从实求知:从费孝通文化观看人类学理论脉络史
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摘要
作为一门比较年轻的学科,从18世纪末19世纪初与进化论不断对话而诞生开始,人类学就始终将"文化"作为研究和讨论的核心概念。在不断对"文化"的概念进行定义、探究、比较和解构的过程中,对"事实"和"理解"两个概念的探讨贯穿始终。而这两者,就分别是费孝通提出的"从实求知"中的"实"与"知"。费孝通师从文化功能学派创始人马林诺斯基,曾经多次在文章或讲话中提及马氏及其学术脉络,对人类学"文化"这一核心概念的理论脉络进行梳理和分析,并不断强调"从实求知"对于人类学文化研究的意义。因此,"从实求知"可以说是费氏文化观的核心基调。研究试图以此作为切入的线索,在对人类学相关文献梳理和总结的基础上,梳理人类学文化理论脉络,探索"实"与"知"在人类学理论发展史中的变迁,以期从理论层面对费孝通文化观的理解做一个铺垫。
As a relatively young discipline, anthropology has always regarded "culture" as the core concept in research and discussion ever since it began interacting with evolutionism during the late 18~(th) Century and the early 19~(th) Century. When the concept of "culture" is continuously defined, explored, compared and deconstructed, a discussion concerning "fact" and "truth" runs through the whole process. These two concepts-the "shi(fact)" and "zhi(truth)" in "seeking truth from facts"(cong shi qiu zhi) are respectively proposed by Fei Xiaotong, who studied anthropology under Malinowski, the founder of Cultural Functional School. In his articles and speeches, Fei Xiaotong repeatedly mentioned Malinowski and his academic thoughts, sorting out and analyzing the theoretical development of the core concept "culture". Also, he constantly emphasized the significance of "seeking truth from facts" to the study of culture in anthropology. Therefore, it can be said that "seeking truth from facts" is the fundamental key of Fei's cultural perspective. Starting with this viewpoint and based on relevant literature review of anthropology, this paper combs the evolution of anthropological cultural theory, and explores the conceptual change of "fact" and "truth" in the history of anthropological theory, so to pave the way for the understanding of Fei Xiaotong's cultural perspective.
As a relatively young discipline, anthropology has always regarded "culture" as the core concept in research and discussion ever since it began interacting with evolutionism during the late 18~(th) Century and the early 19~(th) Century. When the concept of "culture" is continuously defined, explored, compared and deconstructed, a discussion concerning "fact" and "truth" runs through the whole process. These two concepts-the "shi(fact)" and "zhi(truth)" in "seeking truth from facts"(cong shi qiu zhi) are respectively proposed by Fei Xiaotong, who studied anthropology under Malinowski, the founder of Cultural Functional School. In his articles and speeches, Fei Xiaotong repeatedly mentioned Malinowski and his academic thoughts, sorting out and analyzing the theoretical development of the core concept "culture". Also, he constantly emphasized the significance of "seeking truth from facts" to the study of culture in anthropology. Therefore, it can be said that "seeking truth from facts" is the fundamental key of Fei's cultural perspective. Starting with this viewpoint and based on relevant literature review of anthropology, this paper combs the evolution of anthropological cultural theory, and explores the conceptual change of "fact" and "truth" in the history of anthropological theory, so to pave the way for the understanding of Fei Xiaotong's cultural perspective.
引文
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[2] 王筑生,杨慧.人类学的文化概念与人类学理论的发展[J].广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998(4).
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[4] 费孝通.从马林诺斯基老师学习文化论的体会[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1995(6).
[5] [美]路易斯·亨利·摩尔根.古代社会[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
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[7] 刘魁立.中译本序[A].弗雷泽.金枝[M].北京:大众文艺出版社,1998.
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[11] [英]马林诺斯基.文化论[M].北京:中国民间文艺出版社,1987.
[12] 费孝通.读马老师遗著《文化动态论》书后[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科版),1998(5).
[13] [英]拉德克利夫·布朗.原始社会的结构与功能[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,2002.
[14] 容观夐.关于结构功能分析——文化人类学方法论研究之六[J].广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1999(7).
[15] 高丙中.中译序[A].马林诺斯基.西太平洋的航海者[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[16] [英]詹姆斯·弗雷泽.序[A].马林诺斯基.西太平洋的航海者[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[17] [英]埃文斯·普理查德.努尔人——对尼罗河畔一个人群的生活方式和政治制度的描述[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[18] [法]列维·斯特劳斯.结构人类学——巫术·宗教·艺术·神话[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,1989.
[19] 谢丽·奥特纳.20世纪下半叶的欧美人类学理论[J].青海民族研究,2010(4).
[20] [英]埃德蒙·利奇.文化与交流[M].北京:华夏出版社,1991.
[21] 费孝通.我看人看我[J].读书,1983(3).
[22] [美]克利福德·格尔茨.文化的解释[M].南京:译林出版社,2014.
[23] [法]米歇尔·福柯.临床医学的诞生[M].南京:译林出版社,2011.
[24] 费孝通.从实际生活出发去理解实际生活——在上海大学上海社会发展研究中心揭牌仪式上的讲话[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2000(1).
[2] 王筑生,杨慧.人类学的文化概念与人类学理论的发展[J].广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1998(4).
[3] [美]克利福德·格尔茨.地方性知识——阐释人类学论文集[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2000.
[4] 费孝通.从马林诺斯基老师学习文化论的体会[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1995(6).
[5] [美]路易斯·亨利·摩尔根.古代社会[M].北京:商务印书馆,1997.
[6][英] 克莱顿·垦卜·亚伦.导言[A].梅因.古代法[M].北京:商务印书馆,1996.
[7] 刘魁立.中译本序[A].弗雷泽.金枝[M].北京:大众文艺出版社,1998.
[8][英] 埃文斯·普理查德.导言[A].罗伯特·赫尔兹.死亡与右手[M].上海:上海世纪出版集团,2011.
[9] 王翔林.结构功能主义的历史追溯[J].四川大学学报(哲学社会科学版),1993(1).
[10] [英]马林诺斯基.西太平洋的航海者[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[11] [英]马林诺斯基.文化论[M].北京:中国民间文艺出版社,1987.
[12] 费孝通.读马老师遗著《文化动态论》书后[J].北京大学学报(哲学社会科版),1998(5).
[13] [英]拉德克利夫·布朗.原始社会的结构与功能[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,2002.
[14] 容观夐.关于结构功能分析——文化人类学方法论研究之六[J].广西民族学院学报(哲学社会科学版),1999(7).
[15] 高丙中.中译序[A].马林诺斯基.西太平洋的航海者[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[16] [英]詹姆斯·弗雷泽.序[A].马林诺斯基.西太平洋的航海者[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[17] [英]埃文斯·普理查德.努尔人——对尼罗河畔一个人群的生活方式和政治制度的描述[M].北京:华夏出版社,2002.
[18] [法]列维·斯特劳斯.结构人类学——巫术·宗教·艺术·神话[M].北京:文化艺术出版社,1989.
[19] 谢丽·奥特纳.20世纪下半叶的欧美人类学理论[J].青海民族研究,2010(4).
[20] [英]埃德蒙·利奇.文化与交流[M].北京:华夏出版社,1991.
[21] 费孝通.我看人看我[J].读书,1983(3).
[22] [美]克利福德·格尔茨.文化的解释[M].南京:译林出版社,2014.
[23] [法]米歇尔·福柯.临床医学的诞生[M].南京:译林出版社,2011.
[24] 费孝通.从实际生活出发去理解实际生活——在上海大学上海社会发展研究中心揭牌仪式上的讲话[J].上海大学学报(社会科学版),2000(1).