基于语篇的“你好吗”“你好”对比研究
|
摘要
本文从话语分析视角对"你好吗""你好"这两个问候语进行了对比分析。从使用频率与适用广度上看,"你好"具有显著高频特征,适用于从陌生到熟识的各种话语角色;而"你好吗"则具有显著低频特征,只适用于高熟识度的亲人、老友及情侣间。从情感功能方面看,"你好"情感量值显著低于"你好吗"。从历史方面看,"你好"在清朝时出现,清朝中期"你好"根据语境应为疑问语气,后人以问号标识,清朝末期用法与今日相同,今日用法与英语中问候语hello类似;"你好吗"最早见于元朝,明朝、清朝均有用例,用法基本与今日相同,不能认为其来自英语,用法也与how are you不同。这两个小句难度等级不同,"你好吗"有更高的习得坡度,所以不适合在教材开篇时便教授给初级水平的汉语学习者。
This article compares "Ni hao ma?" with "Ni hao" based on discourse analysis. From the perspective of frequency and applicability, "Ni hao" is used much more often than "Ni hao ma?", and the dialogue roles range from family members to strangers, while "Ni hao ma?" is usually used between family members, close friends and lovers. From the perspective of the emotional function, "Ni hao" has much lower emotional value in it than "Ni hao ma?" when you greet people. From the perspective of history, "Ni hao" first appeared in the Qing Dynasty. According to the context it was used in the interrogative tone in mid-Qing Dynasty, marked with a question mark by later generations, and not until the end of the Qing Dynasty did it begin to be used basically the same way as it is used today, similar to "hello" in English. "Ni hao ma?" first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty and evidence of its usage in the Ming and Qing dynasties can also be found, showing that it didn't come from English. Besides, it is different from "how are you" in function and usage. From the perspective of difficulty, "Ni hao ma?" is more difficult to acquire than "Ni hao", which is why it is not suitable to begin a textbook for novice learners with "Ni hao ma?".
This article compares "Ni hao ma?" with "Ni hao" based on discourse analysis. From the perspective of frequency and applicability, "Ni hao" is used much more often than "Ni hao ma?", and the dialogue roles range from family members to strangers, while "Ni hao ma?" is usually used between family members, close friends and lovers. From the perspective of the emotional function, "Ni hao" has much lower emotional value in it than "Ni hao ma?" when you greet people. From the perspective of history, "Ni hao" first appeared in the Qing Dynasty. According to the context it was used in the interrogative tone in mid-Qing Dynasty, marked with a question mark by later generations, and not until the end of the Qing Dynasty did it begin to be used basically the same way as it is used today, similar to "hello" in English. "Ni hao ma?" first appeared in the Yuan Dynasty and evidence of its usage in the Ming and Qing dynasties can also be found, showing that it didn't come from English. Besides, it is different from "how are you" in function and usage. From the perspective of difficulty, "Ni hao ma?" is more difficult to acquire than "Ni hao", which is why it is not suitable to begin a textbook for novice learners with "Ni hao ma?".
引文
冯胜利.论语体的机制及其语法属性[J].中国语文,2010(5):400-412+479.
吕明臣.话语意义的建构[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,2005.
田然.“你好吗”使用语境及其溯源分析[J].语言文字应用,2016(2):83-90.
吴福祥.近年来语法化研究的进展[J].外语教学与研究,2004(1):18-24.
熊学亮.认知语用学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
张伯江.以语法解释为目的的语体研究[J].当代修辞学,2012(6):13-22.
SERBER D,WILSON D.Relevance:communication and cognition(2nd ed.)[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1995.
(1)为了反映语料原貌,我们对本文语料中的文字错误未做修改。
吕明臣.话语意义的建构[M].长春:东北师范大学出版社,2005.
田然.“你好吗”使用语境及其溯源分析[J].语言文字应用,2016(2):83-90.
吴福祥.近年来语法化研究的进展[J].外语教学与研究,2004(1):18-24.
熊学亮.认知语用学概论[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1999.
张伯江.以语法解释为目的的语体研究[J].当代修辞学,2012(6):13-22.
SERBER D,WILSON D.Relevance:communication and cognition(2nd ed.)[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1995.
(1)为了反映语料原貌,我们对本文语料中的文字错误未做修改。