玉米间作豌豆种间竞争互补对少耕密植的响应
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摘要
通过对种间关系的研究,确定玉米间作豌豆中能否集成少耕和密植效应,对进一步优化间作技术具有理论指导意义。2016—2017年,本研究在河西绿洲灌区,以玉米间作豌豆为研究对象,设传统耕作、少耕两种耕作措施和低、中、高3种玉米密度,研究不同处理对玉米间作豌豆种间竞争力和豌豆收后间作玉米恢复效应的影响,揭示种间关系与间作产量的相关关系。结果表明,不同间作处理的土地当量比均大于1,说明本试验条件下的间作处理均具有增产优势;与传统耕作相比,少耕使玉米间作豌豆产量提高5.79%;少耕条件下,中密度间作产量较低密度、高密度处理显著提高8.37%、9.09%,说明玉米间作豌豆集成少耕和中密度具有进一步增产的优势。少耕结合中密度强化了间作豌豆对玉米的竞争力,较低密度、高密度处理的竞争力分别高36.56%、20.17%,形成间作玉米恢复效应强化的基础;豌豆收获后,少耕间作玉米具有明显的恢复生长效应,较传统耕作高10.30%～47.11%。间作群体的籽粒产量与豌豆相对于玉米全生育期内的平均竞争力呈二次曲线相关关系,当竞争力在0.25时利于间作获得高产。因此,玉米间作豌豆模式中集成少耕和密植技术,通过调控种间关系进一步挖掘间作增产潜力,少耕结合玉米中密度可作为绿洲灌区玉米间作豌豆增产的理想措施。
Through the study of an interspecific relationship, the effects of reduced tillage and high-density planting was analyzed in a maize/pea intercropping system. The research could provide a theoretical basis for further optimization of intercropping technology. The study, conducted in 2016-2017 in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area, used a maize/pea intercropping system as the research setup. Two tillage patterns were measured: conventional tillage and reduced tillage. Simultaneously, maize was planted at low, medium and high density to study the effects of different treatments on the competitiveness of maize/pea intercropping systems. Also, the recovery ability of maize after the pea harvest was analyzed to reveal the interspecies relationship and the correlation with intercropping pro-duction. The results showed that the land equivalent ratio of different intercropping treatments was higher than 1, indicating that these intercropping treatments resulted in an increased yield. Compared with conventional tillage, reduced tillage increased the yield of maize/pea intercropping system by 5.79%. Under reduced tillage conditions, the yield of intercropping system at medium density was considerably increased by 8.37% and 9.09% relative to low-density and high-density conditions, respectively. This observation indicates that combining reduced tillage with a medium-density plantation further increased the yield of a maize/pea intercropping system. Reduced tillage combined with a medium-density plantation enhanced the competitiveness of maize/pea intercropping: the competitiveness was 36.56% and 20.17% higher relative to the low-density and high-density treatment, respectively. The enhanced competitiveness formed the basis of the enhanced maize intercropping recovery effect. After the pea harvest under reduced tillage conditions, maize displayed a significant recovery growth effect, which was 10.30%-47.11% higher than that under conventional tillage conditions. The correlation between the grain yields of intercropping system and the average competitiveness of pea relative to maize during the whole growth period was quadratic function. The integration of reduced tillage and a medium-density planting technology in the maize/pea intercropping model provides the potential for an intercropping system to increase the yield by regulating the interspecific relationship.
Through the study of an interspecific relationship, the effects of reduced tillage and high-density planting was analyzed in a maize/pea intercropping system. The research could provide a theoretical basis for further optimization of intercropping technology. The study, conducted in 2016-2017 in the Hexi Oasis Irrigation Area, used a maize/pea intercropping system as the research setup. Two tillage patterns were measured: conventional tillage and reduced tillage. Simultaneously, maize was planted at low, medium and high density to study the effects of different treatments on the competitiveness of maize/pea intercropping systems. Also, the recovery ability of maize after the pea harvest was analyzed to reveal the interspecies relationship and the correlation with intercropping pro-duction. The results showed that the land equivalent ratio of different intercropping treatments was higher than 1, indicating that these intercropping treatments resulted in an increased yield. Compared with conventional tillage, reduced tillage increased the yield of maize/pea intercropping system by 5.79%. Under reduced tillage conditions, the yield of intercropping system at medium density was considerably increased by 8.37% and 9.09% relative to low-density and high-density conditions, respectively. This observation indicates that combining reduced tillage with a medium-density plantation further increased the yield of a maize/pea intercropping system. Reduced tillage combined with a medium-density plantation enhanced the competitiveness of maize/pea intercropping: the competitiveness was 36.56% and 20.17% higher relative to the low-density and high-density treatment, respectively. The enhanced competitiveness formed the basis of the enhanced maize intercropping recovery effect. After the pea harvest under reduced tillage conditions, maize displayed a significant recovery growth effect, which was 10.30%-47.11% higher than that under conventional tillage conditions. The correlation between the grain yields of intercropping system and the average competitiveness of pea relative to maize during the whole growth period was quadratic function. The integration of reduced tillage and a medium-density planting technology in the maize/pea intercropping model provides the potential for an intercropping system to increase the yield by regulating the interspecific relationship.
引文
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[24]赵财,柴强,冯福学,等.不同灌水水平下一膜两年覆盖间作农田耗水特征及经济效益研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):744-752ZHAO C,CHAI Q,FENG F X,et al.Characteristics and economic benefits of water consumption in intercropping fields with one plastic film mulching for 2 years and different irrigation levels[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(6):744-752
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[2]TAKIM F O.Advantages of maize-cowpea intercropping over sole cropping through competition indices[J].Journal of Agriculture and Biodiversity Research,2012,1(4):53-59
[3]杨友琼,吴伯志.作物间套作种植方式间作效应研究[J].中国农学通报,2007,23(11):192-196YANG Y Q,WU B Z.Research of intercropping benefit of crop intercropping systems[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2007,23(11):192-196
[4]LI L,SUN J H,ZHANG F S,et al.Wheat/maize or wheat/soybean strip intercropping:Ⅰ.Yield advantage and interspecific interactions on nutrients[J].Field Crops Research,2001,71(2):123-137
[5]TILMAN D,CASSMAN K G,MATSON P A,et al.Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices[J].Nature,2002,418(6898):671-677
[6]肖焱波,李隆,张福锁.豆科//禾本科间作系统中氮营养研究进展[J].中国农业科技导报,2003,5(6):44-49XIAO Y B,LI L,ZHANG F S.An outlook of the complementary nitrogen nutrition in the legume//graminaceae system[J].Review of China Agricultural Science and Technology,2003,5(6):44-49
[7]高阳,段爱旺,刘祖贵,等.间作种植模式对玉米和大豆干物质积累与产量组成的影响[J].中国农学通报,2009,25(2):214-222GAO Y,DUAN A W,LIU Z G,et al.Effect of intercropping patterns on dry matter accumulation and yield components of maize and soybean[J].Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin,2009,25(2):214-222
[8]张恩和,黄高宝.间套种植复合群体根系时空分布特征[J].应用生态学报,2003,14(8):1301-1304ZHANG E H,HUANG G B.Temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the crop root in intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2003,14(8):1301-1304
[9]赵建华,孙建好,李隆,等.改变玉米行距种植对豌豆/玉米间作体系产量的影响[J].中国生态农业学报,2012,20(11):1451-1456ZHAO J H,SUN J H,LI L,et al.Effect of maize row spacing on yield of pea/maize intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2012,20(11):1451-1456
[10]刘淑梅,黄鹏,柴强,等.空间布局对玉米/豌豆种间竞争力及产量的影响[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2014,49(2):61-65LIU S M,HUANG P,CHAI Q,et al.Effect of spatial arrangement on aggressivity and grain yield of maize/pea intercropping system[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2014,49(2):61-65
[11]张训忠,李伯航.高肥力条件下夏玉米大豆间混作互补与竞争效应研究[J].中国农业科学,1987,20(2):34-42ZHANG X Z,LI B H.A study on the complementarity and competition effects induced by inter-and mixed-cropping of maize-soybean on fertile land[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinaca,1987,20(2):34-42
[12]樊志龙,陶志强,柴强,等.少耕秸秆覆盖对小麦间作玉米产量和水分利用的影响[J].灌溉排水学报,2012,31(1):109-112FAN Z L,TAO Z Q,CHAI Q,et al.Yield and water use efficiency of wheat corn intercropping with reduced tillage and wheat straw mulching[J].Journal of Irrigation and Drainage,2012,31(1):109-112
[13]高慧,朱倩,张荣,等.不同种植密度下玉米与豌豆间作对群体总产量的影响[J].应用生态学报,2016,27(11):3548-3558GAO H,ZHU Q,ZHANG R,et al.Effects of maize and pea intercropping on the total grain yield of community under different planting densities[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2016,27(11):3548-3558
[14]王利立,朱永永,殷文,等.大麦/豌豆间作系统种间竞争力及产量对地下作用和密度互作的响应[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(3):265-273WANG L L,ZHU Y Y,YIN W,et al.Competitiveness and yield response to belowground interaction and density in barleypea intercropping system[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(3):265-273
[15]赵洋,冯福学,赵财,等.绿洲灌区玉米间作豌豆的产量密植效应[J].甘肃农业大学学报,2017,52(1):37-43ZHAO Y,FENG F X,ZHAO C,et al.Yield performance of maize/pea intercropping system under high planting density in Hexi oasis irrigated area[J].Journal of Gansu Agricultural University,2017,52(1):37-43
[16]张婧,张仁陟,左小安.保护性耕作对黄土高原农田土壤理化性质的影响[J].中国沙漠,2016,36(1):137-143ZHANG J,ZHANG R Z,ZUO X A.Effects of conservative tillage on physical and chemical characteristics under a pea-wheat rotation system in the loess plateau[J].Journal of Desert Research,2016,36(1):137-143
[17]HU F L,CHAI Q,YU A Z,et al.Less carbon emissions of wheat-maize intercropping under reduced tillage in arid areas[J].Agronomy for Sustainable Development,2015,35(2):701-711
[18]殷文,冯福学,赵财,等.秸秆还田及地膜对间作农田环境效应的影响[J].农业工程学报,2016,32(S2):77-84YIN W,FENG F X,ZHAO C,et al.Effects of straw returning and plastic film mulching on environmental effect in intercropping system[J].Transactions of the CSAE,2016,32(S2):77-84
[19]谢瑞芝,李少昆,李小君,等.中国保护性耕作研究分析--保护性耕作与作物生产[J].中国农业科学,2007,40(9):1914-1924XIE R Z,LI S K,LI X J,et al.The analysis of conservation tillage in china-conservation tillage and crop production:Reviewing the evidence[J].Scientia Agricultura Sinica,2007,40(9):1914-1924
[20]何奇镜,佟培生,边少锋,等.长期少耕对玉米产量与土壤生态环境的影响(1983~2002)[J].玉米科学,2004,12(S1):99-102HE Q J,TONG P S,BIAN S F,et al.The influence of long-term minimum tillage on corn yield and soil ecological surroundings(1983-2002)[J].Journal of Maize Sciences,2004,12(S1):99-102
[21]宫秀杰,钱春荣,于洋,等.深松少耕技术对土壤物理性状及玉米产量的影响[J].黑龙江农业科学,2009,(5):32-34GONG X J,QIAN C R,YU Y,et al.Effects of subsoiling and fewer-tillage on soil physical characters and the yield[J].Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences,2009,(5):32-34
[22]MONNEVEUX P,QUILLéROU E,SANCHEZ C,et al.Effect of zero tillage and residues conservation on continuous maize cropping in a subtropical environment(Mexico)[J].Plant and Soil,2006,279(1/2):95-105
[23]章家恩,高爱霞,徐华勤,等.玉米/花生间作对土壤微生物和土壤养分状况的影响[J].应用生态学报,2009,20(7):1597-1602ZHANG J E,GAO A X,XU H Q,et al.Effects of maize/peanut intercropping on rhizosphere soil microbes and nutrient contents[J].Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology,2009,20(7):1597-1602
[24]赵财,柴强,冯福学,等.不同灌水水平下一膜两年覆盖间作农田耗水特征及经济效益研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2016,24(6):744-752ZHAO C,CHAI Q,FENG F X,et al.Characteristics and economic benefits of water consumption in intercropping fields with one plastic film mulching for 2 years and different irrigation levels[J].Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture,2016,24(6):744-752
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