皖南中生代早期成矿和晚期非成矿花岗岩成因对比
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摘要
皖南地区燕山期岩浆作用强烈,可划分为早阶段(152~137Ma)和晚阶段(136~122Ma).野外调查发现,屯溪地区沿青山-长陔发育一条燕山期花岗岩带,与钼多金属矿床具有密切的成因关系.黄山岩体是皖南地区代表性的正长花岗岩体,目前尚未发现与成矿有关.锆石LA-ICP-MS定年结果表明,青山-长陔带4个花岗岩体的形成时代一致,介于(140±4)~(141±2)Ma,属于燕山期早阶段岩浆作用.黄山花岗岩体的形成时代为(129±2)Ma,属于晚阶段岩浆作用,青山-长陔带花岗岩具有较高的SiO_2含量,相对富K_2O、低P_2O_5以及中等程度的Al_2O_3含量,属于高钾钙碱性系列准铝质Ⅰ型花岗岩.这些岩石均表现出富集大离子亲石元素和轻稀土元素,亏损高场强元素,中等程度的Eu负异常,为岛弧或大陆壳源岩浆地球化学特征.样品的~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(t)介于0.7120~0.7125,ε_(Nd)(t)值为-7.24~-4.38,锆石ε_(Hf)(t)值为-4.4~6.7,类似于同时期皖南成矿花岗闪长岩.综合地球化学研究表明,皖南燕山期成矿花岗闪长岩为中-新元古代增生加厚下地壳部分熔融的产物,而青山-长陔带花岗岩为这种岩浆经过斜长石+角闪石+上溪群的结晶分异同化混染(AFC)过程形成.黄山花岗岩富SiO_2和K_2O,Al_2O_3含量中等,具有海鸥式稀土元素配分型式和显著的Eu负异常.相比青山-长陔带花岗岩,黄山岩体具有更加显著的Ba、Sr、P和Ti的负异常,没有Nb和Ta的亏损,为高钾钙碱性准铝质A型花岗岩,其ε_(Hf)(t)值介于-6.6~-1.2,类似于早阶段成矿花岗闪长岩.黄山花岗岩同样起源于中-新元古代增生地壳的深熔作用,但岩浆源区为经过了燕山期早阶段Ⅰ型中酸性岩浆抽取后的残留麻粒岩质地壳.两期花岗岩的比较研究表明,早阶段花岗岩形成于相对厚的下地壳环境,温度较低,源区为中-新元古代增生地壳,富含成矿物质,岩浆AFC演化过程进一步加强了成矿物质的富集;而晚阶段A型花岗岩起源深度较浅,形成温度更高,源区由于早期的岩浆抽取作用而亏损成矿物质,从而成矿能力较弱,指示从早至晚,岩浆作用阶段从后造山转变为非造山.后者对应着古太平洋板块俯冲角度加大背景下的弧后拉张环境.
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