分离式电解槽系统电动力学修复氟污染黏土
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摘要
为解决氟污染土壤修复过程中不同形态的氟在电动力学作用下向土体中间迁移,导致修复后氟在电解槽中部累积所带来的去除率降低问题,采用自制的分离式电解槽系统,以去离子水作电解液,通过单因素实验,在0.5、1.0、1.5 V·cm~(-1)修复电压下,对电动力学修复氟污染黏土的效果进行了研究。结果表明:分离式电解槽系统可有效修复氟污染黏土,土壤氟的去除率随着修复电压的升高而增大,最高可达61.86%;修复后各部分土壤氟含量差异较小,土壤中剩余氟没有出现累积现象;能量消耗随着修复电压的升高快速增加,而能量效率不断减小。实际应用电动力学技术修复氟污染土壤时,在考虑土壤氟去除率的同时要兼顾能量效率,以保证修复方案在经济上可行。
In order to solve the problem of low removal rate of soil fluorine because of the accumulation of various forms of fluorine in the center of the electrolytic cell under the function of electrokinetics, a self-made separative electrolytic cell system was used and a single factor test was carried out to investigate the efficiency of the electrokinetic remediation for fluorine-contaminated soil by using deionized water as electrolyte and the voltage gradient was set at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 V·cm-1, respectively. The results showed that the separative electrolytic cell system can effectively remediate the fluorine-contaminated clay. The removal rate of fluorine increased with the voltage gradient and the maximum rate reached 61.86%. The difference of fluorine content between each soil section reduced after remediation, and the residual fluorine in soil did not appear cumulative phenomenon. The energy consumption increased rapidly with the voltage gradient, while the energy efficiency reduced constantly. In the practical application of electrokinetic remediation for fluorine-contaminated soil, both the removal rate of fluorine and energy efficiency should be taken into account so as to ensure that the remediation program is economically viable.
In order to solve the problem of low removal rate of soil fluorine because of the accumulation of various forms of fluorine in the center of the electrolytic cell under the function of electrokinetics, a self-made separative electrolytic cell system was used and a single factor test was carried out to investigate the efficiency of the electrokinetic remediation for fluorine-contaminated soil by using deionized water as electrolyte and the voltage gradient was set at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 V·cm-1, respectively. The results showed that the separative electrolytic cell system can effectively remediate the fluorine-contaminated clay. The removal rate of fluorine increased with the voltage gradient and the maximum rate reached 61.86%. The difference of fluorine content between each soil section reduced after remediation, and the residual fluorine in soil did not appear cumulative phenomenon. The energy consumption increased rapidly with the voltage gradient, while the energy efficiency reduced constantly. In the practical application of electrokinetic remediation for fluorine-contaminated soil, both the removal rate of fluorine and energy efficiency should be taken into account so as to ensure that the remediation program is economically viable.
引文
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[12]邓海文,吴代赦,陈成广,等.碱熔-氟离子选择性电极法测定土壤氟含量[J].地球与环境,2007,35(3):284-288.
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[17]ACAR Y B,ALSHAWABKEH A N.Principles of electrokinetic remediation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(13):2638-2647.DOI:10.1021/es00049a002.
[18]CAMESELLE C.Enhancement of electro-osmotic flow during the electrokinetic treatment of a contaminated soil[J].Electrochimica Acta,2015,181:31-38.DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.191.
[19]ACAR Y B,GALE R J,ALSHAWABKEH A N,et al.Electrokinetic remediation:basics and technology status[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,40:117-137.DOI:10.1016/0304-3894(94)00066-P.
[20]POMES V,FERNANDEZ A,COSTARRAMONE N,et al.Fluorine migration in a soil bed submitted to an electric field:Influence of electric potential on fluorine removal[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,1999,159:481-490.DOI:10.1016/s0927-7757(99)00285-x.
[21]WADA S I,UMEGAKI Y.Major ion and electrical potential distribution in soil under electrokinetic remediation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(11):2151-2155.DOI:10.1021/es001335j.
[22]徐仁扣,季国亮.p H对酸性土壤中铝的溶出和铝离子形态分布的影响[J].土壤学报,1998,35(2):162-171.
[23]杨杰文,蒋新,徐仁扣,等.Al与F的络合作用对土壤吸附Al和F的影响[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(2):161-165.
[24]ZHU S F,ZHANG J H,DONG T Y.Removal of fluorine from contaminated field soil by anolyte enhanced electrokinetic remediation[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2009,59(2):379-384.DOI:10.1007/s12665-009-0036-2.
[25]WENZEL W W,BLUM W E H.Fluorine speciation and mobility in F contaminated soils[J].Soil Science,1992,153(5):357-364.
[26]BARROW N J,ELLIS A S.Testing a mechanistic model.III.The effects of p H on fluoride retention by a soil[J].Journal of Soil Science,1986,37(2):287-293.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1986.tb00030.x.
[27]FU R,WEN D,XIA X,et al.Electrokinetic remediation of chromium(Cr)-contaminated soil with citric acid(CA)and polyaspartic acid(PASP)as electrolytes[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,316:601-608.DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.092.
[2]′ALVAREZ-AYUSO E,A GIM′ENEZ,GIM′ENEZ A,et al.Fluoride accumulation by plants grown in acid soils amended with flue gas desulphurisation gypsum[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2011,192(3):1659-1666.DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.06.084.
[3]MOON D H,JO R,KOUTSOSPYROS A,et al.Soil washing of fluorine contaminated soil using various washing solutions[J].Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology,2015,94(3):334-339.DOI:10.1007/s00128-014-1449-5.
[4]KIM D H,JEON C S,BAEK K,et al.Electrokinetic remediation of fluorine-contaminated soil:Conditioning of anolyte[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2009,161(1):565-569.DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.03.084.
[5]顾莹莹,付融冰,李鸿江.柠檬酸工业废水强化镉污染土壤的电化学法修复[J].化工学报,2014,65(8):3170-3177.
[6]刘芳,付融冰,徐珍.土壤电动修复的电极空间构型优化研究[J].环境科学,2015,36(2):678-685.DOI:10.13227/j.hjkx.2015.02.040.
[7]朱书法,周鸣,刘亚纳,等.氨水循环增强电动力学技术去除土壤中的氟[J].环境工程学报,2016,10(2):935-940.
[8]COSTARRAMONE N,TELLIER S,GRANO B,et al.Effect of selected conditions on fluorine recovery from a soil,using electrokinetics[J].Environmental Technology,2000,21(7):789-798.DOI:10.1080/09593330.2000.9618965.
[9]朱书法,闫春丽,董铁有,等.氟污染土壤的阳极强化电动力学修复研究[J].环境科学,2009,30(7):2082-2086.
[10]SUZUKI T,KAWAI K,MORIBE M,et al.Recovery of Cr as Cr(III)from Cr(VI)-contaminated kaolinite clay by electrokinetics coupled with a permeable reactive barrier[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,2014,278:297-303.DOI:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.05.086.
[11]THEPSITHAR P,ROBERTS E P L.Removal of phenol from contaminated kaolin using electrokinetically enhanced in situ chemical oxidation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2006,40(19):6098-6103.DOI:10.1021/es060883f.
[12]邓海文,吴代赦,陈成广,等.碱熔-氟离子选择性电极法测定土壤氟含量[J].地球与环境,2007,35(3):284-288.
[13]国家环境保护局,国家技术监督局.固体废物氟化物的测定离子选择性电极法:GB/T 15555.11-1995[S].北京:中国标准出版社,1995.
[14]中华人民共和国农业部.土壤中p H的测定:NY/T 1377-2007[S].北京:中国农业出版社,2007.
[15]BOULAKRADECHE M O,AKRETCHE D E,CAMESELLE C,et al.Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of hydrophobic organics contaminated soils by the combination of non-ionic and ionic surfactants[J].Electrochimica Acta,2015,174:1057-1066.DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.06.091.
[16]GHOLAMI M,KEBRIA D Y,MAHMUDI M.Electrokinetic remediation of perchloroethylene-contaminated soil[J].International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology,2014,11(5):1433-1438.DOI:10.1007/s13762-014-0555-6.
[17]ACAR Y B,ALSHAWABKEH A N.Principles of electrokinetic remediation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,1993,27(13):2638-2647.DOI:10.1021/es00049a002.
[18]CAMESELLE C.Enhancement of electro-osmotic flow during the electrokinetic treatment of a contaminated soil[J].Electrochimica Acta,2015,181:31-38.DOI:10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.191.
[19]ACAR Y B,GALE R J,ALSHAWABKEH A N,et al.Electrokinetic remediation:basics and technology status[J].Journal of Hazardous Materials,1995,40:117-137.DOI:10.1016/0304-3894(94)00066-P.
[20]POMES V,FERNANDEZ A,COSTARRAMONE N,et al.Fluorine migration in a soil bed submitted to an electric field:Influence of electric potential on fluorine removal[J].Colloids and Surfaces A:Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects,1999,159:481-490.DOI:10.1016/s0927-7757(99)00285-x.
[21]WADA S I,UMEGAKI Y.Major ion and electrical potential distribution in soil under electrokinetic remediation[J].Environmental Science&Technology,2001,35(11):2151-2155.DOI:10.1021/es001335j.
[22]徐仁扣,季国亮.p H对酸性土壤中铝的溶出和铝离子形态分布的影响[J].土壤学报,1998,35(2):162-171.
[23]杨杰文,蒋新,徐仁扣,等.Al与F的络合作用对土壤吸附Al和F的影响[J].环境科学学报,2002,22(2):161-165.
[24]ZHU S F,ZHANG J H,DONG T Y.Removal of fluorine from contaminated field soil by anolyte enhanced electrokinetic remediation[J].Environmental Earth Sciences,2009,59(2):379-384.DOI:10.1007/s12665-009-0036-2.
[25]WENZEL W W,BLUM W E H.Fluorine speciation and mobility in F contaminated soils[J].Soil Science,1992,153(5):357-364.
[26]BARROW N J,ELLIS A S.Testing a mechanistic model.III.The effects of p H on fluoride retention by a soil[J].Journal of Soil Science,1986,37(2):287-293.DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2389.1986.tb00030.x.
[27]FU R,WEN D,XIA X,et al.Electrokinetic remediation of chromium(Cr)-contaminated soil with citric acid(CA)and polyaspartic acid(PASP)as electrolytes[J].Chemical Engineering Journal,2017,316:601-608.DOI:10.1016/j.cej.2017.01.092.