探索非营利组织在公共服务供给中扮演的角色:从合作生产到合作治理
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摘要
通过使用美国大城市中非营利组织在公园支出的独特数据集,调查了非营利组织参与合作治理或公共服务规划和设计的决定性因素。结果表明,当非营利组织成立时间更短、规模更大,在资源更丰富、更稳定的社区中运作时,它们更有可能参与合作治理。此外,非营利组织参与合作治理的可能性与社会资本水平和政府供给相应公共服务的能力呈负相关关系。本文指出了一种政府-非营利合作的新模式,这种模式超越了公共服务的生产和供给。由于政府公务人员在维持所需的公共服务水平方面面临巨大挑战,这些调查结果对促进公民参与和通过跨部门来解决复杂社会问题具有重要的政策影响。
引文
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② Kettl,Donald F.2002.Managing Indirect Government.In The Tools of Government:A Guide to the New Governance,edited by Lester M.Salamon,490-510.New York:Oxford University Press;O’Toole,Laurence J.,Jr.1997.Treating Networks Seriously:Practical and Research-Based Agendas in Public Administration.Public Administration Review 57(1):45-52.
(1)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501;Smith,Steven Rathgeb,and Michael Lipsky.1993.Nonprofits for Hire:The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
(2)Gazley,Beth,and Chao Guo.2015.What Do We Know about Nonprofit Collaboration?A Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Literature.In Academy of Management Proceedings 2015(1):15409.
(3)Hall,Peter Dobkin.1992.Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays in Philanthropy,Voluntarism and Nonprofit Organizations.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
(4)Gazley,Beth,Yuan Cheng,and Chantalle Lafontant.2015.Coproduction of Public Services:Recent Trends and Taxonomy of Philanthropic Support for Public Parks and Recreation.Paper presented at the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action,Annual Conference,Chicago,November 19-21;Nelson,Ashlyn,and Beth Gazley.2014.The Rise of School-Supporting Nonprofits.Education Finance and Policy 9(4):541-66.
(5)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501;Smith,Steven Rathgeb,and Michael Lipsky.1993.Nonprofits for Hire:The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press;Fyall,Rachel.2016.The Power of Nonprofits:Mechanisms for Nonprofit Policy Influence.Public Administration Review 76(6):938-48;Mosley,Jennifer E.2012.Keeping the Lights on:How Government Funding Concerns Drive the Advocacy Agendas of Nonprofit Homeless Service Providers.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22(4):841-66.
(6)Klijn,Erik-Hans.2012.New Public Management and Governance:A Comparison.In Oxford Handbook of Governance,edited by David Levi-Faur,201-14.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
(7)Agranoff,Robert.2012.Collaborating to Manage:A Primer for the Public Sector.Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press.
(8)Denhardt,Robert B.,and Janet Vinzant Denhardt.2000.The New Public Service:Serving Rather than Steering.Public Administration Review 60(6):549-59;Denhardt,Janet V.,and Robert B.Denhardt.2015.The New Public Service Revisited.Public Administration Review 75(5):664-72.
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(24)Osborne,Stephen P.,and Kate McLaughlin.2004.The Cross-Cutting Review of the Voluntary Sector:Where Next for Local Government—Voluntary Sector Relationships?Regional Studies 38(5):571-80.
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(28)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501.
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(30)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501.
(31)Zambrano-Gutiérrez,Julio César,Amanda Rutherford,and Sean Nicholson-Crotty.2017.Types of Coproduction and Differential Effects on Organizational Performance:Evidence from the New York City School System.Public Administration 95(3):776-90.
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(57)支持类别/活动是根据非营利组织网站、990份表格、部分信息电话、网络搜索和相关政府文件进行编码的。基于扎根理论的开放协议进行活动编码:编码从非营利组织从事的一系列已知活动开始。随着在编码过程中发现更多的支持活动,支持类别继续扩大,直到在编码过程中未发现其他支持活动类别。然后对这些支持类别进行虚拟编码,以表明非营利组织是否参与每种类型的支持活动。
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(62)由于篇幅限制,本文没有给出构建社区资源指数和政府能力指数的因子分析表。如有要求,可向作者索取。
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(68)Paarlberg,Laurie E.,and Takayuki Yoshioka.2016.The Impact of Local Economic Structure on Community Philanthropy.Public Administration Review 76(2):340-50.
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(72)Fernandez,Kandyce,and Jennifer Alexander.2017.The Institutional Contribution of Community Based Nonprofit Organizations to Civic Health.Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 39(4):436-67.
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(76)Harnik,Peter,and Abby Martin.2015.Public Spaces/Private Money:The Triumphs and Pitfalls of Urban Park Conservancies.Washington,DC:Trust for Public Land.
(77)Malatesta,Deanna,and Craig R.Smith.2014.Lessons from Resource Dependence Theory for Contemporary Public and Nonprofit Management.Public Administration Review 74(1):14-25.
② Kettl,Donald F.2002.Managing Indirect Government.In The Tools of Government:A Guide to the New Governance,edited by Lester M.Salamon,490-510.New York:Oxford University Press;O’Toole,Laurence J.,Jr.1997.Treating Networks Seriously:Practical and Research-Based Agendas in Public Administration.Public Administration Review 57(1):45-52.
(1)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501;Smith,Steven Rathgeb,and Michael Lipsky.1993.Nonprofits for Hire:The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.
(2)Gazley,Beth,and Chao Guo.2015.What Do We Know about Nonprofit Collaboration?A Comprehensive Systematic Review of the Literature.In Academy of Management Proceedings 2015(1):15409.
(3)Hall,Peter Dobkin.1992.Inventing the Nonprofit Sector and Other Essays in Philanthropy,Voluntarism and Nonprofit Organizations.Baltimore:Johns Hopkins University Press.
(4)Gazley,Beth,Yuan Cheng,and Chantalle Lafontant.2015.Coproduction of Public Services:Recent Trends and Taxonomy of Philanthropic Support for Public Parks and Recreation.Paper presented at the Association for Research on Nonprofit Organizations and Voluntary Action,Annual Conference,Chicago,November 19-21;Nelson,Ashlyn,and Beth Gazley.2014.The Rise of School-Supporting Nonprofits.Education Finance and Policy 9(4):541-66.
(5)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501;Smith,Steven Rathgeb,and Michael Lipsky.1993.Nonprofits for Hire:The Welfare State in the Age of Contracting.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press;Fyall,Rachel.2016.The Power of Nonprofits:Mechanisms for Nonprofit Policy Influence.Public Administration Review 76(6):938-48;Mosley,Jennifer E.2012.Keeping the Lights on:How Government Funding Concerns Drive the Advocacy Agendas of Nonprofit Homeless Service Providers.Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory 22(4):841-66.
(6)Klijn,Erik-Hans.2012.New Public Management and Governance:A Comparison.In Oxford Handbook of Governance,edited by David Levi-Faur,201-14.Oxford:Oxford University Press.
(7)Agranoff,Robert.2012.Collaborating to Manage:A Primer for the Public Sector.Washington,DC:Georgetown University Press.
(8)Denhardt,Robert B.,and Janet Vinzant Denhardt.2000.The New Public Service:Serving Rather than Steering.Public Administration Review 60(6):549-59;Denhardt,Janet V.,and Robert B.Denhardt.2015.The New Public Service Revisited.Public Administration Review 75(5):664-72.
(9)Berger,Peter,and John Neuhaus.1977.To Empower People:The Role of Mediating Structures in Public Policy.Washington,DC:American Enterprise Institute;Fernandez,Kandyce,and Jennifer Alexander.2017.The Institutional Contribution of Community Based Nonprofit Organizations to Civic Health.Journal of Health and Human Services Administration 39(4):436-67;LeRoux,Kelly.2007.Nonprofits as Civic Intermediaries:The Role of Community-Based Organizations in Promoting Political Participation.Urban Affairs Review 42(3):410-22.
(10)Osborne,Stephen P.,and Kate McLaughlin.2004.The Cross-Cutting Review of the Voluntary Sector:Where Next for Local Government—Voluntary Sector Relationships?Regional Studies 38(5):571-80;Tsukamoto,Ichiro,and Mariko Nishimura.2006.The Emergence of Local Non-Profit-Government Partnerships and the Role of Intermediary Organizations in Japan:Contractual Relationships and the Limits to Co-Governance.Public Management Review 8(4):567-81.
(11)Aligica,Paul Dragos,and Peter J.Boettke.2009.Challenging Institutional Analysis and Development:The Bloomington School.New York:Routledge.
(12)Ostrom,Elinor.1996.Crossing the Great Divide:Coproduction,Synergy,and Development.World Development 24(6):1073-87.
(13)Parks,Roger B.,Paula C.Baker,Larry Kiser,Ronald Oakerson,Elinor Ostrom,Vincent Ostrom,Stephen L.Percy,Martha B.Vandivort,Gordon P.Whitaker,and Rick Wilson.1981.Consumers as Coproducers of Public Services:Some Economic and Institutional Considerations.Policy Studies Journal 9(7):1001-11.
(14)Brudney,Jeffrey L.,and Robert E.England.1983.Toward a Definition of the Coproduction Concept.Public Administration Review 43(1):59-65.
(15)Nabatchi,Tina,Alessandro Sancino,and Mariafrancesca Sicilia.2017.Varieties of Participation in Public Services:The Who,When,and What of Coproduction.Public Administration Review 77(5):766-76.
(16)Brandsen,Taco,and Marlies Honingh.2016.Distinguishing Different Types of Coproduction:A Conceptual Analysis Based on the Classical Definitions.Public Administration Review 76(3):427-35.
(17)Bovaird,Tony,and Elke Loeffler.2012.From Engagement to Co-production:The Contribution of Users and Communities to Outcomes and Public Value.Voluntas:International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 23(4):1119-38.
(18)Paarlberg,Laurie E.,and Sheldon Gen.2009.Exploring the Determinants of Nonprofit Coproduction of Public Service Delivery:The Case of K-12 Public Education.American Review of Public Administration 39(4):391-408.
(19)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501.
(20)Nabatchi,Tina,Alessandro Sancino,and Mariafrancesca Sicilia.2017.Varieties of Participation in Public Services:The Who,When,and What of Coproduction.Public Administration Review 77(5):766-76;Verschuere,Bram,Taco Brandsen,and Victor Pestoff.2012.Co-Production:The State of the Art in Research and the Future Agenda.Voluntas:International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations 23(4):1083-1101.
(21)Ferris,James M.1984.Coprovision:Citizen Time and Money Donations in Public Service Provision.Public Administration Review 44(4):324-33.
(22)Voorberg,William H.,Viktor Bekkers,and Lars G.Tummers.2015.A Systematic Review of Co-Creation and Co-Production:Embarking on the Social Innovation Journey.Public Management Review 17(9):1333-57.
(23)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501.
(24)Osborne,Stephen P.,and Kate McLaughlin.2004.The Cross-Cutting Review of the Voluntary Sector:Where Next for Local Government—Voluntary Sector Relationships?Regional Studies 38(5):571-80.
(25)Osborne,Stephen P.,and Kirsty Strokosch.2013.It Takes Two to Tango?Understanding the Co-Production of Public Services by Integrating the Services Management and Public Administration Perspectives.Supplement 1,British Journal of Management 24:S31-47.
(26)Brandsen,Taco,Trui Steen,and Bram Verschuere,eds.2018.Co-production and Co-creation:Engaging Citizens in Public Services.New York:Routledge.
(27)Nabatchi,Tina,Alessandro Sancino,and Mariafrancesca Sicilia.2017.Varieties of Participation in Public Services:The Who,When,and What of Coproduction.Public Administration Review 77(5):766-76.
(28)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501.
(29)Voorberg,William H.,Viktor Bekkers,and Lars G.Tummers.2015.A Systematic Review of Co-Creation and Co-Production:Embarking on the Social Innovation Journey.Public Management Review 17(9):1333-57.
(30)Brandsen,Taco,and Victor Pestoff.2006.Co-Production,the Third Sector and the Delivery of Public Services:An Introduction.Public Management Review 8(4):493-501.
(31)Zambrano-Gutiérrez,Julio César,Amanda Rutherford,and Sean Nicholson-Crotty.2017.Types of Coproduction and Differential Effects on Organizational Performance:Evidence from the New York City School System.Public Administration 95(3):776-90.
(32)Gr■nbjerg,Kirsten A.,and Laurie Paarlberg.2001.Community Variations in the Size and Scope of the Nonprofit Sector:Theory and Preliminary Findings.Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 30(4):684-706.
(33)Paarlberg,Laurie E.,and Sheldon Gen.2009.Exploring the Determinants of Nonprofit Coproduction of Public Service Delivery:The Case of K-12 Public Education.American Review of Public Administration 39(4):391-408.
(34)Paarlberg,Laurie E.,and Takayuki Yoshioka.2016.The Impact of Local Economic Structure on Community Philanthropy.Public Administration Review 76(2):340-50.
(35)Weisbrod,Burton A.1988.The Nonprofit Economy.Cambridge,MA:Harvard University Press.Wilsker,Amanda L.,and Dennis R.Young.2010.How Does Program Composition Affect the Revenues of Nonprofit Organizations?Investigating a Benefits Theory of Nonprofit Finance.Public Finance Review 38(2):193-216.
(36)Saxton,Gregory D.,and Michelle A.Benson.2005.Social Capital and the Growth of the Nonprofit Sector.Social Science Quarterly 86(1):16-35.
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