庚辛鼠疫与东北社会传统习俗改良
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摘要
庚辛鼠疫是历史上一场空前绝后的肺鼠疫灾难,其毒性巨大、流行速度快,波及范围广,历时半年给人民的生命财产造成极大损失,在政府、医学工作者、社会各界的共同努力下最终被扑灭。总结此次鼠疫的经验教训可知,春节回乡过年、土葬习俗、传统观念、传统的生活方式和不良的卫生习惯等是促使鼠疫不断蔓延的重要原因,因此传统习俗的改良贯穿与鼠疫抗争的始终。在改良传统习俗的过程中,东北社会也由此发生重大转变,社会公共卫生体系、医学等逐渐向近代化转型,人们的公共卫生意识、生态保护观念也逐渐产生。
The plague in the years of Geng-xu and Xin-hai is an unprecedented pneumonia plague in history.It is extremely toxic which has a high prevalence with a wide influence.Consequently,it has caused great losses to people's lives and property.Fortunately,it was finally extinguished with the joint efforts of the government,medical workers and all walks of life.With a regard to the experience of the plague,we can safely draw a conclusion that the Spring Festival, the burial customs,traditional concepts,traditional lifestyles and bad hygiene habits are vital reasons for the spread of the plague.Therefore,the improvement of traditional customs should always be the focus going through the campaign against the plague.In the process of improving traditional customs,a major transformation was taken place in the Northeast society.The social public health system and medical industry have been gradually modernized,and people's public health awareness and ecological protection concepts have gradually emerged.
The plague in the years of Geng-xu and Xin-hai is an unprecedented pneumonia plague in history.It is extremely toxic which has a high prevalence with a wide influence.Consequently,it has caused great losses to people's lives and property.Fortunately,it was finally extinguished with the joint efforts of the government,medical workers and all walks of life.With a regard to the experience of the plague,we can safely draw a conclusion that the Spring Festival, the burial customs,traditional concepts,traditional lifestyles and bad hygiene habits are vital reasons for the spread of the plague.Therefore,the improvement of traditional customs should always be the focus going through the campaign against the plague.In the process of improving traditional customs,a major transformation was taken place in the Northeast society.The social public health system and medical industry have been gradually modernized,and people's public health awareness and ecological protection concepts have gradually emerged.
引文
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[2] 锡良.锡良遗稿奏稿:第2册[M].北京:中华书局,1984:1311.
[3] 向怀林.中国传统文化要述[M].重庆:重庆大学出版社,2016:163.
[4] 难民出关与东北开发·社评[N].大公报,1928-4-2(1).
[5] 苏生文.中国早期的交通近代化研究1840—1927[M].上海:学林出版社,2014:204.
[6] 国际会议编辑委员会编辑,张士尊.奉天国际鼠疫会议报告(1911)[M].北京:中央编译出版社,2010.
[7] 奉天全省防疫总局.东三省疫事报告书[R].第一编第四章.编者印行,1911:4-5.
[8] 奉天全省防疫总局.东三省疫事报告书上[R].编者印行,1912:7.
[9] 朱建平主编.鼠疫斗士:伍连德的故事[M].长春:吉林科学技术出版社,2012.
[10] 赵长征,刘立新.中华文化与传播[M].北京:外语教学与研究出版社,2015:238.
[11] 乔志强.中国近代社会史[M].北京:中国人民大学出版社,1992.
[12] 赵焕林.辽宁风物[M].沈阳:辽宁人民出版社,2012.
[13] 汪翔.满洲鼠疫谈[N].盛京时报,1911-2-14(5).
[14] 陈醒哲.盛京医事东北现代医学奠基人司督阁与盛京医院的历史绘卷[M].沈阳:辽宁大学出版社,2012:287-288.
[15] 防疫会简章[N].盛京时报,1910-11-3(5).
[16] 会议防疫章程[N].盛京时报,1910-11-14(5).
[17] 奉天临时防疫所办事规则[N].盛京时报,1910-2-10(5).
[18] 奉天防疫事务所规定隔离所章程[N].盛京时报,1911-1-18(3).
[19] 隔离所之戒严[N].盛京时报,1910-12-19(5).
[20] 防疫会之纪事[N].盛京时报,1911-2-18(5).
[21] 梦幻.对于天津防疫之感言[N].大公报,1910-12-19(3).
[22] 颁布罚章[N].大公报,1911-2-10(3).
[23] 社论.防疫之善后[N].盛京时报,1911-2-24(5).
[24] 胡勇:清末瘟疫与民众心态[J].史学月刊,2003,(10):73-78.
[25] 论卫生行政之亟宜扩张[N].盛京时报,1911-2-7(2).
[26] 奉天全省防疫总局编译.东三省疫事报告书下[M].编者印行,1912:17.