失独家庭父母的社会支持状况及影响因素研究
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摘要
目的探讨失独家庭父母的社会支持状况及影响因素,为构建多元社会支持体系提供依据。方法于2017年7—8月采用多阶段抽样法,在我国东部某省辖市抽取年龄≥45岁的失独家庭父母235例。采用问卷调查的方法收集其基本情况和社会支持状况,其中社会支持状况采用社会支持评定量表(SSRS)评价,包括主观支持、客观支持、对支持的利用度3个维度。采用多元线性回归分析探讨失独家庭父母社会支持状况的影响因素。结果共回收有效问卷192份,问卷有效回收率为81.7%。失独家庭父母的SSRS总得分为19.0~46.0分,中位得分为34.3(12.9)分,主观支持、客观支持、对支持的利用度维度的中位得分分别为20.0(8.0)、7.0(3.0)、7.0(3.0)分。在婚者的主观支持、客观支持、对支持的利用度维度得分及量表总得分高于非在婚者,月收入≥3 500元者的客观支持维度得分高于月收入<3 500元者,无第三代者的量表总得分高于有第三代者,自评健康状况为好者的主观支持维度得分及量表总得分高于自评健康状况为中者,自评健康状况为好者的客观支持维度得分及量表总得分高于自评健康状况为差者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。多元线性回归分析结果显示,婚姻状况是失独家庭父母主观支持、客观支持、对支持的利用度维度得分及量表总得分的影响因素(P<0.05);月收入是失独家庭父母对支持的利用度维度得分的影响因素(P<0.05)。结论失独家庭父母的社会支持现状总体上较好,但不同情况者的差异较大,婚姻状况、月收入是其影响因素。建议夯实医养护一体化签约服务内容,主动维护和改善失独家庭父母的健康状况;聘请专业心理咨询师为有需求者提供群体化或个体化服务;筑牢政府购买服务内容,强化社会支持体系建设。
Objective To discuss the social support status and its influencing factors among Chinese people bereaved of their only child,providing an evidence for the development of multiple social support systems.Methods During July to August 2017,a survey was carried out in a multi-stage sample of 235 Chinese people(≥45 years old) who were bereaved of their only child from a city under provincial jurisdiction in eastern China with a self-developed questionnaire covering questions about sociodemographic characteristics and social support[assessed by 3 domains(subjective support,objective support,utilization of support) of the Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)].Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed for exploring the influencing factors for self-reported social support.Results Totaled 192 cases returned responsive questionnaires,with a response rate of 81.7%.The total SSRS score ranged from 19.0 to 46.0.The median and quartile spacing for total SSRS score,subjective support score,objective support score and utilization of support score was 34.3(12.9),20.0(8.0),7.0(3.0),7.0(3.0),respectively.Those married rather than singles achieved higher total SSRS score,subjective support score,objective support score and utilization of support score(P<0.05).Those earned monthly income ≥ 3500 yuan achieved higher objective support score compared with those earned <3500 yuan(P<0.05).Those without third-generation family members scored higher in total SSRS compared with those with(P<0.05).Both higher total SSRS score and subjective support score were found in those with good rather than fair self-reported physical status(P<0.05).Moreover,both higher total SSRS score and objective support score were found in those with good instead of poor self-reported physical status(P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that marital status was associated with total SSRS score,subjective support score,objective support score and utilization of support score(P<0.05),and monthly income was associated with utilization of support score(P<0.05).ConclusionIn general,the bereaved Chinese people enjoy good social support.However,the level of social support differs significantly between them,mainly by marital status and monthly income.Therefore,in order to increase the social support for them,we put forward the following suggestions:actively improve the community-based integrated contractual medical and nursing services for maintaining and improving the health;deliver psychological consultation services from professional psychotherapists in forms of one-to-one or groups;strengthen the implementation of health services purchased by the government;advance the development of social support systems.
Objective To discuss the social support status and its influencing factors among Chinese people bereaved of their only child,providing an evidence for the development of multiple social support systems.Methods During July to August 2017,a survey was carried out in a multi-stage sample of 235 Chinese people(≥45 years old) who were bereaved of their only child from a city under provincial jurisdiction in eastern China with a self-developed questionnaire covering questions about sociodemographic characteristics and social support[assessed by 3 domains(subjective support,objective support,utilization of support) of the Social Support Rating Scale(SSRS)].Stepwise multiple linear regression analysis was performed for exploring the influencing factors for self-reported social support.Results Totaled 192 cases returned responsive questionnaires,with a response rate of 81.7%.The total SSRS score ranged from 19.0 to 46.0.The median and quartile spacing for total SSRS score,subjective support score,objective support score and utilization of support score was 34.3(12.9),20.0(8.0),7.0(3.0),7.0(3.0),respectively.Those married rather than singles achieved higher total SSRS score,subjective support score,objective support score and utilization of support score(P<0.05).Those earned monthly income ≥ 3500 yuan achieved higher objective support score compared with those earned <3500 yuan(P<0.05).Those without third-generation family members scored higher in total SSRS compared with those with(P<0.05).Both higher total SSRS score and subjective support score were found in those with good rather than fair self-reported physical status(P<0.05).Moreover,both higher total SSRS score and objective support score were found in those with good instead of poor self-reported physical status(P<0.05).Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that marital status was associated with total SSRS score,subjective support score,objective support score and utilization of support score(P<0.05),and monthly income was associated with utilization of support score(P<0.05).ConclusionIn general,the bereaved Chinese people enjoy good social support.However,the level of social support differs significantly between them,mainly by marital status and monthly income.Therefore,in order to increase the social support for them,we put forward the following suggestions:actively improve the community-based integrated contractual medical and nursing services for maintaining and improving the health;deliver psychological consultation services from professional psychotherapists in forms of one-to-one or groups;strengthen the implementation of health services purchased by the government;advance the development of social support systems.
引文
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[12]李妍,马丽萍.失独老人的社会支持与生活重建调查研究——基于北京市朝阳区垡头街道的调研[J].学理论,2016,58(4):88-89.LI Y,MA L P.Research on the social support and life reconstruction of the elderly——based on the investigation of the Fato Streets in Chaoyang District,Beijing[J].Theory Research,2016,58(4):88-89.
[13]江萍.社会支持视角下城市失独老人的社会关系重建[D].合肥:安徽大学,2016.
[14]陈莹.失独老人精神赡养的社会支持网络建构[J].闽南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015,29(4):50-56.DOI:10.16007/j.cnki.issn2095-7114.2015.04.009.CHEN Y.The construction of social network in spiritual support of the aged bereaved parents[J].Journal of Minnan Normal University(Philosophy&Social Sciences),2015,29(4):50-56.DOI:10.16007/j.cnki.issn2095-7114.2015.04.009.
[15]方曙光.断裂、社会支持与社区融合:失独老人社会生活的重建[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,45(5):105-112.FANG S G.Fracture,social support and community integration:reconstruction of the childless old men's social life[J].Journal of Yunnan Normal University(Philosophy and Social Science),2013,45(5):105-112.
[16]戴悦.台南市和福州市城市社区老年人社会支持比较研究[D].福州:福建医科大学,2013.
[2]孙红远.失独老人社区居家养老问题研究——基于社会支持论的视角[J].科教导刊,2017,9(2):154-155.DOI:10.16400/j.cnki.kjdkx.2017.02.074.SUN H Y.A study on the problem of home care for the elderly who lost the only child——from the perspective of social support theory[J].The Guide of Science&Education,2017,9(2):154-155.DOI:10.16400/j.cnki.kjdkx.2017.02.074.
[3]李明晖,罗南.欧洲五维健康量表(EQ-5D)中文版应用介绍[J].中国药物经济学,2009,4(1):49-57.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5846.2009.01.007.LI M H,LUO N.Introduction to the Chinese version of the European Five-dimensional Health Scale(EQ-5D)[J].Chinese Pharmaceutical Economics,2009,4(1):49-57.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5846.2009.01.007.
[4]李佳,郑安云.老年人社会支持、心理弹性与心理健康的关系[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2018,26(3):440-443.DOI:10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2018.03.034.LI J,ZHENG A Y.The relationship between social support,mental resilience and mental health of the elderly[J].Chinese Journal of Health Psychology,2018,26(3):440-443.DOI:10.13342/j.cnki.cjhp.2018.03.034.
[5]刘盼盼.失独老人的社会支持研究[D].武汉:华中师范大学,2015.
[6]管向梅.失独家庭养老问题探讨——基于家庭生命周期视角[J].社会福利(理论版),2014,6(8):24-30,35.GUAN X M.Discussion on the problem of family pension——based on family life cycle[J].China Social Welfare(Theoretical Edition),2014,6(8):24-30,35.
[7]陶裕春,申昱.社会支持对农村老年人身心健康的影响[J].人口与经济,2014,35(3):3-14.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2014.03.001.TAO Y C,SHEN Y.The influence of social support on the physical and mental health of the rural elderly[J].Population&Economics,2014,35(3):3-14.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1000-4149.2014.03.001.
[8]晁霞,高春凤.城市社区失独老人面临的问题与对策研究[J].产业与科技论坛,2014,13(6):11-13.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5641.2014.06.003.CHAO X,GAO C F.Study on the problems and countermeasures of the elderly in urban community[J].Industrial&Science Tribune,2014,13(6):11-13.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5641.2014.06.003.
[9]方曙光.社会断裂与社会支持:失独老人社会关系的重建[J].人口与发展,2013,19(5):89-94,109.FANG S G.Social fracture and social support:reconstruction of lost only old man of social relations[J].Population&Development,2013,19(5):89-94,109.
[10]杨君宁,凌涵宇.失独老人心理援助的公共支持体系研究[J].管理观察,2016,36(23):45-47.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2877.2016.23.014.YANG J N,LING H Y.Study on the public support system for the psychological aid of the elderly[J].Management Observer,2016,36(23):45-47.DOI:10.3969/j.issn.1674-2877.2016.23.014.
[11]郑轶.“失独”老人社会支持体系构建的对策研究[J].商,2016,6(21):39,56.ZHENG Y.Research on the countermeasures of the social support system of"lost independence"[J].Business,2016,6(21):39,56.
[12]李妍,马丽萍.失独老人的社会支持与生活重建调查研究——基于北京市朝阳区垡头街道的调研[J].学理论,2016,58(4):88-89.LI Y,MA L P.Research on the social support and life reconstruction of the elderly——based on the investigation of the Fato Streets in Chaoyang District,Beijing[J].Theory Research,2016,58(4):88-89.
[13]江萍.社会支持视角下城市失独老人的社会关系重建[D].合肥:安徽大学,2016.
[14]陈莹.失独老人精神赡养的社会支持网络建构[J].闽南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2015,29(4):50-56.DOI:10.16007/j.cnki.issn2095-7114.2015.04.009.CHEN Y.The construction of social network in spiritual support of the aged bereaved parents[J].Journal of Minnan Normal University(Philosophy&Social Sciences),2015,29(4):50-56.DOI:10.16007/j.cnki.issn2095-7114.2015.04.009.
[15]方曙光.断裂、社会支持与社区融合:失独老人社会生活的重建[J].云南师范大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2013,45(5):105-112.FANG S G.Fracture,social support and community integration:reconstruction of the childless old men's social life[J].Journal of Yunnan Normal University(Philosophy and Social Science),2013,45(5):105-112.
[16]戴悦.台南市和福州市城市社区老年人社会支持比较研究[D].福州:福建医科大学,2013.