贡嘎山东坡的鸟类多样性和区系
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摘要
经过7年5次野外系统调查并综合有关文献,贡嘎山东坡分布有鸟类336种,其中,留鸟204种(60.7%),夏候鸟89种(26.5%),冬候鸟18种(5.4%),旅鸟25种(7.4%);东洋界物种205种(61.0%),古北界物种105种(31.3%),广布种26种(7.7%);雀形目Passeriformes鸟类245种(72.9%);繁殖鸟类293种(87.2%)。本地区有国家Ⅰ级重点保护鸟类3种,国家Ⅱ级重点保护鸟类29种;横断山-喜马拉雅地区特有鸟类53种;CITES附录Ⅰ鸟类3种,附录Ⅱ鸟类25种;世界自然保护联盟濒危物种红色名录濒危鸟类1种,易危鸟类2种。研究发现,东洋界物种的海拔分布下限平均、上限平均、中点平均和海拔跨度平均都低于古北界物种,但仅海拔分布中点平均和上限平均差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),体现了东洋界和古北界物种对高海拔环境适应能力的不同可能与其不同的生物地理演化历史有关;东洋界占优势的特有种(51/53)海拔分布下限平均、中点平均和上限平均显著高于非特有物种,体现出东洋界特有种对高山环境的适应也许与其特有化过程有关。贡嘎山东坡鸟类丰富度在中海拔1 800~2 800 m的落叶阔叶混交林和针阔叶混交林中最高,在高海拔和低海拔物种丰富度较低,物种丰富度呈中峰模式,鸟类生态群落随植物群落结构变化而呈现一定的垂直生态替代规律。
Based on 5 field surveys from 2010-2017,and review of previous studies,we summarize the occurrence of336 bird species on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga,including 204 residents( 60. 7%),89 summer visitors( 26. 5%),18 winter visitors( 5. 4%),and 25 passage migrants( 7. 5%). There are 205 species( 61. 0%) of Oriental origin,and 105 species( 31. 3%) of Palearctic origin; 26 species( 7. 7%) are widespread. Two hundred and forty-five species( 72. 9%)belong to the order Passeriformes,and 293 species( 87. 2%) breed on Mt. Gongga. There are 3 Class-1 and 29 Class-2 nationally protected birds,and 53 birds from eastern Mt. Gongga are endemic to Hengduan-Himalaya region. Three species are listed on CITES Appendix Ⅰ and 25 species are listed on CITES Appendix Ⅱ. One species is classified under the IUCN category EN and 2 species under category VU. Our study shows that species from the Oriental origin on average have a lower elevational distribution than Palearctic origin species,indicating that differential adaptation to high elevational environments between Oriental and Palearctic species may be due to different biogeographical histories. Of the 53 endemic species,51 are of Oriental origin have higher elevational lower limits,midpoints and upper limits than non-endemic species,suggesting that endemics are better adapted to highland environments,which may be associated with their endemism. Species richness of birds peaks between 1 800-2 800 m elevation in mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest as well as in mixed coniferous broad leaved forests. Species richness decreases at lower and higher elevations,showing an overall hump-shaped richness pattern. Bird communities and vegetation structure change markedly across the elevational gradient of Mt. Gongga.
Based on 5 field surveys from 2010-2017,and review of previous studies,we summarize the occurrence of336 bird species on the eastern slope of Mt. Gongga,including 204 residents( 60. 7%),89 summer visitors( 26. 5%),18 winter visitors( 5. 4%),and 25 passage migrants( 7. 5%). There are 205 species( 61. 0%) of Oriental origin,and 105 species( 31. 3%) of Palearctic origin; 26 species( 7. 7%) are widespread. Two hundred and forty-five species( 72. 9%)belong to the order Passeriformes,and 293 species( 87. 2%) breed on Mt. Gongga. There are 3 Class-1 and 29 Class-2 nationally protected birds,and 53 birds from eastern Mt. Gongga are endemic to Hengduan-Himalaya region. Three species are listed on CITES Appendix Ⅰ and 25 species are listed on CITES Appendix Ⅱ. One species is classified under the IUCN category EN and 2 species under category VU. Our study shows that species from the Oriental origin on average have a lower elevational distribution than Palearctic origin species,indicating that differential adaptation to high elevational environments between Oriental and Palearctic species may be due to different biogeographical histories. Of the 53 endemic species,51 are of Oriental origin have higher elevational lower limits,midpoints and upper limits than non-endemic species,suggesting that endemics are better adapted to highland environments,which may be associated with their endemism. Species richness of birds peaks between 1 800-2 800 m elevation in mixed coniferous and deciduous broadleaf forest as well as in mixed coniferous broad leaved forests. Species richness decreases at lower and higher elevations,showing an overall hump-shaped richness pattern. Bird communities and vegetation structure change markedly across the elevational gradient of Mt. Gongga.
引文
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Johansson US,Ekman J,Bowie RC,et al.2013.A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees(Aves:Paridae)[J].Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution,69(3):852-860.
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Marchese C.2015.Biodiversity hotspots:a shortcut for a more complicated concept[J].Global Ecology and Conservation,3:297-309.
Mc Cain CM.2009.Global analysis of bird elevational diversity[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,18:346-360.
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Rahbek C.1995.The elevational gradient of species richness-a uniform pattern?[J].Ecography,18:200-205.
Shuai LY,Ren CL,Yan WB,et al.2017.Different elevational patterns of rodent species richness between the southern and northern slopes of a mountain[J].Scientific Reports,7(1):8743.
Sun SQ,Wu YH,Wang GX,et al.2013.Bryophyte species richness and composition along an altitudinal gradient in Gongga Mountain,China[J].PLo S ONE,e58131.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0058131.
Wu YJ,Yang QS,Wen ZX,et al.2013a.What drives the species richness patterns of non-volant small mammals along a subtropical elevational gradient?[J].Ecography,36(2):185-196.
Wu YJ,Colwell RK,Rahbek C,et al.2013b.Explaining the species richness of birds along a subtropical elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains[J].Journal of Biogeography,40(12):2310-2323.
Wu YJ,Colwell RK,Han NJ,et al.2014.Understanding historical and current patterns of species richness of babblers along a 5000-m subtropical elevational gradient[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,23:1167-1176.
高学斌,赵洪峰,刘明时,等.2007.太白山北坡夏秋季鸟类物种多样性[J].生态学报,27(11):4516-4526.
高学斌,赵洪峰,罗磊,等.2009.太白山南坡夏秋季鸟类组成[J].生物多样性,17(1):19-29.
胡锦矗.1984.四川资源动物志[M].成都:四川科学技术出版社.
雷富民,卢建利,刘耀,等.2002.中国鸟类特有种及其分布格局[J].动物学报,48(5):599-610.
李晶晶,韩联宪,曹宏芬,等.2013.珠穆朗玛峰国家级自然保护区鸟类区系及其垂直分布特征[J].动物学研究,34(6):531-548.
沈泽昊,方精云,刘增力,等.2001.贡嘎山东坡植被垂直带谱的物种多样性格局分析[J].植物生态学报,25(6):721-732.
沈泽昊,刘增力,方精云.2004.贡嘎山海螺沟冷杉群落物种多样性与群落结构随海拔的变化[J].生物多样性,12(2):237-244.
唐蟾珠,徐延恭,杨岚.1996.横断山区鸟类[M].北京:科学出版社.
翁笃鸣,罗哲贤.1990.山区地形气候[M].北京:高等教育出版社.
吴永杰,雷富民.2013.物种丰富度垂直分布格局及影响机制[J].动物学杂志,48(5):797-807.
吴永杰,杨奇森,夏霖,等.2012.贡嘎山东坡非飞行小型兽类物种多样性的垂直分布格局[J].生态学报,32(14):4318-4328.
约翰·马敬能,卡伦·菲利普斯,何芬奇.2000.中国鸟类野外手册[M].长沙:湖南教育出版社.
张荣祖.2011.中国动物地理[M].北京:科学出版社.
郑秀灵.1984.中国自然地理---气候[M].北京:科学出版社.
中国观鸟年报编辑.2016.中国观鸟年报-中国鸟类名录4.0版.(2016-03-13).
周华明.2014.贡嘎山保护区鸟类[M].成都:电子科技大学出版社.
Alstr?m P,Olsson U.1999.The golden-spectacled warbler:a complex of sibling species,including a previously undescribed species[J].Ibis,141:545-568.
Alstr?m P,Olsson U.2000.Golden-spectacled warbler systematics[J].Ibis,142:495-500.
Colwell RK,Hurtt GC.1994.Nonbiological gradients in species richness and a spurious rapoport effect[J].American Naturalist,144:570-595.
Gill FB,Donsker DB.2015.IOC world bird list(v 5.4)[DB/OL].DOI:10.14344/IOC.ML.
Holt BG,Lessard JP,Borregaard MK,et al.2013.An update of Wallace's zoogeographic regions of the world[J].Science,339:74-78.
Hu W,Wu F,Gao J,et al.2016.Influences of interpolation of species ranges on elevational species richness gradients[J].Ecography,40(10):1231-1241.
Johansson US,Ekman J,Bowie RC,et al.2013.A complete multilocus species phylogeny of the tits and chickadees(Aves:Paridae)[J].Molecular Phylogenetic and Evolution,69(3):852-860.
Kreft H,Jetz W.2013.Comment on“an update of Wallace's zoogeographic regions of the world”[J].Science,341(6144):343.
Li Z,He Y,Yang X,et al.2010.Changes of the Hailuogou glacier,Mt.Gongga,China,against the background of climate change during the Holocene[J].Quaternary International,218(1):166-175.
Liu QA,Liu SY,Zhang Y,et al.2010.Recent shrinkage and hydrological response of Hailuogou glacier,a monsoon temperate glacier on the east slope of Mount Gongga,China[J].Journal of Glaciology,56(196):215-224.
Marchese C.2015.Biodiversity hotspots:a shortcut for a more complicated concept[J].Global Ecology and Conservation,3:297-309.
Mc Cain CM.2009.Global analysis of bird elevational diversity[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,18:346-360.
Myers N,Mittermeier RA,Mittermeier CG,et al.2000.Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities[J].Nature,403:853-858.
Rahbek C.1995.The elevational gradient of species richness-a uniform pattern?[J].Ecography,18:200-205.
Shuai LY,Ren CL,Yan WB,et al.2017.Different elevational patterns of rodent species richness between the southern and northern slopes of a mountain[J].Scientific Reports,7(1):8743.
Sun SQ,Wu YH,Wang GX,et al.2013.Bryophyte species richness and composition along an altitudinal gradient in Gongga Mountain,China[J].PLo S ONE,e58131.DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0058131.
Wu YJ,Yang QS,Wen ZX,et al.2013a.What drives the species richness patterns of non-volant small mammals along a subtropical elevational gradient?[J].Ecography,36(2):185-196.
Wu YJ,Colwell RK,Rahbek C,et al.2013b.Explaining the species richness of birds along a subtropical elevational gradient in the Hengduan Mountains[J].Journal of Biogeography,40(12):2310-2323.
Wu YJ,Colwell RK,Han NJ,et al.2014.Understanding historical and current patterns of species richness of babblers along a 5000-m subtropical elevational gradient[J].Global Ecology and Biogeography,23:1167-1176.