基于纳米压痕的页岩微观力学性质分析
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摘要
通过引入纳米压痕技术研究了川南龙马溪组页岩的微观力学性质。定量化研究了页岩脆性颗粒和有机粘土复合体以及不同纹层的弹性模量和硬度,分析了影响其微观力学性质的主控因素。研究结果表明:页岩中不同矿物、不同纹层之间的力学性质差异较大,其微观力学性质的差异性来自于自身的成分、构造以及强烈的非均质性。其中脆性矿物颗粒的弹性模量和硬度最大,有机质粘土复合体颗粒的最小;纹层的力学性质介于两种颗粒之间,富含碎屑颗粒的纹层要高于富含粘土颗粒的纹层;页岩中矿物颗粒的弹性模量与硬度之间存在正相关性,而纹层的弹性模量随硬度的增大呈非线性增大。影响页岩力学性质的因素可分为两类,分别是软组份和硬组份两类,弹性模量和硬度与软组份之间存在负相关性,与硬组份呈正相关。
The microscopic mechanical properties of shale taken from Wufeng formation and Longmaxi formation in south Sichuan area were studied by introducing nano-indentation technique.The elastic modulus and hardness of shale brittle particle,organo-clay complex and different bedding planes were quantitatively studied.The main controlling factors affecting their micromechanical properties were analyzed.Study results show that there are great differences in mechanical properties among different minerals and bedding planes in shale.The difference of micromechanical properties comes from their own composition,structure and strong heterogeneity.Among them,the elastic modulus and hardness of brittle mineral particles are the largest,and that of organic-clay complex particles are the smallest,the mechanical properties of bedding planes are between two kinds of particles,and elastic modulus and hardness of bedding planes rich in clastic particles are higher than that of rich in clay particles.There is a positive correlation between elastic modulus and hardness of mineral particles in shale,but the elastic modulus of bedding planes increases nonlinearly with the increase of hardness.The factors affecting the mechanical properties of shale can be divided into two categories:soft component and hard component. There is a negative correlation among elastic modulus,hardness and soft component,and a positive correlation among elastic modulus,hardness and hard component.
The microscopic mechanical properties of shale taken from Wufeng formation and Longmaxi formation in south Sichuan area were studied by introducing nano-indentation technique.The elastic modulus and hardness of shale brittle particle,organo-clay complex and different bedding planes were quantitatively studied.The main controlling factors affecting their micromechanical properties were analyzed.Study results show that there are great differences in mechanical properties among different minerals and bedding planes in shale.The difference of micromechanical properties comes from their own composition,structure and strong heterogeneity.Among them,the elastic modulus and hardness of brittle mineral particles are the largest,and that of organic-clay complex particles are the smallest,the mechanical properties of bedding planes are between two kinds of particles,and elastic modulus and hardness of bedding planes rich in clastic particles are higher than that of rich in clay particles.There is a positive correlation between elastic modulus and hardness of mineral particles in shale,but the elastic modulus of bedding planes increases nonlinearly with the increase of hardness.The factors affecting the mechanical properties of shale can be divided into two categories:soft component and hard component. There is a negative correlation among elastic modulus,hardness and soft component,and a positive correlation among elastic modulus,hardness and hard component.
引文
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[14]肖革胜,杨雪霞,袁国政,等.基于纳米压痕法无铅焊锡连接各层材料力学性能的研究[J].实验力学,2013,28(1):56-62(XIAO Gesheng,YANG Xuexia,YUAN Guozheng,et al.On the mechanical properties of lead-free solder joints based on nanoindentation[J].Journal of Experimental Mechanics,2013,28(1):56-62(in Chinese))
[15]Oliver W C,Pharr G M.An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments[J].Journal of Materials Research,1992,7(6):1564-1583.
[16]Oliver W C,Pharr G M.Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation:Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology[J].Journal of Materials Research,2004,19(1):3-20.
[17]Moshe E,Simon E,Ruarri J.Day-Stirrat,et al.Mechanical properties of organic matter in shales mapped at the nanometer scale[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,59:294-304.
[18]Kane C Bennett,Lucas A Berla,William D Nix,et al.Instrumented nanoindentation and 3Dmechanistic modeling of a shale at multiple scales[J].Acta Geotechnica,2015,10(1):1-14.
[19]Kumar V,Curtis M,Gupta N,et al.Estimation of elastic properties of organic matter and Woodford shale through nanoindentation measurements[M].Canada:SPE Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference,2012.
[20]Bobko C P,Ulm F J.The nano-mechanical morphology of shale[J].Mechanics of Materials,2008,40(4):318-337.
[21]Ulm F J,Abousleiman Y N.The nanogranular nature of shale[J].Acta Geotechnica,2006,1(2):77-88.
[22]Ortega J A,Gathier B,Ulm F J.Homogenization of cohesive-frictional strength properties of porous composites:Linear comparison composite approach[J].Journal of Nanomechanics&Micromechanics,2011,1(1):11-23.
[23]Delafargue A.Material invariant properties of shales:nanoindentation and microporoelastic analysis(Master Thesis)[D].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2005.
[24]Gathier B.Multiscale strength homogenization-application to shale nanoindentation(Master Thesis)[D].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2008.
[25]Alstadt K N,Katti K S,Katti D R.Nanoscale morphology of kerogen and in situ nanomechanical properties of green river oil shale[J].Journal of Nanomechanics&Micromechanics,2016,6(1):04015003.
[26]Shukla P,Kumar V,Curtis M,et al.Nanoindentation studies on shales[D].American Rock Mechanics Association,2013.
[27]Bao Y W,Wang W,Zhou Y C.Investigation of the relationship between elastic modulus and hardness based on depth-sensing indentation measurements[J].Acta Materialia,2004,52:5397-5404.
[28]Zargari S,Prasad M,Mba K C,et al.Organic maturity,elastic properties,and textural characteristics of self resourcing reservoirs[J].Geophysics,2013,78:D223-D235.
[29]Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.The rock physics handbook[M].Cambridge University Press,2009:511.
[30]Timms N E,Healy D,Reyes-Montes J M,et al.Effects of crystallographic anisotropy on fracture development and acoustic emission in quartz[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,2010,115(B7):1-19.
[31]Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C.Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(6):1071-1098.
[32]Curtis M E,Ambrose R J,Sondergeld C H,et al.Structural characterization of gas shales on the micro-and nanoscales[J].Canada:Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference,2010.
[33]GB/T 2248-2008,仪器化纳米压入试验方法通则[S].北京:全国纳米技术标准化技术委员会,2009.
[34]ISO 14577-1:2002,Metallic materials-instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters-Part1:test method[S].British Standards Institution,2002.
[2]邹才能,陶士振,侯连华,等.非常规油气地质[M].北京:地质出版社,2011:128-150(ZOU Caineng,TAOShizhen,HOU Lianhua,et al.Unconventional petroleum geology[M].Beijing:Higher Education Press,2011:128-150(in Chinese))
[3]Cho J W,Kim H,Jeon S,et al.Deformation and strength anisotropy of Asan gneiss,Boryeong shale,and Yeoncheon schist[J].International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences,2012,50(1):158-169.
[4]吕志清,杨肖,魏建新.页岩各向异性的全光学检测[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2015,45:084208(LVZHIQING,Yang XIAO,Wei Jianxin.Non-contact measurement of the anisotropy in shale with all-optical detection[J].SCIENTIA SINICA Physica,Mechanica&Astronomica,2015,45:084208(in Chinese))
[5]谢和平,高峰,鞠杨,等.页岩气储层改造的体破裂理论与技术构想[J].科学通报,2016,61(1):36-46(XIEHEPING,GAO Feng,JU Yang,et al.Novel idea of the theory and application of 3Dvolume fracturing for stimulation of shale gas reservoirs[J].Chinese Science Bulletin,2016,61(1):36-46(in Chinese))
[6]White J A.Anisotropic damage of rock joints during cyclic loading:constitutive framework and numerical integration[J].International Journal for Numerical&Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2014,38(10):1036-1057.
[7]姚军,孙海,黄朝琴,等.页岩气藏开发中的关键力学问题[J].中国科学:物理学力学天文学,2013,43:1527-1547(YAO Jun,SUN Hai,HUANG Zhaoqin,et al.Key mechanical problems in the developmentof shale gas reservoirs[J].SCIENTIA SINICA Physica,Mechanica&Astronomica,2013,43:1527-1547(in Chinese))
[8]Ba6ant Z P,Salviato M,Chau V T,et al.Why fracking works[J].Journal of Applied Mechanics,2014,81:101010.
[9]Arson C,Pereira J M.Influence of damage on pore size distribution and permeability of rocks[J].International Journal for Numerical&Analytical Methods in Geomechanics,2013,37(8):810-831.
[10]Abousleiman Y,Tran M,Hoang S,et al.Geomechanics field characterization of Woodford shale:the next gas play[C]//In:Proceedings-SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition,Anaheim,California,USA,2007.
[11]Priyavrat S,Vikas K,Mark C,et al.Nanoindentation studies on shales[C].The 47th US Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium,2013.
[12]Vikas K,Carl S,Chandra S R.Effect of mineralogy and organic matter on mechanical properties of shale[J].Interpretation,2015,3(3):SV9-SV15.
[13]韩月涛,李秋,富东慧.纳米压痕残余应力场拉曼光谱实验研究[J].实验力学,2015,30(1):1-8(HANYuetao,LI Qiu,FU Donghui.Experimental study of Raman spectroscopy on nano-indentation residual stress field[J].Journal of Experimental Mechanics,2015,30(1):1-8(in Chinese))
[14]肖革胜,杨雪霞,袁国政,等.基于纳米压痕法无铅焊锡连接各层材料力学性能的研究[J].实验力学,2013,28(1):56-62(XIAO Gesheng,YANG Xuexia,YUAN Guozheng,et al.On the mechanical properties of lead-free solder joints based on nanoindentation[J].Journal of Experimental Mechanics,2013,28(1):56-62(in Chinese))
[15]Oliver W C,Pharr G M.An improved technique for determining hardness and elastic modulus using load and displacement sensing indentation experiments[J].Journal of Materials Research,1992,7(6):1564-1583.
[16]Oliver W C,Pharr G M.Measurement of hardness and elastic modulus by instrumented indentation:Advances in understanding and refinements to methodology[J].Journal of Materials Research,2004,19(1):3-20.
[17]Moshe E,Simon E,Ruarri J.Day-Stirrat,et al.Mechanical properties of organic matter in shales mapped at the nanometer scale[J].Marine and Petroleum Geology,2015,59:294-304.
[18]Kane C Bennett,Lucas A Berla,William D Nix,et al.Instrumented nanoindentation and 3Dmechanistic modeling of a shale at multiple scales[J].Acta Geotechnica,2015,10(1):1-14.
[19]Kumar V,Curtis M,Gupta N,et al.Estimation of elastic properties of organic matter and Woodford shale through nanoindentation measurements[M].Canada:SPE Canadian Unconventional Resources Conference,2012.
[20]Bobko C P,Ulm F J.The nano-mechanical morphology of shale[J].Mechanics of Materials,2008,40(4):318-337.
[21]Ulm F J,Abousleiman Y N.The nanogranular nature of shale[J].Acta Geotechnica,2006,1(2):77-88.
[22]Ortega J A,Gathier B,Ulm F J.Homogenization of cohesive-frictional strength properties of porous composites:Linear comparison composite approach[J].Journal of Nanomechanics&Micromechanics,2011,1(1):11-23.
[23]Delafargue A.Material invariant properties of shales:nanoindentation and microporoelastic analysis(Master Thesis)[D].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2005.
[24]Gathier B.Multiscale strength homogenization-application to shale nanoindentation(Master Thesis)[D].Massachusetts Institute of Technology,2008.
[25]Alstadt K N,Katti K S,Katti D R.Nanoscale morphology of kerogen and in situ nanomechanical properties of green river oil shale[J].Journal of Nanomechanics&Micromechanics,2016,6(1):04015003.
[26]Shukla P,Kumar V,Curtis M,et al.Nanoindentation studies on shales[D].American Rock Mechanics Association,2013.
[27]Bao Y W,Wang W,Zhou Y C.Investigation of the relationship between elastic modulus and hardness based on depth-sensing indentation measurements[J].Acta Materialia,2004,52:5397-5404.
[28]Zargari S,Prasad M,Mba K C,et al.Organic maturity,elastic properties,and textural characteristics of self resourcing reservoirs[J].Geophysics,2013,78:D223-D235.
[29]Mavko G,Mukerji T,Dvorkin J.The rock physics handbook[M].Cambridge University Press,2009:511.
[30]Timms N E,Healy D,Reyes-Montes J M,et al.Effects of crystallographic anisotropy on fracture development and acoustic emission in quartz[J].Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth,2010,115(B7):1-19.
[31]Loucks R G,Reed R M,Ruppel S C.Spectrum of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive classification for matrix-related mudrock pores[J].AAPG Bulletin,2012,96(6):1071-1098.
[32]Curtis M E,Ambrose R J,Sondergeld C H,et al.Structural characterization of gas shales on the micro-and nanoscales[J].Canada:Canadian Unconventional Resources and International Petroleum Conference,2010.
[33]GB/T 2248-2008,仪器化纳米压入试验方法通则[S].北京:全国纳米技术标准化技术委员会,2009.
[34]ISO 14577-1:2002,Metallic materials-instrumented indentation test for hardness and materials parameters-Part1:test method[S].British Standards Institution,2002.