民航飞机起飞过程细粒子排放特征
|
摘要
选择B737-800作为典型机型,基于BM2-FOA耦合模型,通过对飞机性能参数的模拟,获得了其在全推力和减推力等多种方式下,起飞离场爬升至1000m高度过程中每一时刻PM_(2.5)的排放指数,并计算了精确排放量.同时研究了燃油含硫量对细粒子排放量的影响,分析了不同组分对PM_(2.5)排放的贡献率,并将计算结果与ICAO基准参数的估算结果进行对比.结果表明,各种方式中PM_(2.5)排放指数的差异主要存在于地面起飞段.其中,全推力起飞方式下,非挥发性组分和挥发性有机组分排放指数最高,因此一次起飞过程PM_(2.5)排放总量最高,约为37.6g(普通燃油).使用减推力起飞后,PM_(2.5)排放量降至36.7~35.5g.使用高硫燃油时,PM_(2.5)排放量约升高150%.经过对比发现,将ICAO的基准参数直接用于FOA方法,对PM_(2.5)排放量的估算结果偏差较大.与机动车相比,使用普通燃油和高硫燃油的一次全推力正常起飞过程,PM_(2.5)排放量分别约等于一辆国Ⅳ轻型汽油车行驶2984km和7294km.精确计算方法为编制机场区域飞机污染排放清单提供基础.
Boeing 737~800 was selected as a typical model in this thesis. Based on BM2-FOA coupling model, PM_(2.5)emission indices in full thrust and reduced thrust takeoff from the takeoff time to the height of 1000 m were obtained through aircraft performance parameters simulation, and emission loads were worked out then. At the same time, the influences of sulfur content on emission levels were presented, and then the contributions to PM_(2.5) emissions from different components were calculated. A comparison was made between the results using coupling model and ICAO standard parameters. The result showed that the differences of PM_(2.5) emission indices were mainly during the period of takeoff on the ground before climbout. The PM_(2.5) emission of a full thrust takeoff is the largest which the amount is 37.6g(low-sulfur fuel), because of the highest emission indices of non-volatile and volatile organic PM_(2.5) components. In terms of reduced thrust processes, PM_(2.5) emissions decreased to 36.7~35.5g. PM_(2.5) emissions increased by 150% when high-sulfur fuel is used. It has been found from the comparison that the emissions calculated by ICAO standard parameters lead to relatively large errors. Compared with the light-duty gasoline vehicle(national Ⅳ standard), the PM_(2.5)emissions of one full thrust takeoff with low-sulfur fuel and high-sulfur fuel equal the emissions of running 2984 km and 7294 km respectively. Accurate calculation method is supposed be the basis for the preparation of aircraft emission inventory in the airport area.
Boeing 737~800 was selected as a typical model in this thesis. Based on BM2-FOA coupling model, PM_(2.5)emission indices in full thrust and reduced thrust takeoff from the takeoff time to the height of 1000 m were obtained through aircraft performance parameters simulation, and emission loads were worked out then. At the same time, the influences of sulfur content on emission levels were presented, and then the contributions to PM_(2.5) emissions from different components were calculated. A comparison was made between the results using coupling model and ICAO standard parameters. The result showed that the differences of PM_(2.5) emission indices were mainly during the period of takeoff on the ground before climbout. The PM_(2.5) emission of a full thrust takeoff is the largest which the amount is 37.6g(low-sulfur fuel), because of the highest emission indices of non-volatile and volatile organic PM_(2.5) components. In terms of reduced thrust processes, PM_(2.5) emissions decreased to 36.7~35.5g. PM_(2.5) emissions increased by 150% when high-sulfur fuel is used. It has been found from the comparison that the emissions calculated by ICAO standard parameters lead to relatively large errors. Compared with the light-duty gasoline vehicle(national Ⅳ standard), the PM_(2.5)emissions of one full thrust takeoff with low-sulfur fuel and high-sulfur fuel equal the emissions of running 2984 km and 7294 km respectively. Accurate calculation method is supposed be the basis for the preparation of aircraft emission inventory in the airport area.
引文
[1]唐孝炎,张远航,邵敏.大气环境化学[M].北京:高等教育出版社,2006:274.
[2]Wu D,Bi X Y,Deng X J,et al.Effect of atmospheric haze onthe deterioration of visibility over the Pearl River Delta[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,2007,21(2):215-223.
[3]陈多宏,李梅,黄渤,等.区域大气细粒子污染特征及快速来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(3):651-659.
[4]孙兆彬,陶燕,崔甍甍,等.北京地区奥运会期间PM2.5对心脑血管疾病的影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(11):3481-3488.
[5]李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.
[6]陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东.大气细颗粒物控制对我国城市居民期望寿命的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(10):2701-2705.
[7]Huang X F,Sun T L,Zeng L W,et al.Black carbon aerosol characterization in a coastal city in south China using a single particle soot photometer[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,51:21-28.
[8]Wayson R,Fleming G,Iovinelli R.Methodology to estimate particulate matter emissions fromcertified commercial aircraft engines[J].Journal of Air&Waste Manage Association,59:91–100.
[9]Petzold A,Dopelheuer A,Brock C A,et al.In situ observations and model calculations of black carbon emission by aircraft atcruise altitude[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104:22171-22181.
[10]杜鹏瑞,杜睿,任伟珊,等.城市大气颗粒物毒性效应及机制的研究进展[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2815-2827.
[11]Choi W,Hu S,He M,et al.Neighborhood-scale air quality impacts of emissions from motor vehicles and aircraft[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,80:310-321.
[12]Pope C A.Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health:biologic mechanisms and who's at risk?[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2000,108:713-723.
[13]Viana M,Querol X,Alastuey A,et al.Characterising exposureto PM aerosols for an epidemiological study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(7):1552-1568.
[14]Kan H D,London S J,Chen,G H,et al.Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai,China[J].Environment International,2007,33(3):376-384.
[15]Finkelstein M M,Jerrett M,Sears M R.Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2005,59(6):481-487.
[16]Exhaust emission data bank[R].Montréal:International Civil Aviation Organization,1995.
[17]ICAO.International standards and recommended practices,environmental protection,annex 16to the convention on international civil aviation,Vol.II:Aircraft engine emissions,2nd ed.International Civil Aviation Organization:Montreal,Quebec,Canada,1993.
[18]Unal A,Hu Y,Chang M,et al.Airport related emissions and impacts on air quality:application to the Atlanta international airport[J].Atmospheric Environment,39:5787–5798.
[19]韩博,黄佳敏,魏志强.民航飞机起飞过程大气污染物排放特征分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):69-75.
[20]夏卿,左洪福,杨军利.中国民航机场飞机起飞着陆(LTO)循环排放量估算[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(7):1469-1474.
[21]黄清凤,陈桂浓,胡丹心,等.广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2014,26(3):57-59.
[22]何吉成.30年来中国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):1-7.
[23]黄勇,周桂林,吴寿生.中国上空民航飞机NOx排放量及其分布初探[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(2):179-182.
[24]黄勇,吴冬莺,王金涛,等.中国上空民航飞机NOx排放分布再探[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2001,27(3):289-292.
[25]Herndon S,Shorter J,Zahniser M,et al.NO and NO2 emission ratios measured from in-use commercial aircraft during taxi and takeoff[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38:6078-6084.
[26]Herndon S,Jayne J,Lobo P,et al.Commercial aircraft engine emissions characterization of in-use aircraft at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta international airport[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42:1877–1883.
[27]Carslaw D,Ropkins K,Laxen D,et al.Near-field commercial aircraft contribution to nitrogen oxides by engine,aircraft type,and airline by individual plume sampling[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42:1871–1876.
[28]Airport Air Quality Manual[R].Montréal:International Civil Aviation Organization,2011:38-39.
[29]魏志强,刁华智,韩博.民用飞机巡航阶段污染物排放量计算研究[J].科学技术与工程,2014,14(19):1671-1815.
[30]李娜,魏志强.飞机QAR数据的空气污染物排放量计算研究[J].环境科学与技术,2015,38(1):159-163.
[31]Fuglestvedt J S,Shine K P,Bernsten T,et al.Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate:metrics[J].Atmosphere Environment,2010,44(37):4648-4677.
[32]DEF STAN 91-91(Jet A-1),Turbine fuel,aviation kerosene type,Jet A-1[S].
[33]徐伟嘉,李红霞,黄建彰,等.佛山市机动车尾气颗粒物PM2.5的排放特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(3):152-158.
[2]Wu D,Bi X Y,Deng X J,et al.Effect of atmospheric haze onthe deterioration of visibility over the Pearl River Delta[J].Journal of Meteorological Research,2007,21(2):215-223.
[3]陈多宏,李梅,黄渤,等.区域大气细粒子污染特征及快速来源解析[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(3):651-659.
[4]孙兆彬,陶燕,崔甍甍,等.北京地区奥运会期间PM2.5对心脑血管疾病的影响[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(11):3481-3488.
[5]李友平,刘慧芳,周洪,等.成都市PM2.5中有毒重金属污染特征及健康风险评价[J].中国环境科学,2015,35(7):2225-2232.
[6]陈仁杰,陈秉衡,阚海东.大气细颗粒物控制对我国城市居民期望寿命的影响[J].中国环境科学,2014,34(10):2701-2705.
[7]Huang X F,Sun T L,Zeng L W,et al.Black carbon aerosol characterization in a coastal city in south China using a single particle soot photometer[J].Atmospheric Environment,2012,51:21-28.
[8]Wayson R,Fleming G,Iovinelli R.Methodology to estimate particulate matter emissions fromcertified commercial aircraft engines[J].Journal of Air&Waste Manage Association,59:91–100.
[9]Petzold A,Dopelheuer A,Brock C A,et al.In situ observations and model calculations of black carbon emission by aircraft atcruise altitude[J].Journal of Geophysical Research,1999,104:22171-22181.
[10]杜鹏瑞,杜睿,任伟珊,等.城市大气颗粒物毒性效应及机制的研究进展[J].中国环境科学,2016,36(9):2815-2827.
[11]Choi W,Hu S,He M,et al.Neighborhood-scale air quality impacts of emissions from motor vehicles and aircraft[J].Atmospheric Environment,2013,80:310-321.
[12]Pope C A.Epidemiology of fine particulate air pollution and human health:biologic mechanisms and who's at risk?[J].Environmental Health Perspectives,2000,108:713-723.
[13]Viana M,Querol X,Alastuey A,et al.Characterising exposureto PM aerosols for an epidemiological study[J].Atmospheric Environment,2008,42(7):1552-1568.
[14]Kan H D,London S J,Chen,G H,et al.Differentiating the effects of fine and coarse particles on daily mortality in Shanghai,China[J].Environment International,2007,33(3):376-384.
[15]Finkelstein M M,Jerrett M,Sears M R.Environmental inequality and circulatory disease mortality gradients[J].Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health,2005,59(6):481-487.
[16]Exhaust emission data bank[R].Montréal:International Civil Aviation Organization,1995.
[17]ICAO.International standards and recommended practices,environmental protection,annex 16to the convention on international civil aviation,Vol.II:Aircraft engine emissions,2nd ed.International Civil Aviation Organization:Montreal,Quebec,Canada,1993.
[18]Unal A,Hu Y,Chang M,et al.Airport related emissions and impacts on air quality:application to the Atlanta international airport[J].Atmospheric Environment,39:5787–5798.
[19]韩博,黄佳敏,魏志强.民航飞机起飞过程大气污染物排放特征分析[J].环境科学,2016,37(12):69-75.
[20]夏卿,左洪福,杨军利.中国民航机场飞机起飞着陆(LTO)循环排放量估算[J].环境科学学报,2008,28(7):1469-1474.
[21]黄清凤,陈桂浓,胡丹心,等.广州白云国际机场飞机大气污染物排放分析[J].环境监测管理与技术,2014,26(3):57-59.
[22]何吉成.30年来中国民航运输行业的大气污染物排放[J].环境科学,2012,33(1):1-7.
[23]黄勇,周桂林,吴寿生.中国上空民航飞机NOx排放量及其分布初探[J].环境科学学报,2000,20(2):179-182.
[24]黄勇,吴冬莺,王金涛,等.中国上空民航飞机NOx排放分布再探[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2001,27(3):289-292.
[25]Herndon S,Shorter J,Zahniser M,et al.NO and NO2 emission ratios measured from in-use commercial aircraft during taxi and takeoff[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2004,38:6078-6084.
[26]Herndon S,Jayne J,Lobo P,et al.Commercial aircraft engine emissions characterization of in-use aircraft at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta international airport[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42:1877–1883.
[27]Carslaw D,Ropkins K,Laxen D,et al.Near-field commercial aircraft contribution to nitrogen oxides by engine,aircraft type,and airline by individual plume sampling[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2008,42:1871–1876.
[28]Airport Air Quality Manual[R].Montréal:International Civil Aviation Organization,2011:38-39.
[29]魏志强,刁华智,韩博.民用飞机巡航阶段污染物排放量计算研究[J].科学技术与工程,2014,14(19):1671-1815.
[30]李娜,魏志强.飞机QAR数据的空气污染物排放量计算研究[J].环境科学与技术,2015,38(1):159-163.
[31]Fuglestvedt J S,Shine K P,Bernsten T,et al.Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate:metrics[J].Atmosphere Environment,2010,44(37):4648-4677.
[32]DEF STAN 91-91(Jet A-1),Turbine fuel,aviation kerosene type,Jet A-1[S].
[33]徐伟嘉,李红霞,黄建彰,等.佛山市机动车尾气颗粒物PM2.5的排放特征研究[J].环境科学与技术,2014,37(3):152-158.