Environmental Research and Risk Assessment,2010,24(1):81-92.
[10]张伟.韩江流域枯水径流时间演化规律研究[J].甘肃水利水电技术,2010,46(7):3-5.
[11]李俊伟.基于小波变换的韩江年径流多时间尺度演变特征分析[J].广东水利水电,2014(4):5-7.LI J W.Multiple time scales analysis of annual runoff series based on wavelet transform in Hanjiang River[J].Guangdong Water Resources and Hydropower,2014(4):5-7.
[12]魏凤英.现代气候统计诊断与预测技术[M].2版.北京:气象出版社,2007.
[13]赵锐锋,陈亚宁,李卫红,等.1957年至2005年塔里木河干流径流变化趋势分析[J].资源科学,2010,32(6):1196-1203.ZHAO R F,CHEN Y N,LI W H,et al.Trends in runoff variations of the mains tream of the Tarim River during the last 50 years[J].Resources Science,2010,32(6):1196-1203.
[14]王兆礼,陈晓宏,杨涛.近50a东江流域径流变化及影响因素分析[J].自然资源学报,2010,25(8):1365-1374.WANG Z L,CHEN X H,YANG T.Runoff variation and its impacting factors in the Dongjiang River basin during1956-2005[J].Journal of Natural Resources,2010,25(8):1365-1374.
[15]李运刚,何大明,叶长青.云南红河流域径流的时空分布变化规律[J].地理学报,2008,63(1):41-49.LI Y G,HE D M,YE C Q.The variation of runoff of Red River basin in Yunnan[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2008,63(1):41-49.
[16]WANG Y,DING Y,YE B,et al.Contributions of climate and human activities to changes in runoff of the Yellow and Yangtze rivers from 1950 to 2008[J].Science China Earth Sciences,2013,56(8):1398-1412.
[17]桑燕芳,王中根,刘昌明.小波分析方法在水文学研究中的应用现状及展望[J].地理科学进展,2013,32(9):1413-1422.SANG Y F,WANG Z G,LIU C M.Applications of wavelet analysis to hydrology:status and prospects[J].Progress in Geography,2013,32(9):1413-1422.
[18]王文圣,丁晶,李越清.水文小波分析[M].北京:化学工业出版社,2005.
[19]潮州市统计局.潮州市统计年鉴[M].北京:中国统计出版社,1949-2006.
[20]张正栋.广东韩江流域土地利用与土地覆盖变化综合研究[D].广州:中国科学院广州地球化学研究所,2007.ZHANG Z D.Synthetic study of land use/cover change in typical area in Hanjiang River Basin,Guangdong province[D].Guangzhou:Institute of Geochemistry,Chinese Academy of Sciences,2007.