2017年广州市城区大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性重金属污染特征及健康风险评价
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摘要
目的了解2017年广州市不同城区大气PM_(2.5)中水溶性重金属元素的污染水平,并评估其对人群产生的健康风险。方法根据广州市空气污染的区域特征,选取广州市越秀区、番禺区、从化区设置采样点,于2017年1—12月对3个区进行PM_(2.5)逐月连续采样,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定PM_(2.5)中5种主要金属元素铝(Al)、砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、锰(Mn)的质量浓度。采用美国环境保护署推荐的健康风险评估模型评价其健康风险,以非致癌风险商(HQ)评价单种污染物的非致癌风险,并评价单种污染物的致癌健康风险,10~(-6)为可接受风险水平。结果广州市3个区PM_(2.5)浓度中位数分别为越秀区0.048 mg/m~3、番禺区0.048 mg/m~3、从化区0.040 mg/m~3,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。5种重金属元素中,以Al元素浓度最高,分别为越秀区105.0 ng/m~3、番禺区63.9 ng/m~3、从化区78.6 ng/m~3,Mn元素分别为越秀区32.2 ng/m~3,、番禺区24.2 ng/m~3、从化区15.0 ng/m~3,3个区比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.01);As元素分别为越秀区6.57 ng/m~3,、番禺区5.85 ng/m~3、从化区5.04 ng/m~3,Cd元素分别为越秀区1.15 ng/m~3、番禺区0.95 ng/m~3、从化区0.91 ng/m~3,Pb元素分别为越秀区33.0 ng/m~3、番禺区28.0 ng/m~3、从化区29.8 ng/m~3,3个区比较差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05)。越秀区和番禺区PM_(2.5)中Mn元素的非致癌风险最高(HQ>1.0),但仅对儿童存在健康风险,从化区PM_(2.5)中的重金属元素无非致癌风险。3个区As和Cd的致癌风险值范围为3.7×10~(-6)～4.9×10~(-5),高于可接受风险水平10~(-6),具有潜在致癌风险。结论广州市城区大气PM_(2.5)污染程度相对较轻,但重金属污染不容忽视,多种重金属联合作用对儿童造成的非致癌健康风险应引起高度重视。
Objective To understand the pollution level of water-soluble heavy metals in atmospheric PM_(2.5) in different urban areas of Guangzhou in 2017 and assess health risks to the population.Methods According to the regional characteristics of air pollution in Guangzhou,sampling sites were set up in districts of Yuexiu,Panyu,and Conghua. PM_(2.5) samples were collected monthly from January to December 2017. The mass of the main metals(Al,As,Cd,Pb,Mn)in PM_(2.5) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The health risk assessment model recommended by USEPA was used to evaluate the health risks,and the non-carcinogenic risk(hazard quotient,HQ)was used to evaluate the non-cancer risk of a single pollutant. The cancer risk of a single pollutant was evaluated,setting 10~(-6) as an acceptable risk level. Results The median PM_(2.5) concentrations in the three districts in Guangzhou were 0.048 mg/m~3 in Yuexiu,0.048 mg/m~3 in Panyu,and 0.040 mg/m~3 in Conghua(P>0.05). The concentration of Al,which was the highest among the five heavy metal elements,was 105.0 ng/m~3 inYuexiu,63.9 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 78.6 ng/m~3 in Conghua( P<0.01).The concentration of Mn was 32.2 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,24.2 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 15.0 ng/m~3 in Conghua,respectively(P<0.01 for all). The concentration of As was 6.57 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,5.85 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 5.04 ng/m~3 in Conghua. The concentration of Cd was1.15 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,0.95 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 0.91 ng/m~3 in Conghua.The concentration of Pb was 33.0 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,28.0 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 29.8 ng/m~3 in Conghua. The differences of concentrations of As,Cd,and Pb among the three regions were not significant(P>0.05 for all). The non-carcinogenic risk of Mn was the highest in Yuexiu and Panyu(HQ>1.0),but it posed only health risks to children. There was no non-carcinogenic risk for heavy metals in PM_(2.5) in Conghua. The carcinogenic risk values of As and Cd in three districts ranged from 3.7×10~(-6) to 4.9×10~(-5) which was higher than the acceptable risk level 10~(-6) and had potential risk. Conclusion PM_(2.5) pollution in Guangzhou urban area was relatively light,but heavy metal pollution can not be ignored. The combined effects of heavy metals on children's non-carcinogenic health risks should be highly valued.
Objective To understand the pollution level of water-soluble heavy metals in atmospheric PM_(2.5) in different urban areas of Guangzhou in 2017 and assess health risks to the population.Methods According to the regional characteristics of air pollution in Guangzhou,sampling sites were set up in districts of Yuexiu,Panyu,and Conghua. PM_(2.5) samples were collected monthly from January to December 2017. The mass of the main metals(Al,As,Cd,Pb,Mn)in PM_(2.5) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The health risk assessment model recommended by USEPA was used to evaluate the health risks,and the non-carcinogenic risk(hazard quotient,HQ)was used to evaluate the non-cancer risk of a single pollutant. The cancer risk of a single pollutant was evaluated,setting 10~(-6) as an acceptable risk level. Results The median PM_(2.5) concentrations in the three districts in Guangzhou were 0.048 mg/m~3 in Yuexiu,0.048 mg/m~3 in Panyu,and 0.040 mg/m~3 in Conghua(P>0.05). The concentration of Al,which was the highest among the five heavy metal elements,was 105.0 ng/m~3 inYuexiu,63.9 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 78.6 ng/m~3 in Conghua( P<0.01).The concentration of Mn was 32.2 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,24.2 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 15.0 ng/m~3 in Conghua,respectively(P<0.01 for all). The concentration of As was 6.57 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,5.85 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 5.04 ng/m~3 in Conghua. The concentration of Cd was1.15 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,0.95 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 0.91 ng/m~3 in Conghua.The concentration of Pb was 33.0 ng/m~3 in Yuexiu,28.0 ng/m~3 in Panyu,and 29.8 ng/m~3 in Conghua. The differences of concentrations of As,Cd,and Pb among the three regions were not significant(P>0.05 for all). The non-carcinogenic risk of Mn was the highest in Yuexiu and Panyu(HQ>1.0),but it posed only health risks to children. There was no non-carcinogenic risk for heavy metals in PM_(2.5) in Conghua. The carcinogenic risk values of As and Cd in three districts ranged from 3.7×10~(-6) to 4.9×10~(-5) which was higher than the acceptable risk level 10~(-6) and had potential risk. Conclusion PM_(2.5) pollution in Guangzhou urban area was relatively light,but heavy metal pollution can not be ignored. The combined effects of heavy metals on children's non-carcinogenic health risks should be highly valued.
引文
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[17]赵根成,姚运先,蒋利华,等.长沙市区PM2.5中致癌重金属铅、镉的污染特征与季节性变化研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2017,42(2):165-167.
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[21]符小晴,彭晓武,王钰钰,等.广州市大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2018,35(2):154-158.
[22]Hjortenkrans DS,Bergback BG,Haggerud AV.Metal emissions from brake linings and tires:case studies of Stockholm,Sweden1995/1998 and 2005[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41(15):5224-5230.
[23]李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.
[24]牛武江,蒋德海,王丹璐,等.兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(5):67-72.
[2]李湉湉,杜艳君,莫杨,等.我国四城市2013年1月雾霾天气事件中PM2.5与人群健康风险评估[J].中华医学杂志,2013,93(34):2699-2702.
[3]Li Z,Wen Q,Zhang R.Sources,health effects and control strategies of indoor fine particulate matter(PM2.5):a review[J].Sci Total Environ,2017,586:610-622.
[4]Song PC,Lu SY,Wei YJ,et al.Health effects of PM2.5 based on bacterial toxicity test and transcriptional analysis in lungs of mice[J].Huan Jing Ke Xue,2018,39(5):2489-2497.
[5]将文.大气污染成为危害人类健康的一大杀手[J].环境教育,2008(1):60-61.
[6]郭新彪,魏红英.大气PM2.5对健康影响的研究进展[J].科学通报,2013,58(13):1171-1177.
[7]Mohsenibandpi A,Eslami A,Ghaderpoori M,et al.Health risk assessment of heavy metals on PM2.5 in tehran air,Iran[J].Data Brief,2018,17:347-355.
[8]环境保护部.中国人群暴露参数手册[M].北京:中国环境出版社,2013:12-13.
[9]于扬,岑况,Stefan N,等.北京市PM2.5中主要重金属元素污染特征及季节变化分析[J].现代地质,2012,26(5):975-982.
[10]张洛红,范芳,蒋炜炜,等.珠三角地区大气PM2.5中重金属污染水平及健康风险评价[J].环境科学学报,2017,37(1):370-380.
[11]刘鹏达,石同幸,冯文如,等.广州市某区大气PM2.5浓度与儿童呼吸门诊量相关性[J].中国热带医学,2018,18(1):48-51.
[12]蒋琴琴,施洁,杨轶戬,等.广州市2015年大气PM2.5与呼吸系统疾病日门诊量的关系[J].中国热带医学,2017,17(6):594-597.
[13]李敏,高燕红,郭凌川,等.广州大气PM2.5中重金属污染的健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2016,33(5):421-424.
[14]王京,王初,陈振楼.贵阳市城区近地面PM10/PM2.5及重金属污染水平研究[J].环境科学与技术,2011,34(4):74-76,124.
[15]江华亮,王宗爽,武雪芳,等.我国大气PM2.5中砷的污染特征、来源及控制[J].环境工程技术学报,2015,5(6):464-470.
[16]陶俊,张仁健,段菁春,等.北京城区PM2.5中致癌重金属季节变化特征及其来源分析[J].环境科学,2014,35(2):411-417.
[17]赵根成,姚运先,蒋利华,等.长沙市区PM2.5中致癌重金属铅、镉的污染特征与季节性变化研究[J].环境与可持续发展,2017,42(2):165-167.
[18]Borjesson J,Mattsson S.Toxicology;in vivo X-ray fluorescence for the assessment of heavy metal concentrations in man[J].Appl Radiat Isot,1995,46(6-7):571-576.
[19]Berezina OV,Goev AA,Evaluation of heavy metal toxicity by a behavioral toxicology method[J].Gig Sanit,1982(1):42-46.
[20]汪浪,杨海龙,李晓燕.中国部分省会城市PM2.5中重金属水平及影响因素分析[J].环境化学,2017,36(1):72-83.
[21]符小晴,彭晓武,王钰钰,等.广州市大气PM2.5中元素特征及重金属健康风险评价[J].环境与健康杂志,2018,35(2):154-158.
[22]Hjortenkrans DS,Bergback BG,Haggerud AV.Metal emissions from brake linings and tires:case studies of Stockholm,Sweden1995/1998 and 2005[J].Environ Sci Technol,2007,41(15):5224-5230.
[23]李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.
[24]牛武江,蒋德海,王丹璐,等.兰州市冬季和春季PM2.5金属元素浓度水平与分布[J].中国环境监测,2015,31(5):67-72.