口腔液体应用于毒品检测的研究进展
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摘要
在临床和法医毒理学领域中,口腔液体是一种可供选择的检测样本。随着对口腔液体及血液中毒品浓度关系理解的深化,以及采样方法、检测方法的进步,运用口腔液体检测毒品的滥用情况成为了目前较为热门的研究课题。本文从口腔液体的相关常识入手,首先引出口腔液体中毒品浓度和血液中毒品浓度的关系;接着又介绍了在进行毒品检测时,口腔液体样品的采样方法和注意细节,形成了一套比较完整的采样模式;最后,文章根据文献报道,介绍了气质联用法(Gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy,GC/MS)和液质联用法(Liquid chromatography、mass spectroscopy,LC/MS)这两种方法的检测流程以及仪器分析参数,供法庭科学工作者和科研人员参考借鉴。
Oral fluid is one of the popular options that could be used as testing specimen in the field of clinical medicine and forensic toxicology. During the last decade,we had achieved deeper understanding of the concentration relationship between drug detected in oral fluid and in plasma; both of sampling methods as well as analysis methods had been remarkably improved. Therefore,detection of abused drug based on oral fluid had attracted great attention in the practical field. In this paper,we introduced the basic knowledge of oral fluid,explained deeply the concentration relationship between the drug detected in oral fluid and in plasma,discussed the sampling method when oral fluid was used as specimen for abused drug detection,and summarized an GC / MS method as well as an LC / MS method for routine analysis of abused drug from oral fluid,in order to provide more information for the forensic scientists as well as researchers in the field of forensic toxicology.
Oral fluid is one of the popular options that could be used as testing specimen in the field of clinical medicine and forensic toxicology. During the last decade,we had achieved deeper understanding of the concentration relationship between drug detected in oral fluid and in plasma; both of sampling methods as well as analysis methods had been remarkably improved. Therefore,detection of abused drug based on oral fluid had attracted great attention in the practical field. In this paper,we introduced the basic knowledge of oral fluid,explained deeply the concentration relationship between the drug detected in oral fluid and in plasma,discussed the sampling method when oral fluid was used as specimen for abused drug detection,and summarized an GC / MS method as well as an LC / MS method for routine analysis of abused drug from oral fluid,in order to provide more information for the forensic scientists as well as researchers in the field of forensic toxicology.
引文
[1]WilleS MR,RaesE,LillsundeP,et al.Relationship Between Oral Fluid and Blood Concentrations of Drugs of Abuse in Drivers Suspected of Driving Under the Influence of Drugs[J].Therapeutic Drug Monitoring,2009,31(4):511-519.
[2]Langel K,Gunnar T,Ariniemi K,et al.A validated method for the detection and quantitation of 50 drugs of abuse and medicinal drugs in oral fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography.B,2011,879(13):859-870.
[3]Pehrsson A,Blencowe T,Vimpari K,et al.An evaluation of onsite oral fluid drug screening devices DrugW ipe 5+and Rapid STAT using oral fluid for confirmation analysis[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,2011,35(4):211-218.
[4]Lillsunde P,Gunnar T.Drugs and driving:the Finnish perspective[J].Bulletin on Narcotics,Volume LVII,2005,16(1):213-229.
[5]Drummer OH,Gerostamoulos D,Chu M,et al.Drugs in oral fluid in randomly selected drivers[J].Forensic Science International,2007,170(2):105-110.
[6]Blencowe T,Pehrsson A,Lillsunde P.Analytical evaluation of oral fluid screening devices and preceding selection procedures[R],DRUID,2010:16-22.
[7]Verstraete AG.More Reliable On-Site Detection of Cannabis in Oral Fluid[J].Clinical Chemistry,2012,58(10):1389-1391.
[8]Gjerde H,Verstraete A.Can the prevalence of high blood drug concentrations in a population be estimated by analysing oral fluid?A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine[J].Forensic Science International,2010,195(1):153-159.
[9]Langel K,Gjerde H,Favretto D,et al.Comparison of drug concentrations between whole blood and oral fluid[J].Drug Testing and Analysis,2014,6(5):461-471.
[10]申文静,朱军,刘耀.人唾液中苯丙胺类药物检测方法进展[J].中国法医学杂志,2007,22(3):179-180.
[11]Gjerde H,Langel K,Favretto D,et al.Detection of 4 Benzodiazepines in Oral Fluid as Biomarker for Presence in Blood[J].Therapeutic Drug Monitoring,2013,36(2):252-256.
[12]Maseda C,Hama K,Fukui Y,et al.Detection of delta 9-THC in saliva by capillary GC/ECD after marihuana smoking[J].Forensic Science International,1986,32(4):259-266.
[13]Kaarina Langel,Charlotta Engblom,Anna Pehrsson,et al.Drug testing in oral fluid-Evaluation of sample collection devices[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,2008,32(6):393-401.
[14]Gjerde H,Verstraete AG.Estimating equivalent cutoff thresholds for drugs in blood and oral fluid using prevalence regression:Astudy of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine[J].Forensic Science International,2011,212(1):E26-E30.
[15]Idowu OR,Caddy B.A review of the use of saliva in the forensic detection of drugs and other chemicals[J].Journal of the Forensic Science Society,1982,22(2):123-135.
[16]Gallardo E,Queiroz JA.The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis[J].Biomedical Chromatography,2008,22(8):795-821.
[17]Gunnar T,Ariniemi K,Lillsunde P.Validated toxicological determination of 30 drugs of abuse as optimized derivatives in oral fluid by long column fast gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2005,40(6):739-753.
[18]Wood M,Laloup M,Fernandez MDMR,et al.Quantitative analysis of multiple illicit drugs in preserved oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Forensic Science International,2005,150(2):227-238.
[19]Cone EJ,Kumor K,Loren K.Thompson,and Michael Sherer.Correlation of saliva cocaine levels with plasma levels and with pharmacologic effects after intravenous cocaine administration in human subjects[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1988,12(4):200-206.
[20]Cone EJ,Hillsgrove M,Darwin WD.Simultaneous measurement of cocaine,cocaethylene,their metabolites,and“crack”pyrolysis products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Clinical Chemistry,1994,40(7):1299-1305.
[21]Cone EJ.Saliva testing for drugs of abuse[J].Annals at the New York Academy of Sciences,1993,694:91-127.
[22]Cone EJ,Weddington WWJ.Prolonged occurrence of cocaine in human saliva and urine after chronic use[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1989,13(2):65-68.
[23]Schepers RJF,Oyler JM,Joseph RE,et al.Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration to human volunteers[J].Clinical Chemistry,2003,49(1):121-132.
[24]Huestis MA,Cone EJ.Methamphetamine disposition in oral fluid,plasma,and urine[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2007,1098(1),104-121.
[25]Jenkins AJ,Oyler JM,Cone EJ.Comparison of heroin and cocaine concentrations in saliva with concentrations in blood and plasma[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1995,19(6):359-374.
[26]HuestisM A,Cone EJ.Relationship of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolconcentrations in oral fluid and plasma after controlled administration of smoked cannabis[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,2004,28(6):394-399.
[27]Menkes DB,Howard RC,Spears GF,et al.Salivary THC following cannabis smoking correlates with subjective intoxication and heart rate[J].Psychopharmacology(Berl),1991,103(2):277-279.
[28]Just WW,Werner G,Wiechmann M.Bestimmung vonΔ1 undΔ1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol in Blut,Urin und Speichel von Haschisch-Rauchern[J].Naturwissenschaften,1972,59(5):222-222.
[29]Gross SJ,Worthy TE,Nerder L,et al.Detection of recent cannabis use by saliva delta 9-THC radioimmunoassay[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1985,9(1):1-5.
[30]Lee D,Milman G,Barnes AJ,et al.Oral fluid cannabinoids in chronic,daily cannabis smokers during sustained,monitored abstinence[J].Clinical Chemistry,2011,57(8):1127-1136.
[2]Langel K,Gunnar T,Ariniemi K,et al.A validated method for the detection and quantitation of 50 drugs of abuse and medicinal drugs in oral fluid by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Chromatography.B,2011,879(13):859-870.
[3]Pehrsson A,Blencowe T,Vimpari K,et al.An evaluation of onsite oral fluid drug screening devices DrugW ipe 5+and Rapid STAT using oral fluid for confirmation analysis[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,2011,35(4):211-218.
[4]Lillsunde P,Gunnar T.Drugs and driving:the Finnish perspective[J].Bulletin on Narcotics,Volume LVII,2005,16(1):213-229.
[5]Drummer OH,Gerostamoulos D,Chu M,et al.Drugs in oral fluid in randomly selected drivers[J].Forensic Science International,2007,170(2):105-110.
[6]Blencowe T,Pehrsson A,Lillsunde P.Analytical evaluation of oral fluid screening devices and preceding selection procedures[R],DRUID,2010:16-22.
[7]Verstraete AG.More Reliable On-Site Detection of Cannabis in Oral Fluid[J].Clinical Chemistry,2012,58(10):1389-1391.
[8]Gjerde H,Verstraete A.Can the prevalence of high blood drug concentrations in a population be estimated by analysing oral fluid?A study of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine[J].Forensic Science International,2010,195(1):153-159.
[9]Langel K,Gjerde H,Favretto D,et al.Comparison of drug concentrations between whole blood and oral fluid[J].Drug Testing and Analysis,2014,6(5):461-471.
[10]申文静,朱军,刘耀.人唾液中苯丙胺类药物检测方法进展[J].中国法医学杂志,2007,22(3):179-180.
[11]Gjerde H,Langel K,Favretto D,et al.Detection of 4 Benzodiazepines in Oral Fluid as Biomarker for Presence in Blood[J].Therapeutic Drug Monitoring,2013,36(2):252-256.
[12]Maseda C,Hama K,Fukui Y,et al.Detection of delta 9-THC in saliva by capillary GC/ECD after marihuana smoking[J].Forensic Science International,1986,32(4):259-266.
[13]Kaarina Langel,Charlotta Engblom,Anna Pehrsson,et al.Drug testing in oral fluid-Evaluation of sample collection devices[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,2008,32(6):393-401.
[14]Gjerde H,Verstraete AG.Estimating equivalent cutoff thresholds for drugs in blood and oral fluid using prevalence regression:Astudy of tetrahydrocannabinol and amphetamine[J].Forensic Science International,2011,212(1):E26-E30.
[15]Idowu OR,Caddy B.A review of the use of saliva in the forensic detection of drugs and other chemicals[J].Journal of the Forensic Science Society,1982,22(2):123-135.
[16]Gallardo E,Queiroz JA.The role of alternative specimens in toxicological analysis[J].Biomedical Chromatography,2008,22(8):795-821.
[17]Gunnar T,Ariniemi K,Lillsunde P.Validated toxicological determination of 30 drugs of abuse as optimized derivatives in oral fluid by long column fast gas chromatography/electron impact mass spectrometry[J].Journal of Mass Spectrometry,2005,40(6):739-753.
[18]Wood M,Laloup M,Fernandez MDMR,et al.Quantitative analysis of multiple illicit drugs in preserved oral fluid by solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry[J].Forensic Science International,2005,150(2):227-238.
[19]Cone EJ,Kumor K,Loren K.Thompson,and Michael Sherer.Correlation of saliva cocaine levels with plasma levels and with pharmacologic effects after intravenous cocaine administration in human subjects[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1988,12(4):200-206.
[20]Cone EJ,Hillsgrove M,Darwin WD.Simultaneous measurement of cocaine,cocaethylene,their metabolites,and“crack”pyrolysis products by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry[J].Clinical Chemistry,1994,40(7):1299-1305.
[21]Cone EJ.Saliva testing for drugs of abuse[J].Annals at the New York Academy of Sciences,1993,694:91-127.
[22]Cone EJ,Weddington WWJ.Prolonged occurrence of cocaine in human saliva and urine after chronic use[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1989,13(2):65-68.
[23]Schepers RJF,Oyler JM,Joseph RE,et al.Methamphetamine and amphetamine pharmacokinetics in oral fluid and plasma after controlled oral methamphetamine administration to human volunteers[J].Clinical Chemistry,2003,49(1):121-132.
[24]Huestis MA,Cone EJ.Methamphetamine disposition in oral fluid,plasma,and urine[J].Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences,2007,1098(1),104-121.
[25]Jenkins AJ,Oyler JM,Cone EJ.Comparison of heroin and cocaine concentrations in saliva with concentrations in blood and plasma[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1995,19(6):359-374.
[26]HuestisM A,Cone EJ.Relationship of Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinolconcentrations in oral fluid and plasma after controlled administration of smoked cannabis[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,2004,28(6):394-399.
[27]Menkes DB,Howard RC,Spears GF,et al.Salivary THC following cannabis smoking correlates with subjective intoxication and heart rate[J].Psychopharmacology(Berl),1991,103(2):277-279.
[28]Just WW,Werner G,Wiechmann M.Bestimmung vonΔ1 undΔ1(6)-tetrahydrocannabinol in Blut,Urin und Speichel von Haschisch-Rauchern[J].Naturwissenschaften,1972,59(5):222-222.
[29]Gross SJ,Worthy TE,Nerder L,et al.Detection of recent cannabis use by saliva delta 9-THC radioimmunoassay[J].Journal of Analytical Toxicology,1985,9(1):1-5.
[30]Lee D,Milman G,Barnes AJ,et al.Oral fluid cannabinoids in chronic,daily cannabis smokers during sustained,monitored abstinence[J].Clinical Chemistry,2011,57(8):1127-1136.