塔里木盆地的热流、深部温度和热结构
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摘要
盆地热状态研究不仅对于探讨盆地成因演化动力学具有重要约束作用,也能为盆地油气资源评价提供基础地热参数。塔里木克拉通是我国三大古老陆块之一,其上叠合发育了我国内陆最大的海相沉积盆地,油气潜力大,是当前油气勘探的主力区块。塔里木盆地热状态早期研究都基于石油钻孔的试油温度数据,由于缺乏稳态的高精度地温测量,制约了对盆地精准热状态的认识。我们近年来对塔里木盆地开展了高分辨率稳态深井温度测井,并结合大量的岩石热物性参数测试,深入分析了塔里木盆地现今热状态及深部热结构特征。塔里木盆地地温梯度在15~30℃/km,热流为26~66mW/m~2,平均热流为43mW/m~2。相比其他盆地而言,塔里木具有低温冷盆的热状态,并与世界上典型的前寒武克拉通具有相似的地热背景。塔里木盆地自二叠纪以来无大的构造-热事件扰动,因故整体热状态偏低,盆内局部热异常与局部构造、基底形态或岩性横向差异引起的热折射效应等有关。塔里木盆地深部地温的横向分布特征受到盆地基底格局控制,盆地1 000m埋深处的温度为29~41℃,平均为35℃;3 000m的温度为63~100℃,平均为82℃;5 000 m的温度为97~160℃,平均为129℃。盆地古生界海相烃源岩底界埋深处的地层温度整体仍处于液态窗之内。塔里木盆地长期的低温背景和深埋过程是盆地油气形成和保存的关键地热条件。塔里木盆地热流配分表明,地壳热流占地表热流的主导,其中,沉积盖层的放射性生热约占盆地地表热流的20%,估算的地幔热流为6~15mW/m~2,这一范围与世界上前寒武克拉通的地幔热流一致。塔里木盆地和青藏高原存在显著的地热差异,且这一继承性热差异可追溯至印度-欧亚大陆碰撞之前,地热差异引起两大构造区的深部岩石圈的流变学和强度存在强烈的非均质性,从而造就了目前观测的差异活动构造格局。
The geothermal regime of a sedimentary basin not only provide constraints on the treatments of basin formation and evolution,but also offers basic geothermal parameters for the hydrocarbon resource assessment.As one of the three Precambrian blocks in China,the Tarim craton,the largest superimposed sedimentary basin,is also a main target in a current hydrocarbon exploration with great potential.Although considerable advancement has been made on the basin’s geothermal regime during the last few decades,nearly all the temperature data used in previous studies were formation testing temperatures from exploration boreholes.These temperature data lacked confidence to some extent,due to insufficient time allowed to reach steady-state at the time of measurements.Recently,we have conducted the steady-state temperature logging in the Tarim Basin and measured abundant data on rock thermal properties,which enabled us to re-visit the thermal regime.Our results demonstrate that the present-day geothermal gradient for the Tarim Basin varies from 15to 30℃/km,while heat flow ranges from 26to 66 mW/m2 with a mean of 43 mW/m2.These new data confirm that the Tarim Basin has a relatively low heat flow and shares similar geothermal regime with other Precambrian cratons in the world.Furthermore,spatial distribution of the estimated formation temperature at the depth of1-5km within the basin is also similar and mainly controlled by the crystalline basement pattern.In general,temperatures at the depth of 1km range between 29and 41℃with a mean of 35℃,while at 3km they vary from 63to 100℃with a mean of 82℃;at 5km below the surface,temperatures fall into a range between 90and 160℃with a mean of 129℃.In addition,the estimated formation temperatures at the bottom surfaces of the Paleozoic marine source rocks are still within the oil window.Hence we further propose that the long-term low geothermal background and large burial depth are the favorable conditions for hydrocarbon generation and preservation.As far as heat budget is concerned in the Tarim Basin,the radiogenic heat from the sedimentary cover(~9mW/m2)accounts for only 20%of the observed surface heat flow,while the mantle heat flow is estimated to be as low as 6-15mW/m2,similar to that in the Precambian cratons.This heat budget demonstrates that the dominant contribution to the surface heat flow comes from the crustal radiogenic heat.Any variations in surface heat flow for the Tarim Basin can be due only to changes in crustal heat production or crustal thickness.Thermal contrast between the Tarim Basin and Tibet Plateau,represented by a difference in surface heat flow and deep crustal temperature,is remarkable.This inherited thermal contrast can be traced back as far as before the India-Asia collision.Moreover,the lithosphere beneath the Tarim Basin is sufficiently strong to resist the gravitational potential energy difference and tectonic forces from Tibet.The observed lithospheric thermal and rheological contrast,therefore,can account for the differential Cenozoic deformation in the Tarim Basin and surrounding areas.
The geothermal regime of a sedimentary basin not only provide constraints on the treatments of basin formation and evolution,but also offers basic geothermal parameters for the hydrocarbon resource assessment.As one of the three Precambrian blocks in China,the Tarim craton,the largest superimposed sedimentary basin,is also a main target in a current hydrocarbon exploration with great potential.Although considerable advancement has been made on the basin’s geothermal regime during the last few decades,nearly all the temperature data used in previous studies were formation testing temperatures from exploration boreholes.These temperature data lacked confidence to some extent,due to insufficient time allowed to reach steady-state at the time of measurements.Recently,we have conducted the steady-state temperature logging in the Tarim Basin and measured abundant data on rock thermal properties,which enabled us to re-visit the thermal regime.Our results demonstrate that the present-day geothermal gradient for the Tarim Basin varies from 15to 30℃/km,while heat flow ranges from 26to 66 mW/m2 with a mean of 43 mW/m2.These new data confirm that the Tarim Basin has a relatively low heat flow and shares similar geothermal regime with other Precambrian cratons in the world.Furthermore,spatial distribution of the estimated formation temperature at the depth of1-5km within the basin is also similar and mainly controlled by the crystalline basement pattern.In general,temperatures at the depth of 1km range between 29and 41℃with a mean of 35℃,while at 3km they vary from 63to 100℃with a mean of 82℃;at 5km below the surface,temperatures fall into a range between 90and 160℃with a mean of 129℃.In addition,the estimated formation temperatures at the bottom surfaces of the Paleozoic marine source rocks are still within the oil window.Hence we further propose that the long-term low geothermal background and large burial depth are the favorable conditions for hydrocarbon generation and preservation.As far as heat budget is concerned in the Tarim Basin,the radiogenic heat from the sedimentary cover(~9mW/m2)accounts for only 20%of the observed surface heat flow,while the mantle heat flow is estimated to be as low as 6-15mW/m2,similar to that in the Precambian cratons.This heat budget demonstrates that the dominant contribution to the surface heat flow comes from the crustal radiogenic heat.Any variations in surface heat flow for the Tarim Basin can be due only to changes in crustal heat production or crustal thickness.Thermal contrast between the Tarim Basin and Tibet Plateau,represented by a difference in surface heat flow and deep crustal temperature,is remarkable.This inherited thermal contrast can be traced back as far as before the India-Asia collision.Moreover,the lithosphere beneath the Tarim Basin is sufficiently strong to resist the gravitational potential energy difference and tectonic forces from Tibet.The observed lithospheric thermal and rheological contrast,therefore,can account for the differential Cenozoic deformation in the Tarim Basin and surrounding areas.
引文
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[17]HYNDMAN R D,CURRIE C A,MAZZOTTI S,et al.Temperature control of continental lithosphere elastic thickness,Te vs Vs[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,2009,277(3):539-548.
[18]CLOETINGH S,BUROV E.Lithospheric folding and sedimentary basin evolution:a review and analysis of formation mechanisms[J].Basin Research,2011,23(3):257-290.
[19]贾承造.中国塔里木盆地构造特征与油气[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1997:1-274.
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[26]王良书.塔里木盆地北缘库车前陆盆地地温梯度分布特征[J].地球物理学报,2003,46(3):403-407.
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[28]冯昌格,刘绍文,王良书,等.塔里木盆地现今地热特征[J].地球物理学报,2009,52(11):2752-2762.
[29]FRSTER A.Analysis of borehole temperature data in the Northeast German Basin:continuous logs versus bottom-hole temperatures[J].Petroleum Geoscience,2001,7(3):241-254.
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