FDI抑制还是提升了城市的出口国内增加值率?——基于中国241个地级市数据研究
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摘要
外商直接投资(FDI)是拉动中国经济发展的一个重要的力量,同时也是中国不断深入全球价值链的一个"敲门砖"。那么,外商直接投资对于出口国内增加值率(DVAR)到底起到了怎样的作用呢?本文试图从地级市层面出发,利用微观企业数据库来探讨外商直接投资对于出口国内增加值率的影响。通过对各个地级市层面出口国内增加值率的测算,发现在地区分布上,外资进入水平高的城市DVAR反而比较低。从所有制类型来看,外商直接投资对城市的外资企业有促进的作用,但是对于本土企业却产生了抑制作用;从地域分布上看,外资进入在水平渠道上对本土企业的抑制作用在中西部地区表现得更为明显,而外商直接投资的促进作用则只在中部地区相对显著。这主要是由于对于不同地区和所有制类型而言,FDI的溢出效应取决于其正向的示范和人员培训效应等与负向的竞争效应的制衡。因此,优化引进外资结构和促进本土企业的产业升级显得尤为重要。
Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) has always been an important force which drives China's economic development,and it is also a knock-and-click for China to have a continuous penetration into the global value chain.How does FDI effect DVAR? This paper attempts to explore the impact of foreign direct investment on the domestic value-added rate in exports from the prefecture-level market level,using the micro-level enterprise data.Through the calculation of prefecture-level cities' domestic value-added rate,it is found that the DVARs of cities with high foreign investment level is relatively low.In terms of ownership type,foreign direct investment has a promoting effect on foreign-funded enterprises in cities. However,for the local enterprises in the city,it has a kind of inverted U-shaped effect which means the influence of FDI has its ceiling.In terms of geographical distribution,the inhibition of foreign investment on local enterprises reflected in the central and western regions is more obvious,meanwhile the promotion of foreign direct investment is only relatively significant in the central region.This is because the spillover effect of FDI depends on the tradeoff between its positive effects such as the demonstration and the personnel training effect and the negative competition effects.Therefore,optimizing the structure of foreign investment and promoting the upgrading of local enterprises are of great importance.
Foreign Direct Investment(FDI) has always been an important force which drives China's economic development,and it is also a knock-and-click for China to have a continuous penetration into the global value chain.How does FDI effect DVAR? This paper attempts to explore the impact of foreign direct investment on the domestic value-added rate in exports from the prefecture-level market level,using the micro-level enterprise data.Through the calculation of prefecture-level cities' domestic value-added rate,it is found that the DVARs of cities with high foreign investment level is relatively low.In terms of ownership type,foreign direct investment has a promoting effect on foreign-funded enterprises in cities. However,for the local enterprises in the city,it has a kind of inverted U-shaped effect which means the influence of FDI has its ceiling.In terms of geographical distribution,the inhibition of foreign investment on local enterprises reflected in the central and western regions is more obvious,meanwhile the promotion of foreign direct investment is only relatively significant in the central region.This is because the spillover effect of FDI depends on the tradeoff between its positive effects such as the demonstration and the personnel training effect and the negative competition effects.Therefore,optimizing the structure of foreign investment and promoting the upgrading of local enterprises are of great importance.
引文
[1] 郑丹青,于津平.中国出口贸易增加值的微观核算及影响因素研究[J].国际贸易问题,2014(8).
[2] 唐宜红,张鹏杨.FDI、全球价值链嵌入与出口国内附加值[J].统计研究,2017(4).
[3] 白光裕,庄芮.全球价值链与国际投资关系研究——中国的视角[J].国际贸易,2015(6).
[4] 张杰,刘志远,刘元春.中国出口国内附加值的测算与变化机制[J].经济研究,2013(10).
[5] 张鹏杨,唐宜红.FDI如何提高我国出口企业国内附加值?——基于全球价值链升级的视角[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2018(7).
[6] 毛其淋,许家云.外资进入如何影响了本土企业出口国内附加值?[J].经济学(季刊),2018(4).
[7] Javorcik,B.S.Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms?In search of spillovers through backward linkages[J].American Economic Review,2004(3).
[8] Hummels,D.,J.Ishii,K.M.Yi.The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade[J].Journal of International Economics,2001(1).
[9] Koopman,R.,Z.Wang,S.J.Wei.Estimating domestic content in exports when processing trade is pervasive[J].Journal of Development Economics,2012(1).
[10]Timmer,M.P.,A.A.Erumban,B.Los,et al.Slicing up global value chains[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,2014(2).
[11]王直,魏尚进,祝坤福.总贸易核算法:官方贸易统计与全球价值链的度量[J].中国社会科学,2015(9).
[12]Kee,H.L.,H.Tang.Domestic Value Added in Chinese Exports[EB/OL].https://www.usitc.gov./research_and_analysis/domesticvalue.pdf,2012-06-01.
[13]Upward,R.,Z.Wang,J.Zheng.Weighing China's export basket:The domestic content and technology intensity of Chinese exports[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2013(2).
[14]吕越,吕云龙,包群.融资约束与企业增加值贸易——基于全球价值链视角的微观证据[J].金融研究,2017(5).
[15]李胜旗,毛其淋.制造业上游垄断与企业出口国内附加值——来自中国的经验证据[J].中国工业经济,2017(4).
[16]苏庆义.中国省级出口的增加值分解及其应用[J].经济研究,2016(1).
[17]诸竹君,黄先海,余骁.进口中间品质量、自主创新与企业出口国内增加值率[J].中国工业经济,2018(8).
[18]Kee,H.L.,H.Tang.Domestic value added in exports:Theory and firm evidence from China[J].American Economic Review,2016(1).
[19]郝凤霞,周冰洁,杨玉红.FDI流入对我国产业所处全球价值链位置的作用研究[J].工业工程与管理,2016(1).
[20]余淼杰,李乐融.贸易自由化与进口中间品质量升级——来自中国海关产品层面的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2016(4).
[21]罗伟,葛顺奇.中国对外直接投资区位分布及其决定因素——基于水平型投资的研究[J].经济学(季刊),2013(7).
[22]Yu,M.J.Processing trade,tariff reductions and firm productivity:Evidence from Chinese firms[J].The Economic Journal,2015(585).
[23]温忠麟,叶宝娟.中介效应分析:方法和模型发展[J].心理科学进展,2014(5).
[24]樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数:各地区市场化相对进程报告[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2010.
[25]Chakraborty,P.Judical quality and regional firm performance:The case of Indian State[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2016(4).
(1)Koopman等提出的这一方法简称KPWW方法。
(2)由于篇幅限制,具体的处理方法没有在文中显示。
(3)对于内资和外资企业的划分,是参照Guariglia等(2011)所指出的,按照实收资本中国有、集体以及个人资产占比和外商资本金占比(≥50%)来区分的。
[2] 唐宜红,张鹏杨.FDI、全球价值链嵌入与出口国内附加值[J].统计研究,2017(4).
[3] 白光裕,庄芮.全球价值链与国际投资关系研究——中国的视角[J].国际贸易,2015(6).
[4] 张杰,刘志远,刘元春.中国出口国内附加值的测算与变化机制[J].经济研究,2013(10).
[5] 张鹏杨,唐宜红.FDI如何提高我国出口企业国内附加值?——基于全球价值链升级的视角[J].数量经济技术经济研究,2018(7).
[6] 毛其淋,许家云.外资进入如何影响了本土企业出口国内附加值?[J].经济学(季刊),2018(4).
[7] Javorcik,B.S.Does foreign direct investment increase the productivity of domestic firms?In search of spillovers through backward linkages[J].American Economic Review,2004(3).
[8] Hummels,D.,J.Ishii,K.M.Yi.The nature and growth of vertical specialization in world trade[J].Journal of International Economics,2001(1).
[9] Koopman,R.,Z.Wang,S.J.Wei.Estimating domestic content in exports when processing trade is pervasive[J].Journal of Development Economics,2012(1).
[10]Timmer,M.P.,A.A.Erumban,B.Los,et al.Slicing up global value chains[J].Journal of Economic Perspectives,2014(2).
[11]王直,魏尚进,祝坤福.总贸易核算法:官方贸易统计与全球价值链的度量[J].中国社会科学,2015(9).
[12]Kee,H.L.,H.Tang.Domestic Value Added in Chinese Exports[EB/OL].https://www.usitc.gov./research_and_analysis/domesticvalue.pdf,2012-06-01.
[13]Upward,R.,Z.Wang,J.Zheng.Weighing China's export basket:The domestic content and technology intensity of Chinese exports[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2013(2).
[14]吕越,吕云龙,包群.融资约束与企业增加值贸易——基于全球价值链视角的微观证据[J].金融研究,2017(5).
[15]李胜旗,毛其淋.制造业上游垄断与企业出口国内附加值——来自中国的经验证据[J].中国工业经济,2017(4).
[16]苏庆义.中国省级出口的增加值分解及其应用[J].经济研究,2016(1).
[17]诸竹君,黄先海,余骁.进口中间品质量、自主创新与企业出口国内增加值率[J].中国工业经济,2018(8).
[18]Kee,H.L.,H.Tang.Domestic value added in exports:Theory and firm evidence from China[J].American Economic Review,2016(1).
[19]郝凤霞,周冰洁,杨玉红.FDI流入对我国产业所处全球价值链位置的作用研究[J].工业工程与管理,2016(1).
[20]余淼杰,李乐融.贸易自由化与进口中间品质量升级——来自中国海关产品层面的证据[J].经济学(季刊),2016(4).
[21]罗伟,葛顺奇.中国对外直接投资区位分布及其决定因素——基于水平型投资的研究[J].经济学(季刊),2013(7).
[22]Yu,M.J.Processing trade,tariff reductions and firm productivity:Evidence from Chinese firms[J].The Economic Journal,2015(585).
[23]温忠麟,叶宝娟.中介效应分析:方法和模型发展[J].心理科学进展,2014(5).
[24]樊纲,王小鲁,朱恒鹏.中国市场化指数:各地区市场化相对进程报告[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2010.
[25]Chakraborty,P.Judical quality and regional firm performance:The case of Indian State[J].Journal of Comparative Economics,2016(4).
(1)Koopman等提出的这一方法简称KPWW方法。
(2)由于篇幅限制,具体的处理方法没有在文中显示。
(3)对于内资和外资企业的划分,是参照Guariglia等(2011)所指出的,按照实收资本中国有、集体以及个人资产占比和外商资本金占比(≥50%)来区分的。