关联理论视域下的隐喻研究:问题与展望
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摘要
在隐喻认知研究中,关联理论(Relevance Theory, RT)的隐喻观独树一帜。以Sperber和Wilson为代表的经典RT把隐喻义归于隐义,而以Carston为代表的新RT则认为隐喻义属于显义。RT的隐喻研究范式在涌现特征、循环论证、隐喻动因、与其他理论整合性、实证研究、语料多样性等方面面临很多问题与挑战。对这些问题和挑战进行梳理分析,并对将来的发展趋势做出展望,将有助于促进RT范式下隐喻研究的融合与深入。
In cognitive approaches to metaphor, the framework of Relevance Theory(RT) has been attracting more and more scholarly attention. Classic RT argues that metaphors are used to convey a series of strong or weak implicatures, while new RT holds that metaphoric meaning should be attributed to explicatures. This paper points out that the research on metaphor under the framework of RT faces many controversies and challenges concerning issues such as the emergent issue, the circular issue in methodology, the motivation of metaphor, the compatibility with other research theories, empirical studies, and the diversity of data. The paper also presents possible developments in this field in the future.
In cognitive approaches to metaphor, the framework of Relevance Theory(RT) has been attracting more and more scholarly attention. Classic RT argues that metaphors are used to convey a series of strong or weak implicatures, while new RT holds that metaphoric meaning should be attributed to explicatures. This paper points out that the research on metaphor under the framework of RT faces many controversies and challenges concerning issues such as the emergent issue, the circular issue in methodology, the motivation of metaphor, the compatibility with other research theories, empirical studies, and the diversity of data. The paper also presents possible developments in this field in the future.
引文
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范振强.《隐喻中的语境和连接》介评[J].现代外语,2009(2).‖Fan,Z.-Q.Review of Context and Connection in Metaphor[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2009(2).
范振强.关联理论视域下隐喻的感受意:兼论心智哲学和关联理论的互补性[J].天津外国语大学学报,2015(4).‖Fan,Z.-Q.Qualia of Metaphor Within Relevance Theory:The Complementarity Between Philosophy of Mind and Relevance Theory[J].Journal of Tianjin Foreign Studies University,2015(4).
王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.‖Wang,Y.Cognitive Linguistics[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2007.
徐盛桓陈香兰.感受质与感受意[J].现代外语,2010(4).‖Xu,S.-H.,Chen,X.-L.Qualia and Quale-sense[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2010(4).
Barnden,J.Metaphor,Simile and the Exaggeration of Likeness[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
Barsalou,L.W.Ad Hoc Categories[J].Memory and Cognition,1983(11).
Carston,R.Thoughts and Utterances:The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2002.
Carston,R.Metaphor:Ad Hoc Concepts,Literal Meaning and Mental Images[J].Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,2010(3).
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Clark,B.Relevance Theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
Dunn,J.Three Types of Metaphoric Utterances That Can Synthesize Theories of Metaphor[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
El Refaie,E.Reconsidering “Image Metaphor” in the Light of Perceptual Simulation Theory[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
Fauconnier,G.Comments on Deirdre Wilson's Paper “Parallels and Differences...”[J].Intercultural Pragmatics,2012(1).
Fernández,P.,Wearing,C.,Carston,R.Metaphor and Hyperbole:Testing the Continuity Hypothesis[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
Gerrig,R.The Time Course of Sense Creation[J].Memory & Cognition,1989(2).
Gibbs,R.The Poetics of Mind:Figurative Thought,Language,and Understanding[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1994.
Gibbs,R.,Tendahl,M.Cognitive Effort and Effects in Me-taphor Comprehension:Relevance Theory and Psycholinguistics[J].Mind & Language,2006(3).
Gibbs,R.,Tendahl,M.Coupling of Metaphoric Cognition and Communication:A Reply to Wilson[J].Intercultu-ral Pragmatics,2011(8).
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:Chicago University Press,1980.
Levinson,S.C.Pragmatics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
Noveck,I.A.,Bianco,M.,Castry,A.The Costs and Benefits of Metaphor[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2001(1-2).
Pilkington,A.Poetic Effects:A Relevance Theory Perspective[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2000.
Ritchie,L.D.Metaphor[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
Searle,J.R.Metaphor[A].In:Ortony,A.(Ed.),Metaphor and Thought[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
Sperber,D.,Wilson,D.Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1995.
Sperber,D.,Wilson,D.Meaning and Relevance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012.
Tendahl,M.A Hybrid Theory of Metaphor:Relevance Theory and Cognitive Linguistics[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
Tseng,M.In Defense of Complementary Perspectives on Metaphor:A Lesson from the East[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2014(3).
Vega Moreno,R.E.Creativity and Convention:The Pragmatics of Everyday Figurative Speech[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2007.
Wilson,D.,Carston,R.Metaphor,Relevance and the ‘Emergent Property' Issue[A].In:Hanks,P.,Giora,R.(Eds.),Metaphor and Figurative Language[C].London:Routledge,2012.
陈新仁.新认知语用学——认知语言学视野中的认知语用研究[J].外语学刊,2011(9).‖Chen,X.-R.Neo-cognitive Pragmatics:Cognitive Pragmatic Research from the Perspective of Cognitive Pragmatics[J].Foreign Language Research,2011(9).
范振强.《隐喻中的语境和连接》介评[J].现代外语,2009(2).‖Fan,Z.-Q.Review of Context and Connection in Metaphor[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2009(2).
范振强.关联理论视域下隐喻的感受意:兼论心智哲学和关联理论的互补性[J].天津外国语大学学报,2015(4).‖Fan,Z.-Q.Qualia of Metaphor Within Relevance Theory:The Complementarity Between Philosophy of Mind and Relevance Theory[J].Journal of Tianjin Foreign Studies University,2015(4).
王寅.认知语言学[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,2007.‖Wang,Y.Cognitive Linguistics[M].Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,2007.
徐盛桓陈香兰.感受质与感受意[J].现代外语,2010(4).‖Xu,S.-H.,Chen,X.-L.Qualia and Quale-sense[J].Modern Foreign Languages,2010(4).
Barnden,J.Metaphor,Simile and the Exaggeration of Likeness[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
Barsalou,L.W.Ad Hoc Categories[J].Memory and Cognition,1983(11).
Carston,R.Thoughts and Utterances:The Pragmatics of Explicit Communication[M].Oxford:Blackwell,2002.
Carston,R.Metaphor:Ad Hoc Concepts,Literal Meaning and Mental Images[J].Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,2010(3).
Carston,R.Metaphor,Ad Hoc Concepts,and Word Mea-ning:More Questions than Answers[A].In:Hanks,P.,Giora,R.(Eds.),Metaphor and Figurative Language[C].London:Routledge,2012.
Clark,B.Relevance Theory[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
Dunn,J.Three Types of Metaphoric Utterances That Can Synthesize Theories of Metaphor[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
El Refaie,E.Reconsidering “Image Metaphor” in the Light of Perceptual Simulation Theory[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
Fauconnier,G.Comments on Deirdre Wilson's Paper “Parallels and Differences...”[J].Intercultural Pragmatics,2012(1).
Fernández,P.,Wearing,C.,Carston,R.Metaphor and Hyperbole:Testing the Continuity Hypothesis[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2015(1).
Gerrig,R.The Time Course of Sense Creation[J].Memory & Cognition,1989(2).
Gibbs,R.The Poetics of Mind:Figurative Thought,Language,and Understanding[M].New York:Cambridge University Press,1994.
Gibbs,R.,Tendahl,M.Cognitive Effort and Effects in Me-taphor Comprehension:Relevance Theory and Psycholinguistics[J].Mind & Language,2006(3).
Gibbs,R.,Tendahl,M.Coupling of Metaphoric Cognition and Communication:A Reply to Wilson[J].Intercultu-ral Pragmatics,2011(8).
Lakoff,G.,Johnson,M.Metaphors We Live By[M].Chicago:Chicago University Press,1980.
Levinson,S.C.Pragmatics[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1983.
Noveck,I.A.,Bianco,M.,Castry,A.The Costs and Benefits of Metaphor[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2001(1-2).
Pilkington,A.Poetic Effects:A Relevance Theory Perspective[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2000.
Ritchie,L.D.Metaphor[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2013.
Searle,J.R.Metaphor[A].In:Ortony,A.(Ed.),Metaphor and Thought[C].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,1979.
Sperber,D.,Wilson,D.Relevance:Communication and Cognition[M].Oxford:Blackwell,1995.
Sperber,D.,Wilson,D.Meaning and Relevance[M].Cambridge:Cambridge University Press,2012.
Tendahl,M.A Hybrid Theory of Metaphor:Relevance Theory and Cognitive Linguistics[M].New York:Palgrave Macmillan,2009.
Tseng,M.In Defense of Complementary Perspectives on Metaphor:A Lesson from the East[J].Metaphor and Symbol,2014(3).
Vega Moreno,R.E.Creativity and Convention:The Pragmatics of Everyday Figurative Speech[M].Amsterdam:John Benjamins,2007.
Wilson,D.,Carston,R.Metaphor,Relevance and the ‘Emergent Property' Issue[A].In:Hanks,P.,Giora,R.(Eds.),Metaphor and Figurative Language[C].London:Routledge,2012.