自我积极表情加工优势效应:来自ERPs的证据
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摘要
基于自我加工优势和内隐积极联想理论,采用视觉搜索范式结合ERPs技术考察个体自我表情加工的特点,并进一步探讨情绪效价和身份信息对面孔加工的直接影响。结果发现:(1)搜索自我快乐表情比自我愤怒表情及两类他人表情速度更快、正确率也更高;(2)自我快乐表情对N1、N2、LPP成分的激活显著大于自我愤怒表情及两类他人表情。自我表情加工存在积极加工偏向,且这种加工优势在面孔加工早期视觉编码阶段就已出现。
It is well established in a number of studies that there is a cognitive advantage for self-related information, which is called "self-reference effect". Some researchers have found that the processing of self-related information and the processing of emotional valence information are not only independent, but also interactive. However, these previous studies lacked the investigation of how individuals processed self-related information with different emotional valence. It is difficult to reveal the interaction between self-attribute and emotional valence of stimuli. Moreover, the influence of emotional valence of self-related information on "self-processing advantage" and the cognitive processing of self-expression performs are unclear. So, we used self-expression as stimulus to investigate the processing of self-related information with different emotional valence, and to explore the interaction between self and emotion in the self-face perception process. In the present study, we adopted the visual search paradigm and the event related potential technology to investigate the processing of self-expression. We designed a 2(emotion type: happy VS angry) ×2(identity type: self VS other) within groups design. A total of 25 college students(11 males, 14 females) participated in the experiment, and 6 of the participants were eliminated because of too much artifacts in EEG. We gathered the happy and angry faces of each participant in advance, and selected other people's emotional faces from the Chinese Facial Affective Picture System. All photos were processed in a unified manner, and only the main features of the face were retained. In the visual search task, participants were asked to search the target expression and to ignore other faces in the 6 faces(1 target expression face with 5 neutral faces or 6 neutral faces). When they see the target expression, they should press the "F" as soon as possible; and if all are neutral faces, then press the "J". We record their reaction and corresponding EEG signals. Behavioral results showed that,(1) the search of self-expression is significantly faster and better than the others, and it is not influenced by the emotional valence;(2) the search of self-happy expression is significantlyfaster and better than the self-angry expression, that is, the processing advantage of self-positive expression exist. And the results of ERP showed that the N1, N2 and LPP amplitudes of self-happy expressions were greater than those of self-anger and other people's expressions. The results reflected that the processing advantage of self-positive expression began in visual coding phase of N1 composition, and there is also displayed in expression decoding stage and behavioral decision stage. It showed that the early attention to self-positive expression is faster, and the middle and later period get more attention resources. Overall, these results consistently showed that, there was a processing advantage effect of self-positive expression. According to implicit positive association theory, the self-expression with different emotional valences might have different meanings to individuals. To be detailed, the self-positive expression was related to positive attribute in self-concept, and it could promote individual cognitive processing of such stimuli. The self-negative expression was related to negative property of self-concept and it might weaken the advantages of self-processing, thereby causing individuals to slow down the processing of such stimuli.
It is well established in a number of studies that there is a cognitive advantage for self-related information, which is called "self-reference effect". Some researchers have found that the processing of self-related information and the processing of emotional valence information are not only independent, but also interactive. However, these previous studies lacked the investigation of how individuals processed self-related information with different emotional valence. It is difficult to reveal the interaction between self-attribute and emotional valence of stimuli. Moreover, the influence of emotional valence of self-related information on "self-processing advantage" and the cognitive processing of self-expression performs are unclear. So, we used self-expression as stimulus to investigate the processing of self-related information with different emotional valence, and to explore the interaction between self and emotion in the self-face perception process. In the present study, we adopted the visual search paradigm and the event related potential technology to investigate the processing of self-expression. We designed a 2(emotion type: happy VS angry) ×2(identity type: self VS other) within groups design. A total of 25 college students(11 males, 14 females) participated in the experiment, and 6 of the participants were eliminated because of too much artifacts in EEG. We gathered the happy and angry faces of each participant in advance, and selected other people's emotional faces from the Chinese Facial Affective Picture System. All photos were processed in a unified manner, and only the main features of the face were retained. In the visual search task, participants were asked to search the target expression and to ignore other faces in the 6 faces(1 target expression face with 5 neutral faces or 6 neutral faces). When they see the target expression, they should press the "F" as soon as possible; and if all are neutral faces, then press the "J". We record their reaction and corresponding EEG signals. Behavioral results showed that,(1) the search of self-expression is significantly faster and better than the others, and it is not influenced by the emotional valence;(2) the search of self-happy expression is significantlyfaster and better than the self-angry expression, that is, the processing advantage of self-positive expression exist. And the results of ERP showed that the N1, N2 and LPP amplitudes of self-happy expressions were greater than those of self-anger and other people's expressions. The results reflected that the processing advantage of self-positive expression began in visual coding phase of N1 composition, and there is also displayed in expression decoding stage and behavioral decision stage. It showed that the early attention to self-positive expression is faster, and the middle and later period get more attention resources. Overall, these results consistently showed that, there was a processing advantage effect of self-positive expression. According to implicit positive association theory, the self-expression with different emotional valences might have different meanings to individuals. To be detailed, the self-positive expression was related to positive attribute in self-concept, and it could promote individual cognitive processing of such stimuli. The self-negative expression was related to negative property of self-concept and it might weaken the advantages of self-processing, thereby causing individuals to slow down the processing of such stimuli.
引文
Bruce,V.,&Young,A.(1986).Understanding face recognition.British Journal of Psychology,77(3),305-327.
Calvo,M.G.,&Beltrán,D.(2013).Recognition advantage of happy faces:Tracing the neurocognitive processes.Neuropsychologia,51(11),2051-2061.
Calvo,M.G.,&Beltrán,D.(2014).Brain lateralization of holistic versus analytic processing of emotional facial expressions.Neuroimage,92(10),237-247.
Chen,Y.,Zhong,Y.P.,Zhou,H.B.,Zhou,L.P.,&Wang,X.Y.(2012).An ERP study on implicit self-positivity bias effect.Chinese Journal of Clinical Psycholog,20(3),297-300.[陈芸,钟毅平,周海波,周路平,王小艳.(2012).内隐自我正面偏见效应的ERP研究.中国临床心理学杂志,20(3),297-300.]
Foti,D.,Hajcak,G.,&Dien,J.(2009).Differentiating neural responses to emotional pictures:Evidence from temporalspatial PCA.Psychophysiology,46(3),521-530.
Feldmann-Wüstefeld,T.,Schmidt-Daffy,M.,&Schub?,A.(2011).Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage:Differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces.Psychophysiology,48(5),697-707.
Gong,X.,Huang,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2011).Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system.Chinese Mental Health Journal,25(1),40-46.[龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.]
Gosling,A.,&Eimer,M.(2011).An event-related brain potential study of explicit face recognition.Neuropsychologia,49(9),2736-2745.
Gratton,G.,Coles,M.G.H.,&Donchin,E.(1983).A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact.Electroencephalograghy&Clinical Neurophyiology,55(4),468-484.
Guan,L.L.,Qi,M.M.,Zhang,Q.L.,&Yang,J.(2014).The neural basis of self-face recognition after self-concept threat and comparison with important others.Social Neuroscience,9(4),424-435.
Guan,L.L.,Zhang,Q.L.,Qi,M.M.,Yan,H.,&Yang,J.(2012).Self-concept threat and comparison with important others weaken self-face advantage altogether.Acta Psychologica Sinica,44(6),789-796.[关丽丽,张庆林,齐铭铭,侯燕,杨娟.(2012).自我概念威胁以及与重要他人的比较共同削弱自我面孔优势效应.心理学报,44(6),789-796.]
Han,S.H.,&Zhang,Y.F.(2012).A cultural neuroscience approach to self-concept representation.Advances in Psychological Science,20(5),633-640.[韩世辉,张逸凡.(2012).自我概念心理表征的文化神经科学研究.心理科学进展,20(5),633-640.]
Hoefler,A.,Athenstaedt,U.,Corcoran,K.,Ebner,F.,&Ischebeck,A.(2015).Coping with self-threat and the evaluation of self-related traits:An fMRI study.PLoS ONE,10(9),e0136027.
Kim,H.(2012).A dual-subsystem model of the brain's default network:Self-referential processing,memory retrieval processes,and autobiographical memory retrieval.Neuroimage,61(4),966-977.
Ma,Y.N.,&Han,S.H.(2010).Why we respond faster to the self than to others?An implicit positive association theory of self-advantage during implicit face recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36(3),619-633.
Pavel,F.A.,&Iord?nescu,E.(2012).The influence of facial expressions on recognition performance in facial identity.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,33,548-552.
Rellecke,J.,Sommer,W.,&Schacht,A.(2012).Does processing of emotional facial expressions depend on intention?Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials.Biological Psychology,90(1),23-32.
Sui,J.,Zhu,Y.,&Han,S.H.(2006).Self-face recognition in attended and unattended conditions:An event-related brain potential study.Neuroreport,17(4),423-427.
Tong,F.,&Nakayama,K.(1999).Robust representations for faces:Evidence from visual search.Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance,25(4),1016-1035.
Verosky,S.C.,&Todorov,A.(2010).Differential neural responses to faces physically similar to the self as a function of their valence.Neuroimage,49(2),1690-1698.
Wang,L.Y.,Zhang,M.,&Sui,J.(2011).Self-face advantage benefits from a visual self-reference frame.Acta Psychologica Sinica,43(5),494-499.[王凌云,张明,隋洁.(2011).自我参照框架决定了自我面孔优势效应的出现.心理学报,43(5),494-499.]
Wang,Y.M.,&Fu,X.L.(2007).Effect of discriminability on interference between facial expression and facial identity recognition.Acta Psychologica Sinica,39(2),191-200.[汪亚珉,傅小兰.(2007).区分度在面部表情与面孔身份识别交互中的作用.心理学报,39(2),191-200.]
Watson,L.A.,Dritschel,B.,Obonsawin,M.C.,&Jentzsch,I.(2007).Seeing yourself in a positive light:Brain correlates of the self-positivity bias.Brain Research,1152,106-110.
Wu,B.X.,Zhang,Z.J.,&Sun,Y.S.(2015).Facial Familiarity Modulates the Interaction between Facial Gender and Emotional Expression.Acta Psychologica Sinica,47(10),1201-1212.[吴彬星,张智君,孙雨生.(2015).面孔熟悉度对面孔性别与表情相互作用的调节.心理学报,47(10),1201-1212.]
Xia,M.,Li,X.L.,Ye,C.,&Li,H.(2014).The ERPs for the facial expression processing.Advances in Psychological Science,22(10),1556-1563.[侠牧,李雪榴,叶春,李红.(2014).面部表情加工的ERP成分.心理科学进展,22(10),1556-1563.]
Xu,X.Y.,&Gao,X.P.(2017).Self-threat Stimuli Capture Attention:Evidence from Inhibition of Return.Journal of Psychological Science,40(2),296-302.[徐欣颖,高湘萍.(2017).自我威胁刺激对返回抑制的影响.心理科学,40(2),296-302.]
Yun,J.Y.,Hur,J.W.,Jung,W.H.,Jang,J.H.,Youn,T.,Kang,D.-H.,…Kwon,J.S.(2014).Dysfunctional role of parietal lobe during self-face recognition in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research,152(1),81-88.
Zhong,Y.P.,Chen,Y.,Zhou,L.P.,&Zhou,H.B.(2010).An ERP study on self-positivity bias.Journal of Psychological Science,33(3),560-563.[钟毅平,陈芸,周路平,周海波.(2010).自我正面偏见的ERP研究.心理科学,33(3),560-563.]
Zhong,Y.P.,Li,J.,Zhan,Y.L.,Fan,W.,&Yang,Z.L.(2016).Rotated self-face recognition:Evidence from ERPs.Acta Psychologica Sinica,48(11),1379-1389.[钟毅平,李琎,占友龙,范伟,杨子鹿.(2016).自我旋转面孔识别的ERPs研究.心理学报,48(11),1379-1389.]
Zhou,Y.L.,Hu,S.J.,Cai,J.Y.,Hu,Z.G.,&Liu,H.Y.(2016).Modulation effect of emotional state on self-positivity bias.Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,24(2),196-199.[周一琳,胡少军,蔡佳烨,胡治国,刘宏艳.(2016).情绪状态对积极自我偏向的调节.中国临床心理学杂志,24(2),196-199.]
Calvo,M.G.,&Beltrán,D.(2013).Recognition advantage of happy faces:Tracing the neurocognitive processes.Neuropsychologia,51(11),2051-2061.
Calvo,M.G.,&Beltrán,D.(2014).Brain lateralization of holistic versus analytic processing of emotional facial expressions.Neuroimage,92(10),237-247.
Chen,Y.,Zhong,Y.P.,Zhou,H.B.,Zhou,L.P.,&Wang,X.Y.(2012).An ERP study on implicit self-positivity bias effect.Chinese Journal of Clinical Psycholog,20(3),297-300.[陈芸,钟毅平,周海波,周路平,王小艳.(2012).内隐自我正面偏见效应的ERP研究.中国临床心理学杂志,20(3),297-300.]
Foti,D.,Hajcak,G.,&Dien,J.(2009).Differentiating neural responses to emotional pictures:Evidence from temporalspatial PCA.Psychophysiology,46(3),521-530.
Feldmann-Wüstefeld,T.,Schmidt-Daffy,M.,&Schub?,A.(2011).Neural evidence for the threat detection advantage:Differential attention allocation to angry and happy faces.Psychophysiology,48(5),697-707.
Gong,X.,Huang,Y.X.,Wang,Y.,&Luo,Y.J.(2011).Revision of the Chinese facial affective picture system.Chinese Mental Health Journal,25(1),40-46.[龚栩,黄宇霞,王妍,罗跃嘉.(2011).中国面孔表情图片系统的修订.中国心理卫生杂志,25(1),40-46.]
Gosling,A.,&Eimer,M.(2011).An event-related brain potential study of explicit face recognition.Neuropsychologia,49(9),2736-2745.
Gratton,G.,Coles,M.G.H.,&Donchin,E.(1983).A new method for off-line removal of ocular artifact.Electroencephalograghy&Clinical Neurophyiology,55(4),468-484.
Guan,L.L.,Qi,M.M.,Zhang,Q.L.,&Yang,J.(2014).The neural basis of self-face recognition after self-concept threat and comparison with important others.Social Neuroscience,9(4),424-435.
Guan,L.L.,Zhang,Q.L.,Qi,M.M.,Yan,H.,&Yang,J.(2012).Self-concept threat and comparison with important others weaken self-face advantage altogether.Acta Psychologica Sinica,44(6),789-796.[关丽丽,张庆林,齐铭铭,侯燕,杨娟.(2012).自我概念威胁以及与重要他人的比较共同削弱自我面孔优势效应.心理学报,44(6),789-796.]
Han,S.H.,&Zhang,Y.F.(2012).A cultural neuroscience approach to self-concept representation.Advances in Psychological Science,20(5),633-640.[韩世辉,张逸凡.(2012).自我概念心理表征的文化神经科学研究.心理科学进展,20(5),633-640.]
Hoefler,A.,Athenstaedt,U.,Corcoran,K.,Ebner,F.,&Ischebeck,A.(2015).Coping with self-threat and the evaluation of self-related traits:An fMRI study.PLoS ONE,10(9),e0136027.
Kim,H.(2012).A dual-subsystem model of the brain's default network:Self-referential processing,memory retrieval processes,and autobiographical memory retrieval.Neuroimage,61(4),966-977.
Ma,Y.N.,&Han,S.H.(2010).Why we respond faster to the self than to others?An implicit positive association theory of self-advantage during implicit face recognition.Journal of Experimental Psychology:Human Perception and Performance,36(3),619-633.
Pavel,F.A.,&Iord?nescu,E.(2012).The influence of facial expressions on recognition performance in facial identity.Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences,33,548-552.
Rellecke,J.,Sommer,W.,&Schacht,A.(2012).Does processing of emotional facial expressions depend on intention?Time-resolved evidence from event-related brain potentials.Biological Psychology,90(1),23-32.
Sui,J.,Zhu,Y.,&Han,S.H.(2006).Self-face recognition in attended and unattended conditions:An event-related brain potential study.Neuroreport,17(4),423-427.
Tong,F.,&Nakayama,K.(1999).Robust representations for faces:Evidence from visual search.Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception and Performance,25(4),1016-1035.
Verosky,S.C.,&Todorov,A.(2010).Differential neural responses to faces physically similar to the self as a function of their valence.Neuroimage,49(2),1690-1698.
Wang,L.Y.,Zhang,M.,&Sui,J.(2011).Self-face advantage benefits from a visual self-reference frame.Acta Psychologica Sinica,43(5),494-499.[王凌云,张明,隋洁.(2011).自我参照框架决定了自我面孔优势效应的出现.心理学报,43(5),494-499.]
Wang,Y.M.,&Fu,X.L.(2007).Effect of discriminability on interference between facial expression and facial identity recognition.Acta Psychologica Sinica,39(2),191-200.[汪亚珉,傅小兰.(2007).区分度在面部表情与面孔身份识别交互中的作用.心理学报,39(2),191-200.]
Watson,L.A.,Dritschel,B.,Obonsawin,M.C.,&Jentzsch,I.(2007).Seeing yourself in a positive light:Brain correlates of the self-positivity bias.Brain Research,1152,106-110.
Wu,B.X.,Zhang,Z.J.,&Sun,Y.S.(2015).Facial Familiarity Modulates the Interaction between Facial Gender and Emotional Expression.Acta Psychologica Sinica,47(10),1201-1212.[吴彬星,张智君,孙雨生.(2015).面孔熟悉度对面孔性别与表情相互作用的调节.心理学报,47(10),1201-1212.]
Xia,M.,Li,X.L.,Ye,C.,&Li,H.(2014).The ERPs for the facial expression processing.Advances in Psychological Science,22(10),1556-1563.[侠牧,李雪榴,叶春,李红.(2014).面部表情加工的ERP成分.心理科学进展,22(10),1556-1563.]
Xu,X.Y.,&Gao,X.P.(2017).Self-threat Stimuli Capture Attention:Evidence from Inhibition of Return.Journal of Psychological Science,40(2),296-302.[徐欣颖,高湘萍.(2017).自我威胁刺激对返回抑制的影响.心理科学,40(2),296-302.]
Yun,J.Y.,Hur,J.W.,Jung,W.H.,Jang,J.H.,Youn,T.,Kang,D.-H.,…Kwon,J.S.(2014).Dysfunctional role of parietal lobe during self-face recognition in schizophrenia.Schizophrenia Research,152(1),81-88.
Zhong,Y.P.,Chen,Y.,Zhou,L.P.,&Zhou,H.B.(2010).An ERP study on self-positivity bias.Journal of Psychological Science,33(3),560-563.[钟毅平,陈芸,周路平,周海波.(2010).自我正面偏见的ERP研究.心理科学,33(3),560-563.]
Zhong,Y.P.,Li,J.,Zhan,Y.L.,Fan,W.,&Yang,Z.L.(2016).Rotated self-face recognition:Evidence from ERPs.Acta Psychologica Sinica,48(11),1379-1389.[钟毅平,李琎,占友龙,范伟,杨子鹿.(2016).自我旋转面孔识别的ERPs研究.心理学报,48(11),1379-1389.]
Zhou,Y.L.,Hu,S.J.,Cai,J.Y.,Hu,Z.G.,&Liu,H.Y.(2016).Modulation effect of emotional state on self-positivity bias.Chinese Journal of Clinical Psychology,24(2),196-199.[周一琳,胡少军,蔡佳烨,胡治国,刘宏艳.(2016).情绪状态对积极自我偏向的调节.中国临床心理学杂志,24(2),196-199.]