山核桃林地土壤肥力状况及其空间分布特征
|
摘要
为探明山核桃Carya cathayensis产地土壤肥力质量状况和空间分布特征,指导林农合理施肥,选取杭州市临安区山核桃产区为研究区域,以土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾为研究对象,开展了该区土壤养分状况等级评价,并采用地统计学等空间分析方法对土壤养分空间分布特征进行研究。结果表明:研究区土壤pH值平均为pH 5.23,87%土壤pH值为pH 4~6,研究区土壤酸化严重。土壤有机质平均为31.6 g·kg~(-1),土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾平均分别为155.40,14.04,85.73 mg·kg~(-1)。根据《浙江土壤》肥力等级划分标准(1级土壤成分质量分数低,4级土壤成分质量分数高)可知:土壤有机质质量分数主要处于第3等级和第4等级,比例为54%。土壤碱解氮质量分数处在分级标准的第3等级且所占比例为76%。土壤速效钾大于50 mg·kg~(-1)的区域占80%。相反,土壤有效磷不足,63%的土壤有效磷不足10 mg·kg~(-1),处在第1等级和第2等级标准,难以满足山核桃生长。土壤各养分变异系数为27.15%~141.03%,表明研究区林地土壤养分具有不同程度的变异性。空间分析结果显示:研究区土壤pH值和养分均具有明显的空间分布格局。山核桃产量高低不一,与土壤养分具有一定的空间对应关系。山核桃林地土壤严重酸化,土壤有机质、碱解氮和速效钾都比较充足,而大部分地区有效磷不足。
To identify soi l fertility quality and its spatial distribution differences in Carya cathayensis stands and to guide farmers with fertilizer application, the main plantation area in Lin'an was selected for this study.In this study, differential GPS was used to locate and navigate in the field and a soil sample was collected within a radius of 10 m and a total of 189 soil samples were collected from 7 townships in Lin'an. Soil pH and status of nutrients(organic matter, available N, available P, and available K) were evaluated and their spatial distribution characteristics were revealed by geostatistics and Kriging interpolation. Results indicated that the average soil pH was 5.23 with 87% of the soil pH values in the range of 4-6 meaning soil was seriously acidic.The average organic matter content in the soil was 31.6 g·kg~(-1) with average available N of 155.40 mg·kg~(-1),available P of 14.04 mg·kg~(-1), and available K of 85.73 mg·kg~(-1). Soil organic matter, available N, and available K were abundant. According to the standard fertility grading for Zhejiang Soil(with first representing low content and fourth representing high content), soil organic matter was mainly in the third or fourth grades accounting for 54% of the soils and soil available N was in the third grade for 76% of the soils. Soil available K was more than 50 mg·kg~(-1) for 80% of the soils. Soil available P, however, was insufficient for 63% of the soils at less than 10 mg·kg~(-1) which meant the first or second grades. Coefficients of variation for soil nutrients were between 27.15% and 141.03% indicating that soil nutrients in the study area had different degrees of variability.Yield of C. cathayensis varied from town to town and had a spatial correspondence to soil nutrients. This study showed that stands were seriously acidic with soil organic matter, available N, and available K sufficient, but in most areas available P was insufficient to meet the growing needs of C. cathayensis.
To identify soi l fertility quality and its spatial distribution differences in Carya cathayensis stands and to guide farmers with fertilizer application, the main plantation area in Lin'an was selected for this study.In this study, differential GPS was used to locate and navigate in the field and a soil sample was collected within a radius of 10 m and a total of 189 soil samples were collected from 7 townships in Lin'an. Soil pH and status of nutrients(organic matter, available N, available P, and available K) were evaluated and their spatial distribution characteristics were revealed by geostatistics and Kriging interpolation. Results indicated that the average soil pH was 5.23 with 87% of the soil pH values in the range of 4-6 meaning soil was seriously acidic.The average organic matter content in the soil was 31.6 g·kg~(-1) with average available N of 155.40 mg·kg~(-1),available P of 14.04 mg·kg~(-1), and available K of 85.73 mg·kg~(-1). Soil organic matter, available N, and available K were abundant. According to the standard fertility grading for Zhejiang Soil(with first representing low content and fourth representing high content), soil organic matter was mainly in the third or fourth grades accounting for 54% of the soils and soil available N was in the third grade for 76% of the soils. Soil available K was more than 50 mg·kg~(-1) for 80% of the soils. Soil available P, however, was insufficient for 63% of the soils at less than 10 mg·kg~(-1) which meant the first or second grades. Coefficients of variation for soil nutrients were between 27.15% and 141.03% indicating that soil nutrients in the study area had different degrees of variability.Yield of C. cathayensis varied from town to town and had a spatial correspondence to soil nutrients. This study showed that stands were seriously acidic with soil organic matter, available N, and available K sufficient, but in most areas available P was insufficient to meet the growing needs of C. cathayensis.
引文
[1]伍光和,王乃昂,胡双熙,等.自然地理学[M].4版.北京:高等教育出版社,2008.
[2]张春苗,张有珍,姚芳,等.临安山核桃主产区土壤p H值和有效养分的时空变化[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(6):845-849.ZHANG Chunmiao,ZHANG Youzhen,YAO Fang,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of soil p H and nutrient availability for Carya cathayensis orchards in Lin’an[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2011,28(6):845-849.
[3]高宇列,沈月琴,黄坚钦,等.中国山核桃产业成长阶段分析[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2010,9(2):136-140.GAO Yulie,SHEN Yueqin,HUANG Jianqin,et al.Growth stages of hickory industry in China[J].J Beijing For Univ Soc Sci Ed,2010,9(2):136-140.
[4]张璐璐,贾桂民,叶建丰,等.浙江临安山核桃干腐病发生发展规律[J].浙江农林大学学报,2013,30(1):148-152.ZHANG Lulu,JIA Guimin,YE Jianfeng,et al.Frequency of Carya cathayensis canker disease in Lin’an City,Zhejiang Province[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2013,30(1):148-152.
[5]宋明义,陈文光,斯小君,等.安吉县山核桃立地环境条件分析[J].浙江林业科技,2008,28(6):11-15.SONG Mingyi,CHEN Wenguang,SI Xiaojun,et al.Study on site conditions of Carya cathayensis stand in Anji County[J].J Zhejiang For Sci Technol,2008,28(6):11-15.
[6]殷舒,毛胜凤,杨琼霞,等.山核桃叶片提取物的抑菌作用[J].浙江林学院学报,2007,24(5):604-607.YIN Shu,MAO Shengfeng,YANG Qiongxia,et al.Bacteriostasis and fungistasis with extracts from Carya cathayensis leaves[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2007,24(5):604-607.
[7]钱新标,徐温新,张圆圆,等.山核桃果仁微量元素含量分析初报[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(4):511-515.QIAN Xinbiao,XU Wenxin,ZHANG Yuanyuan,et al.Trace elements in kernels of Chinese hickory(Carya cathayensis)grown in limesstone and non-1imestone soils[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2009,26(4):511-515.
[8]侯红波,颜正良,潘晓杰,等.立地条件对湖南山核桃产量与胸径的影响[J].经济林研究,2004,22(2):49-50.HOU Hongbo,YAN Zhengliang,PAN Xiaojie,et al.Effect of site condition on yield and breast diameter of Carya hunanensis[J].Nonwood For Res,2004,22(2):49-50.
[9]骆咏,傅松玲,张良富,等.海拔高度对山核桃生长与产量的影响[J].经济林研究,2008,26(1):71-73.LUO Yong,FU Songling,ZHANG Liangfu,et al.Effects of altitude on growth and yield in Carya cathayensis[J].Nonwood For Res,2008,26(1):71-73.
[10]陈国瑞,黄必恒.影响山核桃产量的主导气象因子分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1992,9(2):144-150.CHEN Guorui,HUANG Biheng.Main meteorological factors effecting the fruit yield of cathay hickory[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,1992,9(2):144-150.
[11]洪游游,唐小华,王慧.山核桃林土壤肥力的研究[J].浙江林业科技,1997,17(6):1-8.HONG Youyou,TANG Xiaohua,WANG Hui.Study on soil fertility of Carya cathayensis forests[J].J Zhejiang For Sci Technol,1997,17(6):1-8.
[12]陈卫新,邬奇峰,黄仨仨,等.临安市山核桃林地土壤肥力状况及存在问题[J].中国农技推广,2013,29(6):45-46.CHEN Weixin,WU Qifeng,HUANG Sansan,et al.Soil fertility status and existing problems of pecan forest land in Lin’an[J].China Agric Technol Ext,2013,29(6):45-46.
[13]钱孝炎,黄坚钦,帅小白,等.临安市不同乡镇山核桃林地土壤理化性质比较[J].浙江林业科技,2013,33(1):7-11.QIAN Xiaoyan,HUANG Jianqin,SHUAI Xiaobai,et al.Comparison of soil physiochemical properties at Carya cathayensis stands in Lin’an[J].J Zhejiang For Sci Technol,2013,33(1):7-11.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[15]高玉蓉,许红卫,周斌.稻田土壤养分的空间变异性研究[J].土壤通报,2005,36(6):822-825.GAO Yurong,XU Hongwei,ZHOU Bin.Investigation on spatial variability of soil nutrients in paddy field[J].Chin J Soil Sci,2005,36(6):822-825.
[16]史舟,李艳.地统计学在土壤学中的应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[17]ZHANG Xingyi,SUI Yueyu,ZHANG Xudong,et al.Spatial variability of nutrient properties in black soil of Northeast China[J].Pedosphere,2007,17(1):19-29.
[18]黄国勤,王兴祥,钱海燕,等.施用化肥对农业生态环境的负面影响及对策[J].生态环境,2004,13(4):656-660.HUANG Guoqin,WANG Xingxiang,QIAN Haiyan,et al.Negative impact of inorganic fertilizes application on agricultural environment and its countermeasures[J].Ecol Environ,2004,13(4):656-660.
[19]张圆圆,张春苗,窦春英,等.施肥对山核桃土壤的酸化作用[J].农家之友,2009(12):1-4.ZHANG Yuanyuan,ZHANG Chunmiao,DOU Chunying,et al.Effect of fertilization on acidification of pecan soil[J].Nong Jia Zhi You,2009(12):1-4.
[20]陈世权,黄坚钦,黄兴召,等.不同母岩发育山核桃林地土壤性质及叶片营养元素分析[J].浙江林学院学报,2010,27(4):572-578.CHEN Shiquan,HUANG Jianqin,HUANG Xingzhao,et al.Nutrient elements in soil and Carya cathayensis leaves from four parent rock materials[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2010,27(4):572-578.
[21]王晖,邢小军,许自成.攀西烟区紫色土p H值与土壤养分的相关分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(6):19-22,49.WANG Hui,XING Xiaojun,XU Zicheng.Relationship between p H value and available natrients of purple soil in Panxi totacco-growing areas[J].China Soil Fert Sci,2007(6):19-22,49.
[22]童根平,王卫国,张圆圆,等.大田条件下山核桃林地土壤和叶片养分变化规律[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(4):516-521.TONG Genping,WANG Weiguo,ZHANG Yuanyuan,et al.Seasonal changes of soil and leaf nutrient levels in a Carya cathayensis orchard[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2009,26(4):516-521.
[23]马闪闪,赵科理,丁立忠,等.临安市不同山核桃产区土壤肥力状况的差异性研究[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(6):953-960.MA Shanshan,ZHAO Keli,DING Lizhong,et al.Soil fertility in Carya cathayensis orchards for major towns of Lin’an City,China[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2016,33(6):953-960.
[24]丁守成.谈施肥对土壤的影响[J].科技创新导报,2008(29):123.DING Shoucheng.Effect of fertilization on soil[J].Sci Technol Innov Herald,2008(29):123.
[25]HINSINGER P.Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes:a review[J].Plant Soil,2001,237(2):173-195.
[26]李永夫,金松恒,叶正钱,等.低磷胁迫对山核桃幼苗根系形态和生理特征的影响[J].浙江林学院学报,2010,27(2):239-245.LI Yongfu,JIN Songheng,YE Zhengqian,et al.Root morphology and physiological characteristics in Carya cathayensis seedlings with low phosphorus stress[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2010,27(2):239-245.
[27]BRASCHI I,CIAVATTA C,GIOVANNINI C,et al.Combined effect of water and organic matter on phosphorus availability in calcareous soils[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosys,2003,67(1):67-74.
[28]赵伟明,王艳艳,马嘉伟,等.临安山核桃林地土壤磷素状况及其淋失风险分析[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(1):154-158.ZHAO Weiming,WANG Yanyan,MA Jiawei,et al.Phosphorus status and its leaching loss risks in the soils of Chinese hickory orchards in Lin’an City,Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Agric Zhejiang,2014,26(1):154-158.
[29]杨珊,何寻阳,苏以荣,等.岩性和土地利用方式对桂西北喀斯特土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1596-1602.YANG Shan,HE Xunyang,SU Yirong,et al.Effects of parent rock and land use pattern on soil fertility in Karst region of Northwest Guangxi[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2010,21(6):1596-1602.
[30]CAMBARDLLA C A,MOORMAN T B,NOVAK J M,et al.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central lowa soil[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
[31]杭州市土壤普查办公室.杭州土壤[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1991.
[32]高丽丽.西藏土壤有机质和氮磷钾状况及其影响因素分析[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2004.GAO Lili.Soil Organic Matter,Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Status and Its Influencing Factors in Xizang[D].Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University,2004.
[33]黎章矩.关于山核桃大小年问题的探讨[J].浙江农业科学,1964(8):415-420.LI Zhangju.Discussion on the year of pecan[J].J Zhejiang Agric Sci,1964(8):415-420.
[2]张春苗,张有珍,姚芳,等.临安山核桃主产区土壤p H值和有效养分的时空变化[J].浙江农林大学学报,2011,28(6):845-849.ZHANG Chunmiao,ZHANG Youzhen,YAO Fang,et al.Temporal and spatial variation of soil p H and nutrient availability for Carya cathayensis orchards in Lin’an[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2011,28(6):845-849.
[3]高宇列,沈月琴,黄坚钦,等.中国山核桃产业成长阶段分析[J].北京林业大学学报(社会科学版),2010,9(2):136-140.GAO Yulie,SHEN Yueqin,HUANG Jianqin,et al.Growth stages of hickory industry in China[J].J Beijing For Univ Soc Sci Ed,2010,9(2):136-140.
[4]张璐璐,贾桂民,叶建丰,等.浙江临安山核桃干腐病发生发展规律[J].浙江农林大学学报,2013,30(1):148-152.ZHANG Lulu,JIA Guimin,YE Jianfeng,et al.Frequency of Carya cathayensis canker disease in Lin’an City,Zhejiang Province[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2013,30(1):148-152.
[5]宋明义,陈文光,斯小君,等.安吉县山核桃立地环境条件分析[J].浙江林业科技,2008,28(6):11-15.SONG Mingyi,CHEN Wenguang,SI Xiaojun,et al.Study on site conditions of Carya cathayensis stand in Anji County[J].J Zhejiang For Sci Technol,2008,28(6):11-15.
[6]殷舒,毛胜凤,杨琼霞,等.山核桃叶片提取物的抑菌作用[J].浙江林学院学报,2007,24(5):604-607.YIN Shu,MAO Shengfeng,YANG Qiongxia,et al.Bacteriostasis and fungistasis with extracts from Carya cathayensis leaves[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2007,24(5):604-607.
[7]钱新标,徐温新,张圆圆,等.山核桃果仁微量元素含量分析初报[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(4):511-515.QIAN Xinbiao,XU Wenxin,ZHANG Yuanyuan,et al.Trace elements in kernels of Chinese hickory(Carya cathayensis)grown in limesstone and non-1imestone soils[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2009,26(4):511-515.
[8]侯红波,颜正良,潘晓杰,等.立地条件对湖南山核桃产量与胸径的影响[J].经济林研究,2004,22(2):49-50.HOU Hongbo,YAN Zhengliang,PAN Xiaojie,et al.Effect of site condition on yield and breast diameter of Carya hunanensis[J].Nonwood For Res,2004,22(2):49-50.
[9]骆咏,傅松玲,张良富,等.海拔高度对山核桃生长与产量的影响[J].经济林研究,2008,26(1):71-73.LUO Yong,FU Songling,ZHANG Liangfu,et al.Effects of altitude on growth and yield in Carya cathayensis[J].Nonwood For Res,2008,26(1):71-73.
[10]陈国瑞,黄必恒.影响山核桃产量的主导气象因子分析[J].浙江林学院学报,1992,9(2):144-150.CHEN Guorui,HUANG Biheng.Main meteorological factors effecting the fruit yield of cathay hickory[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,1992,9(2):144-150.
[11]洪游游,唐小华,王慧.山核桃林土壤肥力的研究[J].浙江林业科技,1997,17(6):1-8.HONG Youyou,TANG Xiaohua,WANG Hui.Study on soil fertility of Carya cathayensis forests[J].J Zhejiang For Sci Technol,1997,17(6):1-8.
[12]陈卫新,邬奇峰,黄仨仨,等.临安市山核桃林地土壤肥力状况及存在问题[J].中国农技推广,2013,29(6):45-46.CHEN Weixin,WU Qifeng,HUANG Sansan,et al.Soil fertility status and existing problems of pecan forest land in Lin’an[J].China Agric Technol Ext,2013,29(6):45-46.
[13]钱孝炎,黄坚钦,帅小白,等.临安市不同乡镇山核桃林地土壤理化性质比较[J].浙江林业科技,2013,33(1):7-11.QIAN Xiaoyan,HUANG Jianqin,SHUAI Xiaobai,et al.Comparison of soil physiochemical properties at Carya cathayensis stands in Lin’an[J].J Zhejiang For Sci Technol,2013,33(1):7-11.
[14]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,2000.
[15]高玉蓉,许红卫,周斌.稻田土壤养分的空间变异性研究[J].土壤通报,2005,36(6):822-825.GAO Yurong,XU Hongwei,ZHOU Bin.Investigation on spatial variability of soil nutrients in paddy field[J].Chin J Soil Sci,2005,36(6):822-825.
[16]史舟,李艳.地统计学在土壤学中的应用[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2006.
[17]ZHANG Xingyi,SUI Yueyu,ZHANG Xudong,et al.Spatial variability of nutrient properties in black soil of Northeast China[J].Pedosphere,2007,17(1):19-29.
[18]黄国勤,王兴祥,钱海燕,等.施用化肥对农业生态环境的负面影响及对策[J].生态环境,2004,13(4):656-660.HUANG Guoqin,WANG Xingxiang,QIAN Haiyan,et al.Negative impact of inorganic fertilizes application on agricultural environment and its countermeasures[J].Ecol Environ,2004,13(4):656-660.
[19]张圆圆,张春苗,窦春英,等.施肥对山核桃土壤的酸化作用[J].农家之友,2009(12):1-4.ZHANG Yuanyuan,ZHANG Chunmiao,DOU Chunying,et al.Effect of fertilization on acidification of pecan soil[J].Nong Jia Zhi You,2009(12):1-4.
[20]陈世权,黄坚钦,黄兴召,等.不同母岩发育山核桃林地土壤性质及叶片营养元素分析[J].浙江林学院学报,2010,27(4):572-578.CHEN Shiquan,HUANG Jianqin,HUANG Xingzhao,et al.Nutrient elements in soil and Carya cathayensis leaves from four parent rock materials[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2010,27(4):572-578.
[21]王晖,邢小军,许自成.攀西烟区紫色土p H值与土壤养分的相关分析[J].中国土壤与肥料,2007(6):19-22,49.WANG Hui,XING Xiaojun,XU Zicheng.Relationship between p H value and available natrients of purple soil in Panxi totacco-growing areas[J].China Soil Fert Sci,2007(6):19-22,49.
[22]童根平,王卫国,张圆圆,等.大田条件下山核桃林地土壤和叶片养分变化规律[J].浙江林学院学报,2009,26(4):516-521.TONG Genping,WANG Weiguo,ZHANG Yuanyuan,et al.Seasonal changes of soil and leaf nutrient levels in a Carya cathayensis orchard[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2009,26(4):516-521.
[23]马闪闪,赵科理,丁立忠,等.临安市不同山核桃产区土壤肥力状况的差异性研究[J].浙江农林大学学报,2016,33(6):953-960.MA Shanshan,ZHAO Keli,DING Lizhong,et al.Soil fertility in Carya cathayensis orchards for major towns of Lin’an City,China[J].J Zhejiang A&F Univ,2016,33(6):953-960.
[24]丁守成.谈施肥对土壤的影响[J].科技创新导报,2008(29):123.DING Shoucheng.Effect of fertilization on soil[J].Sci Technol Innov Herald,2008(29):123.
[25]HINSINGER P.Bioavailability of soil inorganic P in the rhizosphere as affected by root-induced chemical changes:a review[J].Plant Soil,2001,237(2):173-195.
[26]李永夫,金松恒,叶正钱,等.低磷胁迫对山核桃幼苗根系形态和生理特征的影响[J].浙江林学院学报,2010,27(2):239-245.LI Yongfu,JIN Songheng,YE Zhengqian,et al.Root morphology and physiological characteristics in Carya cathayensis seedlings with low phosphorus stress[J].J Zhejiang For Coll,2010,27(2):239-245.
[27]BRASCHI I,CIAVATTA C,GIOVANNINI C,et al.Combined effect of water and organic matter on phosphorus availability in calcareous soils[J].Nutr Cycl Agroecosys,2003,67(1):67-74.
[28]赵伟明,王艳艳,马嘉伟,等.临安山核桃林地土壤磷素状况及其淋失风险分析[J].浙江农业学报,2014,26(1):154-158.ZHAO Weiming,WANG Yanyan,MA Jiawei,et al.Phosphorus status and its leaching loss risks in the soils of Chinese hickory orchards in Lin’an City,Zhejiang Province[J].Acta Agric Zhejiang,2014,26(1):154-158.
[29]杨珊,何寻阳,苏以荣,等.岩性和土地利用方式对桂西北喀斯特土壤肥力的影响[J].应用生态学报,2010,21(6):1596-1602.YANG Shan,HE Xunyang,SU Yirong,et al.Effects of parent rock and land use pattern on soil fertility in Karst region of Northwest Guangxi[J].Chin J Appl Ecol,2010,21(6):1596-1602.
[30]CAMBARDLLA C A,MOORMAN T B,NOVAK J M,et al.Field-scale variability of soil properties in central lowa soil[J].Soil Sci Soc Am J,1994,58(5):1501-1511.
[31]杭州市土壤普查办公室.杭州土壤[M].杭州:浙江科学技术出版社,1991.
[32]高丽丽.西藏土壤有机质和氮磷钾状况及其影响因素分析[D].雅安:四川农业大学,2004.GAO Lili.Soil Organic Matter,Nitrogen,Phosphorus and Potassium Status and Its Influencing Factors in Xizang[D].Ya’an:Sichuan Agricultural University,2004.
[33]黎章矩.关于山核桃大小年问题的探讨[J].浙江农业科学,1964(8):415-420.LI Zhangju.Discussion on the year of pecan[J].J Zhejiang Agric Sci,1964(8):415-420.