中国秸秆养分资源数量及替代化肥潜力
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摘要
【目的】弄清中国秸秆资源数量及其养分资源量,旨在为充分利用秸秆资源、提高肥料利用率、实现化肥施用零增长和保障国家粮食安全提供科学依据。【方法】本研究以中国主要农作物水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、马铃薯、花生和油菜为研究对象,通过查阅中国统计数据和公开发表的文献资料对2015年中国主要农作物秸秆数量及其养分资源量进行估算,同时对各地区不同作物最佳施肥量进行统计,分析秸秆不同比例还田下氮、磷、钾输入量分别占化肥用量百分比。【结果】2015年中国主要农作物秸秆资源量为71878.53万t,所含的氮(N)、磷(P_2O_5)、钾(K_2O)养分资源总量分别达到625.6、197.9、1159.5万t。秸秆养分资源量以水稻、小麦和玉米三大粮食作物最大,分别占养分资源总量的33.1%、14.5%和34.2%,其他作物以油菜秸秆养分数量最高,占7.6%。作物秸秆养分数量中以玉米氮和磷养分数量最高,分别占单质养分总量的37.4%(N)和41.5%(P_2O_5);钾养分数量以水稻最高,占36.9%(K_2O)。秸秆总量华北和长江中下游地区较多,分别占全国总量的26.4%和26.2%。秸秆养分资源总量最高的为黑龙江省,其次为河南和山东,分别占全国秸秆养分资源总量的10.3%、9.5%和6.8%。中国2015年主要农作物播种面积为1.2亿hm~2,产量为6.3亿t,作物理论N、P_2O_5和K_2O需求量分别为1445.9、546.4、1652.3万t。如果将秸秆全量还田,带入农田的平均养分量可高达N 54.4kg/hm~2、P_2O_515.5 kg/hm2和K_2O 88.1 kg/hm~2,相当于化肥用量的38.4%(N)、18.9%(P_2O_5)和85.5%(K_2O)。【结论】中国农作物秸秆数量及其养分资源量巨大,依据地域秸秆特点,充分合理利用秸秆养分资源,是实现化肥减施增效的重要途径。
【Objectives】The paperis aimed to find out the quantity of straws and assess their potentials as nutrient resources in China, which is of great significance for making full use of straw resources, improving fertilizer use efficiency, achieving zero growth of chemical fertilizers and ensuring national food security.【Methods】Rice, wheat, maize, soybean, potato, peanut and rapeseed were chosen as the research objects.Based on agricultural statistics and published literatures, the amount of crop straws and the contained nutrient resources were estimated in 2015. The optimum fertilizer application rates of different crops in different regions were analyzed, and the proper percents of straw nutrient were proposed for the substitution of chemical nutrients through returning to field in China.【Results】In 2015, the amount of the main crop straws in China was718.7853 million tons, containing 6.256 million tons of N, 1.979 million tons of P_2O_5 and 11.595 million tons of K_2O, respectively. The largest straw nutrient resources were from rice, wheat and maize, accounting for 33.1%,14.5% and 34.2% of the total nutrient resources. Of the other straws, rapeseeds contained the largest nutrient amount, which was accounted for 7.6% of the total resources. The highest straw mass was produced in North China Plain and the Middle-lower reaches of Changjiang River, accounting for 26.4% and 26.2% of the whole yields across China, respectively. The total nutrient amounts were the highest in the straws of Heilongjiang Province, followed by those of Henan and Shandong Provinces, accounting for 10.3%, 9.5% and 6.8%,respectively. In 2015 in China, the main crops sown area was 120 million hectares, the economic yield was 630 million tons, which demand theoretically N, P_2O_5 and K_2O inputs of 15, 6 and 17 million tons, respectively. In case of the total straws be returned to fields, the nutirents brought to fields would be as much as N 54.4 kg/hm~2,P_2O_515.5 kg/hm~2 and K_2O 88.1 kg/hm~2, which were accounted for 38.4%, 18.9% and 85.5% of the chemical fertilizers, respectively.【Conclusions】The crop straw quantities and the contained nutrient resources are tremendous in China, showing regional characteristics in straw sources and amount. Exploring and making full use of straw nutrient resources will provide an effective and environmental friendly resolution for realizing zero chemical fertilizer increase and improving efficiency of agricultural production.
【Objectives】The paperis aimed to find out the quantity of straws and assess their potentials as nutrient resources in China, which is of great significance for making full use of straw resources, improving fertilizer use efficiency, achieving zero growth of chemical fertilizers and ensuring national food security.【Methods】Rice, wheat, maize, soybean, potato, peanut and rapeseed were chosen as the research objects.Based on agricultural statistics and published literatures, the amount of crop straws and the contained nutrient resources were estimated in 2015. The optimum fertilizer application rates of different crops in different regions were analyzed, and the proper percents of straw nutrient were proposed for the substitution of chemical nutrients through returning to field in China.【Results】In 2015, the amount of the main crop straws in China was718.7853 million tons, containing 6.256 million tons of N, 1.979 million tons of P_2O_5 and 11.595 million tons of K_2O, respectively. The largest straw nutrient resources were from rice, wheat and maize, accounting for 33.1%,14.5% and 34.2% of the total nutrient resources. Of the other straws, rapeseeds contained the largest nutrient amount, which was accounted for 7.6% of the total resources. The highest straw mass was produced in North China Plain and the Middle-lower reaches of Changjiang River, accounting for 26.4% and 26.2% of the whole yields across China, respectively. The total nutrient amounts were the highest in the straws of Heilongjiang Province, followed by those of Henan and Shandong Provinces, accounting for 10.3%, 9.5% and 6.8%,respectively. In 2015 in China, the main crops sown area was 120 million hectares, the economic yield was 630 million tons, which demand theoretically N, P_2O_5 and K_2O inputs of 15, 6 and 17 million tons, respectively. In case of the total straws be returned to fields, the nutirents brought to fields would be as much as N 54.4 kg/hm~2,P_2O_515.5 kg/hm~2 and K_2O 88.1 kg/hm~2, which were accounted for 38.4%, 18.9% and 85.5% of the chemical fertilizers, respectively.【Conclusions】The crop straw quantities and the contained nutrient resources are tremendous in China, showing regional characteristics in straw sources and amount. Exploring and making full use of straw nutrient resources will provide an effective and environmental friendly resolution for realizing zero chemical fertilizer increase and improving efficiency of agricultural production.
引文
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