真的是“冤有头债有主”吗?基于群体冲突的替代性报复
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摘要
群际替代性报复是指群体内成员受到外群体成员的伤害后,内群体的其他成员对外群体的其他成员进行报复的现象。这种基于群体水平上的替代性报复很大程度上已经超越了原本的侵犯者和受害者,而涉及到群体双方更大范围的其他人。替代性报复是一个复杂的心理过程,其产生和程度受到伤害感知、群体认同、外群体实体性、群体情绪以及内群观众效应的影响。内群体在实施替代性报复后也往往存在较为一致的"正面"认知评价和情感体验。未来还需要继续在学术层面上整合和完善替代性报复的心理机制,探讨不同文化观念下替代性报复的特点,最重要的是结合社会现实提出减少替代性报复的策略。
Inter-group vicarious retribution is the phenomenon whereby, after an out-group member attacks an in-group member, a member of the victim's group retaliates against a member of the perpetrator's group. Group-based vicarious retribution has largely gone beyond the original offenders and victims, and involves a wider range of other people in the group. Vicarious retribution is a complex psychological process, and its occurrence and extent are influenced by many fators. Perceived injury, in-group identification, out-group entitativity, group emotions and in-group audience effect are predictors of vicarious retribution. After the implementation of vicarious retaliation, the in-group members often has "positive" cognitive assessment and emotional experience. In the future, we need to integrate the psychological mechanisms of vicarious retribution, explore whether the different cultural values and religions idea can affect the possibility of vicarious retribution occurring, and the most important work is putting forward proposals to reduce vicarious retribution in society.
Inter-group vicarious retribution is the phenomenon whereby, after an out-group member attacks an in-group member, a member of the victim's group retaliates against a member of the perpetrator's group. Group-based vicarious retribution has largely gone beyond the original offenders and victims, and involves a wider range of other people in the group. Vicarious retribution is a complex psychological process, and its occurrence and extent are influenced by many fators. Perceived injury, in-group identification, out-group entitativity, group emotions and in-group audience effect are predictors of vicarious retribution. After the implementation of vicarious retaliation, the in-group members often has "positive" cognitive assessment and emotional experience. In the future, we need to integrate the psychological mechanisms of vicarious retribution, explore whether the different cultural values and religions idea can affect the possibility of vicarious retribution occurring, and the most important work is putting forward proposals to reduce vicarious retribution in society.
引文
艾娟.(2016).影响群体道歉有效性的因素.心理科学进展,24,1478-1484.
杭婧婧.(2016).替代性报复及影响因素(硕士学位论文).华东师范大学,上海.
李恩洁,凤四海.(2010).报复的理论模型及相关因素.心理科学进展,18,1644-1652.
刘力,杨晓莉.(2011).民族冲突的社会心理机制.心理科学进展,19,803-808.
罗伯特·诺齐克.(2012).战争、恐怖主义与报复--为道德划定底线(郭建玲译).东吴学术,(1),134-136.
孙连荣.(2011).社会偏见对攻击行为影响的理论和实验--认知加工机制的研究(博士学位论文).华东师范大学,上海.
杨晓莉,刘力,李琼,弯美娜.(2012).社会群体的实体性:回顾与展望.心理科学进展,20,1314-1321.
赵显,刘力,张笑笑,向振动,付洪岭.(2012).观点采择:概念、操纵及其对群际关系的影响.心理科学进展,20,2079-2088.
Branscombe,N.R.,Ellemers,N.,Spears,R.,&Doosje,B.(1999).The context and content of social identity threat.In N.Ellemers,R.Spears,&B.Doosje(Eds.),Social Identity:context,commitment,content(pp.35-58).Oxford:Blackwell.
Bushman,B.J.,Ridge,R.D.,Das,E.,Key,C.W.,&Busath,G.L.(2007).When God sanctions killing:Effect of scriptural violence on aggression.Psychological Science,18,204-207.
Carlsmith,K.M.,Darley,J.M.,&Robinson,P.H.(2002).Why do we punish?:Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,83,284-299.
Cushman,F.,Durwin,A.J.,&Lively,C.(2012).Revenge without responsibility?Judgments about collective punishment in baseball.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48,1106-1110.
David,R.,&Choi,S.Y.P.(2009).Getting even or getting equal?Retributive desires and transitional justice.Political Psychology,30,161-192.
Gollwitzer,M.,&Denzler,M.(2009).What makes revenge sweet:Seeing the offender suffer or delivering a message?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,840-844.
Gollwitzer,M.,Meder,M.,&Schmitt,M.(2011).What gives victims satisfaction when they seek revenge?European Journal of Social Psychology,41,364-374.
Gollwitzer,M.,Skitka,L.J.,Wisneski,D.,Liberman,P.,Nazir,S.J.,&Bushman,B.J.(2014).Vicarious revenge and the death of Osama bin laden.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,40,604-616.
Goode,C.,&Smith,H.J.(2016).Retribution or restoration:Symbolic justice concerns shape how victim group members react to intergroup transgressions.Current Opinion in Psychology,11,105-109.
Hirschberger,G.,Pyszczynski,T.,&Ein-Dor,T.(2015).Why does existential threat promote intergroup violence?Examining the role of retributive justice and cost-benefit utility motivations.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1761.
Hugh-Jones,D.,&Leroch,M.A.(2010).Group reciprocity.Jena Economic Research Papers.
Hugh-Jones,D.,&Leroch,M.A.(2013).Intergroup revenge:A laboratory experiment on the causes.SSRN Electronic Journal,36,137-146.
Leonard,D.J.,Mackie,D.M.,&Smith,E.R.(2011).Emotional responses to intergroup apology mediate intergroup forgiveness and retribution?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47,1198-1206.
Lickel,B.,Hamilton,D.L.,Wieczorkowska,G.,Lewis,A.,Sherman,S.J.,&Uhles,A.N.(2000).Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78,223-246.
Lickel,B.,Miller,N.,Stenstrom,D.M.,Denson,T.F.,&Schmader,T.(2006).Vicarious retribution:The role of collective blame in intergroup aggression.Personality and Social Psychology Review,10,372-390.
Mc Cullough,M.,Kurzban,R.,&Tabak,B.A.(2013).Putting revenge and forgiveness in an evolutionary context.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,36,41-58.
Nawata,K.,&Yamaguchi,H.(2011).The ingroup audience effect on intergroup vicarious retribution.Japanese Journal of Social Psychology,26,167-177.
Nawata,K.,&Yamaguchi,H.(2013).Intergroup retaliation and intra-group praise gain:The effect of expected cooperation from the in-group on intergroup vicarious retribution.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,16,279-285.
Newheiser,A.K.,&Dovidio,J.F.(2015).High outgroup entitativity can inhibit intergroup retribution.British Journal of Social Psychology,54,341-358.
Nielsen,B.M.(2014).Impact of ingroup identity,outgroup entitativity and value dissimilarity on vicarious retribution(Unpublished doctorial dissertation).California State University.
Noor,M.,Shnabel,N.,Halabi,S.,&Nadler,A.(2012).When suffering begets suffering:The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts.Personality and Social Psychology Review,16,351-374.
Schumann,K.,&Ross,M.(2010).The benefits,costs,and paradox of revenge.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,4,1193-1205.
Sj?str?m,A.,&Gollwitzer,M.(2015).Displaced revenge:Can revenge taste“weet”?if it aims at a different target?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,56,191-202.
Stenstrom,D.M.,Lickel,B.,Denson,T.F.,&Miller,N.(2008).The roles of ingroup identification and outgroup entitativity in intergroup retribution.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34,1570-1582.
Vasquez,E.A.,Wenborne,L.,Peers,M.,Alleyne,E.,&Ellis,K.(2015).Any of them will do:In-group identification,out-group entitativity,and gang membership as predictors of group-based retribution.Aggressive Behavior,41,242-252.
Washburn,A.N.,&Skitka,L.J.(2015).Motivated and displaced revenge:Remembering 9/11 suppresses opposition to military intervention in Syria(for some).Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,15,89-104.
杭婧婧.(2016).替代性报复及影响因素(硕士学位论文).华东师范大学,上海.
李恩洁,凤四海.(2010).报复的理论模型及相关因素.心理科学进展,18,1644-1652.
刘力,杨晓莉.(2011).民族冲突的社会心理机制.心理科学进展,19,803-808.
罗伯特·诺齐克.(2012).战争、恐怖主义与报复--为道德划定底线(郭建玲译).东吴学术,(1),134-136.
孙连荣.(2011).社会偏见对攻击行为影响的理论和实验--认知加工机制的研究(博士学位论文).华东师范大学,上海.
杨晓莉,刘力,李琼,弯美娜.(2012).社会群体的实体性:回顾与展望.心理科学进展,20,1314-1321.
赵显,刘力,张笑笑,向振动,付洪岭.(2012).观点采择:概念、操纵及其对群际关系的影响.心理科学进展,20,2079-2088.
Branscombe,N.R.,Ellemers,N.,Spears,R.,&Doosje,B.(1999).The context and content of social identity threat.In N.Ellemers,R.Spears,&B.Doosje(Eds.),Social Identity:context,commitment,content(pp.35-58).Oxford:Blackwell.
Bushman,B.J.,Ridge,R.D.,Das,E.,Key,C.W.,&Busath,G.L.(2007).When God sanctions killing:Effect of scriptural violence on aggression.Psychological Science,18,204-207.
Carlsmith,K.M.,Darley,J.M.,&Robinson,P.H.(2002).Why do we punish?:Deterrence and just deserts as motives for punishment.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,83,284-299.
Cushman,F.,Durwin,A.J.,&Lively,C.(2012).Revenge without responsibility?Judgments about collective punishment in baseball.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,48,1106-1110.
David,R.,&Choi,S.Y.P.(2009).Getting even or getting equal?Retributive desires and transitional justice.Political Psychology,30,161-192.
Gollwitzer,M.,&Denzler,M.(2009).What makes revenge sweet:Seeing the offender suffer or delivering a message?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,45,840-844.
Gollwitzer,M.,Meder,M.,&Schmitt,M.(2011).What gives victims satisfaction when they seek revenge?European Journal of Social Psychology,41,364-374.
Gollwitzer,M.,Skitka,L.J.,Wisneski,D.,Liberman,P.,Nazir,S.J.,&Bushman,B.J.(2014).Vicarious revenge and the death of Osama bin laden.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,40,604-616.
Goode,C.,&Smith,H.J.(2016).Retribution or restoration:Symbolic justice concerns shape how victim group members react to intergroup transgressions.Current Opinion in Psychology,11,105-109.
Hirschberger,G.,Pyszczynski,T.,&Ein-Dor,T.(2015).Why does existential threat promote intergroup violence?Examining the role of retributive justice and cost-benefit utility motivations.Frontiers in Psychology,6,1761.
Hugh-Jones,D.,&Leroch,M.A.(2010).Group reciprocity.Jena Economic Research Papers.
Hugh-Jones,D.,&Leroch,M.A.(2013).Intergroup revenge:A laboratory experiment on the causes.SSRN Electronic Journal,36,137-146.
Leonard,D.J.,Mackie,D.M.,&Smith,E.R.(2011).Emotional responses to intergroup apology mediate intergroup forgiveness and retribution?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,47,1198-1206.
Lickel,B.,Hamilton,D.L.,Wieczorkowska,G.,Lewis,A.,Sherman,S.J.,&Uhles,A.N.(2000).Varieties of groups and the perception of group entitativity.Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,78,223-246.
Lickel,B.,Miller,N.,Stenstrom,D.M.,Denson,T.F.,&Schmader,T.(2006).Vicarious retribution:The role of collective blame in intergroup aggression.Personality and Social Psychology Review,10,372-390.
Mc Cullough,M.,Kurzban,R.,&Tabak,B.A.(2013).Putting revenge and forgiveness in an evolutionary context.Behavioral and Brain Sciences,36,41-58.
Nawata,K.,&Yamaguchi,H.(2011).The ingroup audience effect on intergroup vicarious retribution.Japanese Journal of Social Psychology,26,167-177.
Nawata,K.,&Yamaguchi,H.(2013).Intergroup retaliation and intra-group praise gain:The effect of expected cooperation from the in-group on intergroup vicarious retribution.Asian Journal of Social Psychology,16,279-285.
Newheiser,A.K.,&Dovidio,J.F.(2015).High outgroup entitativity can inhibit intergroup retribution.British Journal of Social Psychology,54,341-358.
Nielsen,B.M.(2014).Impact of ingroup identity,outgroup entitativity and value dissimilarity on vicarious retribution(Unpublished doctorial dissertation).California State University.
Noor,M.,Shnabel,N.,Halabi,S.,&Nadler,A.(2012).When suffering begets suffering:The psychology of competitive victimhood between adversarial groups in violent conflicts.Personality and Social Psychology Review,16,351-374.
Schumann,K.,&Ross,M.(2010).The benefits,costs,and paradox of revenge.Social and Personality Psychology Compass,4,1193-1205.
Sj?str?m,A.,&Gollwitzer,M.(2015).Displaced revenge:Can revenge taste“weet”?if it aims at a different target?Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,56,191-202.
Stenstrom,D.M.,Lickel,B.,Denson,T.F.,&Miller,N.(2008).The roles of ingroup identification and outgroup entitativity in intergroup retribution.Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin,34,1570-1582.
Vasquez,E.A.,Wenborne,L.,Peers,M.,Alleyne,E.,&Ellis,K.(2015).Any of them will do:In-group identification,out-group entitativity,and gang membership as predictors of group-based retribution.Aggressive Behavior,41,242-252.
Washburn,A.N.,&Skitka,L.J.(2015).Motivated and displaced revenge:Remembering 9/11 suppresses opposition to military intervention in Syria(for some).Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy,15,89-104.