1996—2016年中国城市群建成区绿地率区域差异实证分析
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摘要
摘?要?随着新型城镇化进程的推进,中国进入了以城市群为主体的区域发展格局,城市绿地建设成为城市发展的重要组成部分。探明不同层级城市群绿地建设水平区域差异,可为制定差异化绿地建设政策提供理论依据。综合应用数理统计、差异指数分析等方法,研究1996—2016年我国国家级、区域性、地区性三大层级共20个城市群建成区绿地率的总体差异特征,并对其进行构成分解。结果表明:首先在时空分布上,建成区绿地率具有明显的区位优势,但存在显著的层级性差异,低速发展集聚趋势加剧,与城市群发育程度不协调;其次在差异演变上,建成区绿地率区域差异在总体、不同层级均为下降趋势,不同层级上差异缩小的波动程度不同,呈"地区性>国家级>区域性"的特征;最后是差异分解上,建成区绿地率总体差异主要由层级内差异引起,其中国家级城市群内差异最大,对总体差异的影响度逐步加强,而层级间差异对总体差异的贡献度略有提升。
As the core area with the most vitality and potential in China's future urban development pattern, urban agglomerations have been facing increasingly serious ecoenvironmental problems. Paying attention to the urban green space constr uction is of great significance for realizing the transformation of urban agglomerations from "problem concentration areas" to "sustainable development areas" and promoting the level of urban green space construction throughout the country. However, in the process of improving the level and reshaping the distribution pattern of urban green construction, there are significant differences among urban agglomerations. Therefore, exploring the differences of green space among urban agglomerations has the practical significance to clarify the main problems in the construction of urban green space clearly, and improve the urban green space construction of urban agglomerations. Exploring the regional differences and evolutionary characteristics of urban green space has gradually become a hot spot for domestic scholars, and the research results have become more and more abundant. However, previous studies have not considered the background of the re-clustering development of cities in China, nor have they been able to penetrate into the perspective of urban agglomeration research, nor can they continuously explore the regional differences of urban green space construction in China. Therefore, this paper chooses the green rate of built district in urban agglomerations in China from 1996 to 2016 as a research index to characterize the urban green space construction level. Using the methods of mathematical statistics and difference index analysis to reveal overall difference characteristics of green rate of built district in 20 urban agglomerations in China and decompose the difference composition, this study can break the spatial classification model of past solidification and enrich the research perspectives and methods of regional differences in urban green space construction. The purpose of this study is to provide scientific basis for the formulation of relevant green space construction as well as development policies for different urban agglomerations. The results show: 1. in the spatial-temporal distribution pattern, urban agglomeration has turned into the core area for the rapid growth of green space construction. The green rate of built district in urban agglomeration has been rising continuously. Although the growth rate has gradually slowed down, it still presents advantages over the country. The difference in growth of urban agglomerations at different levels is more obvious. 2. In the evolution of differences, the differences of green rate of built district among the urban agglomerations in China are shrinking, but the degree of fluctuation of absolute differences is stronger than the relative differences. The differences in urban agglomerations at different levels are gradually slowing down, and there exists significant hierarchical differences in the degree of volatility. The degree of fluctuation of the difference in the different levels of urban agglomeration exhibits different characteristics, and it is characterized by "local > national > regional". 3. From the perspective of difference decomposition, the spatial distribution differences of green rate of built district will exist in China for a long time, and the overall differences of green space construction are mainly caused by the differences within the hierarchy. The difference within the national-level urban agglomeration is the greatest, and the contribution of the difference among different levels is generally decreased. The contribution of local urban agglomerations to the overall differences shows a decreasing trend. In the period of promoting the new urbanization process in China, there are variously important issues that need to be solved urgently in the implementation of the integrated development strategy of urban green space construction. For example, we should break the boundaries of administrative divisions, analyze the characteristics of regional differences and evolution of green space development in urban agglomerations from multiple perspectives, and regulate green space construction planning with the spatial radiation effect of urban agglomerations. We should promote the study of regional coordinated development strategies and optimize the green space construction pattern of urban agglomerations, vigorously improve the government-led urban cluster development strategy, clarify the environmental background of urban agglomeration green space construction, differentiate the urban agglomerations in different green land construction development stages and needs and strengthen the overall advantages of green space construction. It is also necessary to establish a coordination mechanism for urban agglomeration green space construction and implement a comprehensive level planning and regulation strategy. Priority should be given to promoting the coordinated development ability of national urban agglomerations and improving the quality of green space construction in each urban agglomeration. The green space construction mode of regional urban agglomeration needs to be changed. The next step is to weaken its dependence on resources and strengthen the orientation of green space construction objectives in terms of policies and regulations. The strong momentum of green space construction and development of local urban agglomerations needs to be maintained, and the next step should focus on promoting the goal of highly integrated green space construction.
As the core area with the most vitality and potential in China's future urban development pattern, urban agglomerations have been facing increasingly serious ecoenvironmental problems. Paying attention to the urban green space constr uction is of great significance for realizing the transformation of urban agglomerations from "problem concentration areas" to "sustainable development areas" and promoting the level of urban green space construction throughout the country. However, in the process of improving the level and reshaping the distribution pattern of urban green construction, there are significant differences among urban agglomerations. Therefore, exploring the differences of green space among urban agglomerations has the practical significance to clarify the main problems in the construction of urban green space clearly, and improve the urban green space construction of urban agglomerations. Exploring the regional differences and evolutionary characteristics of urban green space has gradually become a hot spot for domestic scholars, and the research results have become more and more abundant. However, previous studies have not considered the background of the re-clustering development of cities in China, nor have they been able to penetrate into the perspective of urban agglomeration research, nor can they continuously explore the regional differences of urban green space construction in China. Therefore, this paper chooses the green rate of built district in urban agglomerations in China from 1996 to 2016 as a research index to characterize the urban green space construction level. Using the methods of mathematical statistics and difference index analysis to reveal overall difference characteristics of green rate of built district in 20 urban agglomerations in China and decompose the difference composition, this study can break the spatial classification model of past solidification and enrich the research perspectives and methods of regional differences in urban green space construction. The purpose of this study is to provide scientific basis for the formulation of relevant green space construction as well as development policies for different urban agglomerations. The results show: 1. in the spatial-temporal distribution pattern, urban agglomeration has turned into the core area for the rapid growth of green space construction. The green rate of built district in urban agglomeration has been rising continuously. Although the growth rate has gradually slowed down, it still presents advantages over the country. The difference in growth of urban agglomerations at different levels is more obvious. 2. In the evolution of differences, the differences of green rate of built district among the urban agglomerations in China are shrinking, but the degree of fluctuation of absolute differences is stronger than the relative differences. The differences in urban agglomerations at different levels are gradually slowing down, and there exists significant hierarchical differences in the degree of volatility. The degree of fluctuation of the difference in the different levels of urban agglomeration exhibits different characteristics, and it is characterized by "local > national > regional". 3. From the perspective of difference decomposition, the spatial distribution differences of green rate of built district will exist in China for a long time, and the overall differences of green space construction are mainly caused by the differences within the hierarchy. The difference within the national-level urban agglomeration is the greatest, and the contribution of the difference among different levels is generally decreased. The contribution of local urban agglomerations to the overall differences shows a decreasing trend. In the period of promoting the new urbanization process in China, there are variously important issues that need to be solved urgently in the implementation of the integrated development strategy of urban green space construction. For example, we should break the boundaries of administrative divisions, analyze the characteristics of regional differences and evolution of green space development in urban agglomerations from multiple perspectives, and regulate green space construction planning with the spatial radiation effect of urban agglomerations. We should promote the study of regional coordinated development strategies and optimize the green space construction pattern of urban agglomerations, vigorously improve the government-led urban cluster development strategy, clarify the environmental background of urban agglomeration green space construction, differentiate the urban agglomerations in different green land construction development stages and needs and strengthen the overall advantages of green space construction. It is also necessary to establish a coordination mechanism for urban agglomeration green space construction and implement a comprehensive level planning and regulation strategy. Priority should be given to promoting the coordinated development ability of national urban agglomerations and improving the quality of green space construction in each urban agglomeration. The green space construction mode of regional urban agglomeration needs to be changed. The next step is to weaken its dependence on resources and strengthen the orientation of green space construction objectives in terms of policies and regulations. The strong momentum of green space construction and development of local urban agglomerations needs to be maintained, and the next step should focus on promoting the goal of highly integrated green space construction.
引文
[1]方创琳.中国城市群形成发育的新格局及新趋向[J].地理科学,2011,31(9):1025-1034.FANG C L.New structure and new trend of formation and development of urban agglomerations in China[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2011,31(9):1025-1034.
[2]中国政府网.国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)[OL/N].[2019-01-10].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content_2644805.htm.State Council of the People’s Republic of China.National new-type urbanization plan(2014-2020)[OL/N].[2019-01-10].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content_2644805.htm.
[3]新浪新闻中心.十九大报告全文[EB/OL].(2017-10-18).http:/news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-10-18/docifymyyxw3516456.shtml.Sina news.The full text of the report of the19th CPC national congress[EB/OL].(2017-10-18).http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-10-18/docifymyyxw3516456.shtml.
[4]方创琳,周成虎,顾朝林,等.特大城市群地区城镇化与生态环境交互耦合效应解析的理论框架及技术路径[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):531-550.FANG C L,ZHOU C H,GU C L,et al.Theoretical analysis of interactive coupled effects between urbanization and ecoenvironment in mega-urban agglomerations[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(4):531-550.
[5]韩旭,唐永琼,陈烈.我国城市绿地建设水平的区域差异研究[J].规划师,2008,24(7):96-101.HAN X,TANG Y Q,CHEN L.Regional difference in urban green space in China[J].Planners,2008,24(7):96-101.
[6]伍伯妍,钟全林,程栋梁,等.中国城市绿地空间分布特征及其影响因素研究[J].沈阳大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(2):13-16.WU B Y,ZHONG Q L,CHENG D L,et al.Research on spatial distribution characteristics and its influencing factors of the city green space in China[J].Journal of Shengyang University(Social Science),2012,14(2):13-16.
[7]叶骏骅.我国城市绿化建设水平的区域差异及影响因素研究[J].生产力研究,2013(6):94-96.YE J Y.Regional differences and influencing factors of urban greening construction level in China[J].Productivity Study,2013(6):94-96.
[8]刘志强,邢琳琳.我国城市绿地水平空间分布及变化特征研究[J].北方园艺,2016,40(6):74-79.LIU Z Q,XING L L.Research on the spatial distribution and variation characteristics of urban green level in China[J].Northern Horticulture,2016,40(6):74-79.
[9]ZHAO J Z,CHEN S B,JIANG B,et al.Temporal trend of green space coverage in China and its relationship with urbanization over the last two decades[J].Science of The Total Environment,2013,442(1):455-465.
[10]李方正,王瑞琦,李雄,等.中国城市绿化发展的空间差异及成因分析--基于289个地级市数据的实证研究[C]//中国风景园林学会.中国风景园林学会2017年会论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017:298-302.LI F Z,WANG R Q,LI X,et al.Spatial differences and causes of urban greening development in China:An empirical study based on data from 289 prefecture level cities[C]//Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture.Chinese Academy of Landscape Architecture 2017 Symposium.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2017:298-302.
[11]刘志强,王俊帝.基于锡尔系数的中国城市绿地建设水平区域差异实证分析[J].中国园林,2015,31(3):81-85.LIU Z Q,WANG J D.Empirical analysis on regional differences of urban green space construction level in China based on Theil indices[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(3):81-85.
[12]姚士谋,陈振光,朱英明,等.中国城市群[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2006:5-7.YAO S M,CHEN Z G,ZHU Y,et al.China’s urban agglomeration[M].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,2006:5-7.
[13]刘荣增.城镇密集区发展演化机制与整合[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:2-12.LIU R Z.The Mechanism of development and evolution and conformity in cities and towns concentrated area[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2003:2-12.
[14]刘士林,刘新静.中国城市群发展报2016[M].北京:东方出版中心,2016:4.LIU S L,LIU X J.China urban agglomeration development report 2016[M].BeiJing:Oriental publishing center,2016:4.
[15]方创琳.中国城市群形成发育的政策影响过程与实施效果评价[J].地理科学,2012,32(3):257-264.FANG C L.Policy implication process and prospect of chinese urban agglomerations formation and development[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(3):257-264.
[16]祁曼,郝建华,冯仲科,等.全球及区域多尺度生态环境数据库建设[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):69-74.QI M,H AO J H,FE NG Z K,et al.Construction of global and regional multi-scale ecological environment database[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(5):69-74.
[17]耿佳,赵民.成渝的发展路径特征及新时代的转型和区域发展策略[J].西部人居环境学刊,2018,33(4):41-47.GENG J,ZHAO M.Chengdu and Chongqing’s development path characteristics and strategies of transformation and regional development in the New Era[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2018,33(4):41-47.
[18]刘慧.区域差异测度方法与评价[J].地理研究,2006,25(4):710-718.LIU H.Regional inequality measurement:methods and evaluations[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(4):710-718.
[19]马颖忆,陆玉麟.基于变异系数和锡尔指数的中国区域经济差异分析[J].特区经济,2011(5):273-275.MA Y Y,LU Y L.Analysis of regional economic differences in China based on coefficient of variation and sil index[J].Special Zone Economy,2011(5):273-275.
[20]陈明华,郝国彩.中国人口老龄化地区差异分解及影响因素研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(4):136-141.CHEN M H,HAO G C.Research on regional difference decomposition and influence factors of population aging in China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(4):136-141.
(1)本文“建成区绿地率”统一采用“建成区绿地面积/建成区面积”计算所得。
(2)珠三角:香港、澳门;成渝:眉山;广西北部湾:崇左;天山北坡:米泉、五家渠;兰西:定西、海东;宁夏沿黄:中卫等9个城市数据缺失。
(3)标准差用于展现城市群建成区绿地率间的绝对差异,反映组内个体间的离散程度,计算公式如下:■其中,σt表示我国第t年的城市群建成区绿地率标准差之值,i代表城市群,xi表示第i个城市群的建成区绿地率,xn表示n个城市群建成区绿地率的平均值,n为城市群个数。
(4)变异系数是样本标准差与平均数的比值,其数值越大,样本数据的波动程度越大[18],其计算公式如下:■其中,CV表示该城市群组建成区绿地率变异系数值,i代表城市群,Zi表示第i个城市群的建成区绿地率,u是该城市群组建成区绿地率平均值,m为该城市群组城市群个数。
(5)锡尔系数作为衡量区域不均衡的特殊意义在于既能反映组内差异、组间差异各自的演变趋势,又能衡量组内差异、组间差异在总体差异中的贡献度[19-20]。本文采用的锡尔系数计算公式如下:■其中,T表示城市群建成区绿地率全国总差异,i代表城市群,n为全国城市群数量,Xi为第i个城市群建成区绿地面积,X为全国城市群建成区绿地面积,Yi为第i个城市群建成区面积,Y为全国城市群建成区面积。根据锡尔系数的空间构成分解的原理对T进行分解,将全国城市群总体差异分解为国家级、区域性、地区性三个层级组内城市群间的差异和组间的差异,其计算公式如下:■其中,Ta表示各层级城市群组内差异,Tb表示各层级城市群组间差异,Taj表示第j层级城市群组内差异,j=1、2、3分别代表国家级、区域性、地区性三个层级城市群组,i代表城市群,n为第j层级城市群数量,Xi为第i城市群建成区绿地面积,Xj为第j层级城市群组建成区绿地面积,X为全国城市群建成区绿地面积,Yi为第i个城市群建成区面积,Y为全国城市群建成区面积。
[2]中国政府网.国家新型城镇化规划(2014-2020年)[OL/N].[2019-01-10].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content_2644805.htm.State Council of the People’s Republic of China.National new-type urbanization plan(2014-2020)[OL/N].[2019-01-10].http://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2014/content_2644805.htm.
[3]新浪新闻中心.十九大报告全文[EB/OL].(2017-10-18).http:/news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-10-18/docifymyyxw3516456.shtml.Sina news.The full text of the report of the19th CPC national congress[EB/OL].(2017-10-18).http://news.sina.com.cn/o/2017-10-18/docifymyyxw3516456.shtml.
[4]方创琳,周成虎,顾朝林,等.特大城市群地区城镇化与生态环境交互耦合效应解析的理论框架及技术路径[J].地理学报,2016,71(4):531-550.FANG C L,ZHOU C H,GU C L,et al.Theoretical analysis of interactive coupled effects between urbanization and ecoenvironment in mega-urban agglomerations[J].Acta Geographica Sinica,2016,71(4):531-550.
[5]韩旭,唐永琼,陈烈.我国城市绿地建设水平的区域差异研究[J].规划师,2008,24(7):96-101.HAN X,TANG Y Q,CHEN L.Regional difference in urban green space in China[J].Planners,2008,24(7):96-101.
[6]伍伯妍,钟全林,程栋梁,等.中国城市绿地空间分布特征及其影响因素研究[J].沈阳大学学报(社会科学版),2012,14(2):13-16.WU B Y,ZHONG Q L,CHENG D L,et al.Research on spatial distribution characteristics and its influencing factors of the city green space in China[J].Journal of Shengyang University(Social Science),2012,14(2):13-16.
[7]叶骏骅.我国城市绿化建设水平的区域差异及影响因素研究[J].生产力研究,2013(6):94-96.YE J Y.Regional differences and influencing factors of urban greening construction level in China[J].Productivity Study,2013(6):94-96.
[8]刘志强,邢琳琳.我国城市绿地水平空间分布及变化特征研究[J].北方园艺,2016,40(6):74-79.LIU Z Q,XING L L.Research on the spatial distribution and variation characteristics of urban green level in China[J].Northern Horticulture,2016,40(6):74-79.
[9]ZHAO J Z,CHEN S B,JIANG B,et al.Temporal trend of green space coverage in China and its relationship with urbanization over the last two decades[J].Science of The Total Environment,2013,442(1):455-465.
[10]李方正,王瑞琦,李雄,等.中国城市绿化发展的空间差异及成因分析--基于289个地级市数据的实证研究[C]//中国风景园林学会.中国风景园林学会2017年会论文集.北京:中国建筑工业出版社,2017:298-302.LI F Z,WANG R Q,LI X,et al.Spatial differences and causes of urban greening development in China:An empirical study based on data from 289 prefecture level cities[C]//Chinese Society of Landscape Architecture.Chinese Academy of Landscape Architecture 2017 Symposium.Beijing:China Architecture&Building Press,2017:298-302.
[11]刘志强,王俊帝.基于锡尔系数的中国城市绿地建设水平区域差异实证分析[J].中国园林,2015,31(3):81-85.LIU Z Q,WANG J D.Empirical analysis on regional differences of urban green space construction level in China based on Theil indices[J].Chinese Landscape Architecture,2015,31(3):81-85.
[12]姚士谋,陈振光,朱英明,等.中国城市群[M].合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,2006:5-7.YAO S M,CHEN Z G,ZHU Y,et al.China’s urban agglomeration[M].Hefei:University of Science and Technology of China Press,2006:5-7.
[13]刘荣增.城镇密集区发展演化机制与整合[M].北京:经济科学出版社,2003:2-12.LIU R Z.The Mechanism of development and evolution and conformity in cities and towns concentrated area[M].Beijing:Economic Science Press,2003:2-12.
[14]刘士林,刘新静.中国城市群发展报2016[M].北京:东方出版中心,2016:4.LIU S L,LIU X J.China urban agglomeration development report 2016[M].BeiJing:Oriental publishing center,2016:4.
[15]方创琳.中国城市群形成发育的政策影响过程与实施效果评价[J].地理科学,2012,32(3):257-264.FANG C L.Policy implication process and prospect of chinese urban agglomerations formation and development[J].Scientia Geographica Sinica,2012,32(3):257-264.
[16]祁曼,郝建华,冯仲科,等.全球及区域多尺度生态环境数据库建设[J].西北林学院学报,2017,32(5):69-74.QI M,H AO J H,FE NG Z K,et al.Construction of global and regional multi-scale ecological environment database[J].Journal of Northwest Forestry University,2017,32(5):69-74.
[17]耿佳,赵民.成渝的发展路径特征及新时代的转型和区域发展策略[J].西部人居环境学刊,2018,33(4):41-47.GENG J,ZHAO M.Chengdu and Chongqing’s development path characteristics and strategies of transformation and regional development in the New Era[J].Journal of Human Settlements in West China,2018,33(4):41-47.
[18]刘慧.区域差异测度方法与评价[J].地理研究,2006,25(4):710-718.LIU H.Regional inequality measurement:methods and evaluations[J].Geographical Research,2006,25(4):710-718.
[19]马颖忆,陆玉麟.基于变异系数和锡尔指数的中国区域经济差异分析[J].特区经济,2011(5):273-275.MA Y Y,LU Y L.Analysis of regional economic differences in China based on coefficient of variation and sil index[J].Special Zone Economy,2011(5):273-275.
[20]陈明华,郝国彩.中国人口老龄化地区差异分解及影响因素研究[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2014,24(4):136-141.CHEN M H,HAO G C.Research on regional difference decomposition and influence factors of population aging in China[J].China Population,Resources and Environment,2014,24(4):136-141.
(1)本文“建成区绿地率”统一采用“建成区绿地面积/建成区面积”计算所得。
(2)珠三角:香港、澳门;成渝:眉山;广西北部湾:崇左;天山北坡:米泉、五家渠;兰西:定西、海东;宁夏沿黄:中卫等9个城市数据缺失。
(3)标准差用于展现城市群建成区绿地率间的绝对差异,反映组内个体间的离散程度,计算公式如下:■其中,σt表示我国第t年的城市群建成区绿地率标准差之值,i代表城市群,xi表示第i个城市群的建成区绿地率,xn表示n个城市群建成区绿地率的平均值,n为城市群个数。
(4)变异系数是样本标准差与平均数的比值,其数值越大,样本数据的波动程度越大[18],其计算公式如下:■其中,CV表示该城市群组建成区绿地率变异系数值,i代表城市群,Zi表示第i个城市群的建成区绿地率,u是该城市群组建成区绿地率平均值,m为该城市群组城市群个数。
(5)锡尔系数作为衡量区域不均衡的特殊意义在于既能反映组内差异、组间差异各自的演变趋势,又能衡量组内差异、组间差异在总体差异中的贡献度[19-20]。本文采用的锡尔系数计算公式如下:■其中,T表示城市群建成区绿地率全国总差异,i代表城市群,n为全国城市群数量,Xi为第i个城市群建成区绿地面积,X为全国城市群建成区绿地面积,Yi为第i个城市群建成区面积,Y为全国城市群建成区面积。根据锡尔系数的空间构成分解的原理对T进行分解,将全国城市群总体差异分解为国家级、区域性、地区性三个层级组内城市群间的差异和组间的差异,其计算公式如下:■其中,Ta表示各层级城市群组内差异,Tb表示各层级城市群组间差异,Taj表示第j层级城市群组内差异,j=1、2、3分别代表国家级、区域性、地区性三个层级城市群组,i代表城市群,n为第j层级城市群数量,Xi为第i城市群建成区绿地面积,Xj为第j层级城市群组建成区绿地面积,X为全国城市群建成区绿地面积,Yi为第i个城市群建成区面积,Y为全国城市群建成区面积。