星载GNSS-R海冰边界探测方法
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摘要
针对星载接收平台提出了一种利用全球导航卫星系统反射信号(Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry, GNSS-R)进行海冰边界探测的方法。该方法利用导航卫星信号经海冰和海水表面散射后反射信号时延相关功率映射(delay map, DM)的差异,结合镜面反射点位置来探测海冰边界。利用自适应阈值调整算法处理TDS-1卫星数据,获取有效的DM数据,进而得到DM衍生量随镜面反射点位置的变化趋势,并设置DM衍生量的阈值来识别海冰。与全球海冰分布图对比发现,DM衍生量阈值对应的镜面反射点位置与海冰分布图的海冰边界位置基本吻合,证明了DM的有效区时延距离、相关功率的峰值和归一化标准差均可用于海冰边界探测,星载GNSS-R技术在海冰边界探测领域具有较大潜力。
A spaceborne sea ice edge detecting method is developed using the Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry(GNSS-R). The difference of reflected signal delay map(DM) were observed in the satellite reflected signal of sea ice relative to those of sea water. Combined with specular reflection point location, it can be used to detect sea ice edge. An adaptive threshold algorithm is employed to process TDS-1 satellite data for the available DM. The curve of the DM derivatives with the specular reflection point position is obtained. Through comparing DM observable-based detection results with sea ice extent data analyzed by multisensory, the delay distance of the DM effective area, the peak of the correlation power, and the normalized mean square error can be used for sea ice edge detection. The method using GNSS-R is feasible to detect sea ice edge in spaceborne environment.
A spaceborne sea ice edge detecting method is developed using the Global Navigation Satellite System reflectometry(GNSS-R). The difference of reflected signal delay map(DM) were observed in the satellite reflected signal of sea ice relative to those of sea water. Combined with specular reflection point location, it can be used to detect sea ice edge. An adaptive threshold algorithm is employed to process TDS-1 satellite data for the available DM. The curve of the DM derivatives with the specular reflection point position is obtained. Through comparing DM observable-based detection results with sea ice extent data analyzed by multisensory, the delay distance of the DM effective area, the peak of the correlation power, and the normalized mean square error can be used for sea ice edge detection. The method using GNSS-R is feasible to detect sea ice edge in spaceborne environment.
引文
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[11]Yan Q,Huang W.Sea Ice Detection from GNSS-RDelay-Doppler Map[C].The 17th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics,Montreal,Canada,2016
[12]Zhang Y,Meng W,Gu Q,et al.Detection of Bohai Bay Sea Ice Using GPS-Reflected Signals[J].IEEEJournal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2015,8(1):39-46
[13]Yang Minghua,Cao Yunchang.The Following Experiment of Sea Ice Observation Using GNSS-R Signals[J].GNSS World of China,2014,39(4):51-54(杨明华,曹云昌.基于GNSS-R的后续海冰观测实验[J].全球定位系统,2014,39(4):51-54)
[14]Yin Cong,Cao Yunchang,Zhu Bin,et al.Simulation and Experimental Verification of Sea Ice Remote Sensing Using GNSS-R[J].Journal of Central China Normal University(Nat Sci),2016,50(4):612-618(尹聪,曹云昌,朱彬,等.GNSS-R海冰遥感的模拟和实验验证[J].华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,50(4):612-618)
[15]Gao Hongxing,Yang Dongkai,Zhang Bo,et al.Remote Sensing of Sea Ice Thickness with GNSSRefleted Signal[J].Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,2017,39(5):1 096-1 100(高洪兴,杨东凯,张波,等.基于GNSS卫星反射信号的海冰厚度探测[J].电子与信息学报,2017,39(5):1 096-1 100)
[16]Foti G,Gommenginger C,Jales P,et al.Spaceborne GNSS Reflectometry for Ocean Winds:First Results from the UK TechDemoSat-1 Mission[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2015,42(13):5 435-5 441
[17]Durden S L,Perkovic-Martin D.The RapidScat Ocean Winds Scatterometer:A Radar System Engineering Perspective[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine,2017,5(3):36-43
[18]Kawanishi T,Sezai T,Ito Y,et al.The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E),NASDA.s Contribution to the EOS for Global Energy and Water Cycle Studies[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2003,41(2):184-194
[19]Zavorotny V U,Voronovich A G.Scattering of GPS Signals from the Ocean with Wind Remote Sensing Application[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2000,38(2):951-964
[20]Yang Dongkai,Ding Wenrui,Zhang Qishan,et al.Software Defined GNSS Reflections Receiver Design[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2009,35(9):1 048-1 051(杨东凯,丁文锐,张其善.软件定义的GNSS反射信号接收机设计[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2009,35(9):1 048-1 051)
[21]Brown G S.A Theory for Near-Normal Incidence Microwave Scattering from First-year Sea Ice[J].Radio Science,1982,17(1):233-243
[22]Alonso-Arroyo A,Zavorotny V U,Camps A.Sea Ice Detection Using U.K.TDS-1 GNSS-R Data[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2017,55(9):4 989-5 001
[2]Sun Shao,Su Jie,Shi Peijun.Features of Sea Ice Disaster in the Bohai Sea in 2010[J].Journal of Natural Disasters,2011,20(6):87-93(孙劭,苏洁,史培军.2010年渤海海冰灾害特征分析[J].自然灾害学报,2011,20(6):87-93)
[3]Yang Dongkai,Zhang Qishan.GNSS Reflected Singal Processing:Fundamentals and Applications[M].Beijing:Publishing House of Electronics Industry,2012(杨东凯,张其善.GNSS反射信号处理基础与实践[M].北京:电子工业出版社,2012)
[4]Zavorotny V U,Gleason S,Cardellach E,et al.Tutorial on Remote Sensing Using GNSS Bistatic Radar of Opportunity[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine,2015,2(4):8-45
[5]Zhou Xuan,Ye Xiaomin,Yu Yang,et al.Sea Surface Wind Speed Measurement Using GNSS Reflection Signal[J].Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,2013,35(7):1 575-1 580(周旋,叶小敏,于暘,等.基于GNSS-R的海面风速探测技术研究[J].电子与信息学报,2013,35(7):1 575-1 580)
[6]Valencia E,Camps A,Rodriguez-Alvarez N,et al.Using GNSS-R Imaging of the Ocean Surface for Sil Slick Detection[J].IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2013,6(1):217-223
[7]Gleason S.Towards Sea Ice Remote Sensing with Space Detected GPS Signals:Demonstration of Technical Feasibility and Initial Consistency Check Using Low Resolution Sea Ice Information[J].Remote Sensing,2010,2(8):2 017-2 039
[8]Masters D,Axelrad P,Katzberg S.Initial Results of Land-Reflected GPS Bistatic Radar Measurements in SMEX02[J].Remote Sensing of Environment,2004,92(4):507-520
[9]Rivas M B,Maslanik J A,Axelrad P.Bistatic Scattering of GPS Signals off Arctic Sea Ice[J].IEEETransactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2010,48(3):1 548-1 553
[10]Fabra F.GNSS-R as a Source of Opportunity for Remote Sensing of the Cryosphere[D].Barcelona:Polytechnic University of Catalonia,2013
[11]Yan Q,Huang W.Sea Ice Detection from GNSS-RDelay-Doppler Map[C].The 17th International Symposium on Antenna Technology and Applied Electromagnetics,Montreal,Canada,2016
[12]Zhang Y,Meng W,Gu Q,et al.Detection of Bohai Bay Sea Ice Using GPS-Reflected Signals[J].IEEEJournal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing,2015,8(1):39-46
[13]Yang Minghua,Cao Yunchang.The Following Experiment of Sea Ice Observation Using GNSS-R Signals[J].GNSS World of China,2014,39(4):51-54(杨明华,曹云昌.基于GNSS-R的后续海冰观测实验[J].全球定位系统,2014,39(4):51-54)
[14]Yin Cong,Cao Yunchang,Zhu Bin,et al.Simulation and Experimental Verification of Sea Ice Remote Sensing Using GNSS-R[J].Journal of Central China Normal University(Nat Sci),2016,50(4):612-618(尹聪,曹云昌,朱彬,等.GNSS-R海冰遥感的模拟和实验验证[J].华中师范大学学报(自然科学版),2016,50(4):612-618)
[15]Gao Hongxing,Yang Dongkai,Zhang Bo,et al.Remote Sensing of Sea Ice Thickness with GNSSRefleted Signal[J].Journal of Electronics and Information Technology,2017,39(5):1 096-1 100(高洪兴,杨东凯,张波,等.基于GNSS卫星反射信号的海冰厚度探测[J].电子与信息学报,2017,39(5):1 096-1 100)
[16]Foti G,Gommenginger C,Jales P,et al.Spaceborne GNSS Reflectometry for Ocean Winds:First Results from the UK TechDemoSat-1 Mission[J].Geophysical Research Letters,2015,42(13):5 435-5 441
[17]Durden S L,Perkovic-Martin D.The RapidScat Ocean Winds Scatterometer:A Radar System Engineering Perspective[J].IEEE Geoscience and Remote Sensing Magazine,2017,5(3):36-43
[18]Kawanishi T,Sezai T,Ito Y,et al.The Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer for the Earth Observing System(AMSR-E),NASDA.s Contribution to the EOS for Global Energy and Water Cycle Studies[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2003,41(2):184-194
[19]Zavorotny V U,Voronovich A G.Scattering of GPS Signals from the Ocean with Wind Remote Sensing Application[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2000,38(2):951-964
[20]Yang Dongkai,Ding Wenrui,Zhang Qishan,et al.Software Defined GNSS Reflections Receiver Design[J].Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,2009,35(9):1 048-1 051(杨东凯,丁文锐,张其善.软件定义的GNSS反射信号接收机设计[J].北京航空航天大学学报,2009,35(9):1 048-1 051)
[21]Brown G S.A Theory for Near-Normal Incidence Microwave Scattering from First-year Sea Ice[J].Radio Science,1982,17(1):233-243
[22]Alonso-Arroyo A,Zavorotny V U,Camps A.Sea Ice Detection Using U.K.TDS-1 GNSS-R Data[J].IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing,2017,55(9):4 989-5 001